Upper Chinook language
| Upper Chinook | |
|---|---|
| Kiksht | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Columbia River |
| Native speakers | 69, of which 7 monolingual (1990 census) |
| Language family |
Chinookan
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wac |
Upper Chinook, also known as Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, and Wasco-Wishram after its only living dialect, is a highly endangered language of the US Pacific Northwest. It had 69 speakers as of 1990, of which 7 were monolingual: five Wasco[1] and two Wishram. As of 2001, there were five remaining speakers of Wasco.[2]
It was the last living Chinookan language. The last fully fluent speaker, Gladys Thompson, died in 2012.[3] She had been honored for her work by the Oregon Legislature in 2007.[4][5][6]
Two new speakers were teaching Kiksht at the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in 2006.[7] The Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon formed a partnership to teach Kiksht and Numu in the Warm Springs schools.[8][9]
Audio and video files of Kiksht are available at the Endangered Languages Archive.[10]
Contents |
Dialects[edit]
- Cascades, (also known as Watlalla or Watlala) now extinct (†).
- Clackamas, now extinct (†); was spoken in northwestern Oregon along the Clackamas and Sandy rivers.
- Hood River, now extinct (†).
- Multnomah (†) Multnomah spoken on Sauvie Island and in the Portland area in northwestern Oregon.
- Wasco-Wishram
- White Salmon, now extinct (†).
Kathlamet has been classified as an additional dialect, it is was not mutually intelligible.
References[edit]
- ^ Culture: Language. The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon. 2009 (retrieved 9 April 2009)
- ^ "Lewis & Clark—Tribes—Wasco Indians". National Geographic. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ^ Kristian Foden-Vencil (2012-07-17). "Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ Last Fluent Speaker of Kiksht Dies
- ^ "Honors Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs elder Gladys Miller Thompson for her contribution to preserving Native languages of Oregon.". 74th OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY--2007 Regular Session. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ "Zelma Smith, 1926-2010". Spilyay Tymoo, Coyote News, the Newspaper of the Warm Springs Reservation. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ^ Keith Chu (2006-07-30). "New speakers try to save language". The Bulletin (Bend, OR). Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ^ Joanne B. Mulcahy (2005). "Warm Springs: A Convergence of Cultures" (Oregon History Project). Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ Aaron Clark. "USA: Tribes Strive to Save Native Tongues". GALDU, Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ Nariyo Kono. "Conversational Kiksht". Endangered Languages Archive. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
Bibliography[edit]
- Sapir, Edward; Curtin, Jeremiah (1909). Wishram texts, together with Wasco tales and myths. E.J. Brill. ASIN: B000855RIW.
External links[edit]
- Nariyo Kono. "Conversational Kiksht". Endangered Languages Archive. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- Wasco-Wishram Indian Language (Upper Chinook, Kiksht, Clackamas) at native-languages.org
- Digital Kiksht, video about digitizing Kiksht language materials
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