Washington Metro rolling stock

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The rolling stock of the Washington Metro system consists of 1126[1] 75-foot cars, delivered in six shipments. All rail cars in the Metrorail system operate in married pairs (consecutively numbered even-odd), with systems shared across the pair. The system rail gauge is standard gauge 4 feet 8½ inches (1435 mm). The platform height is said to be 38½ inches (978 mm) above top of rail (ATR) and rolling stock floor height is also 38½″ ± ¾″ ATR for level entry. Washington’s Metrorail floors and platforms are lower than most East Coast mass transit systems, such as New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.

Metro currently operates 850 cars during rush hours. 814 cars are in active service while the remaining 36 cars compose gap trains to serve as backup should one of the mainline trains experience problems.[2]

Contents

[edit] 1000-Series

A train of Rohr cars arrives at Cheverly station.
Interior of Rohr 1112.
Rohr cab

The original order of 300 Metro cars was manufactured by Rohr Industries, with delivery in 1976. These cars are numbered 1000-1299, and were rehabilitated in the mid-1990s by Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie and WMATA at their Brentwood Shop in Washington, D.C.

The first rehabilitation added exterior speakers in place of one rollsign on each side and also marked the first set of cars to have AC propulsion. The bulkhead on the ends of the cars are also distinguished by windows with aluminum frames that extend the full height of the train compared to other car classes.

The original interiors have a white grained appearance with orange and brown seats. The cars contain 81 seats. Future orders would have seating reduced down to 64 or 68 since seats next to the doors would be removed for additional standing areas.

Of these original 300 cars, 290 remain in active revenue service. Car 1028, separated from its mate after it was destroyed during the Federal Triangle derailment in 1982, has become the feeler car that checks system clearances. Four cars, now numbered 8000-8003, serve as the money train to collect the revenue from station farecard machines. 1076 is also permanently out of service after its mate was destroyed in the 2004 accident at Woodley Park–Zoo/Adams Morgan station.[3] 1079[4] was the lead car on the second train involved in the 2009 Washington Metro accident.[5]

As of August 2008, Metrorail is testing new overhead handles of different styles on 1122, 1123, 1126, 1127, as well as some 3000 series cars to gauge public opinion.[6]

  • Car Builder: Rohr Industries, Winder, Georgia, USA
  • Dates Built: 1973-1976
  • Rehabilitated: 1993-1996
  • Rehabilitated by: WMATA Brentwood Shop/Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie, Washington, DC, USA
  • Car Body: Extruded Aluminum
  • Car Numbers: 1000-1299
  • Car Length: 75 feet (23 m)
  • Car Width: 10 feet (3 m)
  • Car Height: 11.8 feet (3.59 m)
  • Track Gauge: 4 feet, 8½ inches (1.43 m)
  • Truck Type: Cast Steel
  • Maximum Operating Speed: 75 MPH (120 kph)
  • Propulsion System: General Electric 3-Phase Asychronous AC Traction Motors with GTO Inverters (post rehab)
  • Seating capacity: 81
  • Total Capacity: 175

[edit] 2000-Series

A train of 2000-Series Breda cars at Huntington following rehabilitation.
Interior of Breda 2075 following rehabilitation.

The second order, of 76 cars, was through Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie (Breda), with delivery in 1982.

These cars are numbered 2000-2075, and were rehabilitated in 2003 and 2004 by Alstom in Hornell, New York. The cars, as part of a rehabilitation project, have received new AC propulsion systems with IGBT technology, which replaced the original cam-controlled DC propulsion systems. Also included are railcar monitoring systems, advanced ATC/ATS control systems, exterior LED destination signs, interior LED next stop signs, and improved emergency exit signage.

The recently refurbished railcars also received the red, white, and blue interior found on the 5000-series cars.

  • Car Builder: Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie, Pistoia, Italy
  • Dates Built: 1981-1983
  • Rehabilitated: 2002-2004
  • Rehabilitated by: Alstom Transportation, Hornell, New York, USA
  • Car Body: Extruded Aluminum
  • Car Numbers: 2000-2075
  • Car Length: 75 feet (23 m)
  • Car Width: 10 feet (3 m)
  • Car Height: 11.8 feet (3.59 m)
  • Track Gauge: 4 feet, 8½ inches (1.43 m)
  • Truck Type: Fabricated Steel
  • Maximum Operating Speed: 75 MPH (120 kph)
  • Propulsion System: Alstom ONIX 2000 AC Traction with IGBT Inverters (post rehab)[7]
  • Seating capacity: 68
  • Total Capacity: 175

[edit] 3000-Series

A train of Breda 3000-Series cars prior to rehabilitation arrives at Van Dorn Street station.
Interior of Breda 3267 prior to rehabilitation.
Breda 3283 with modified floor plan. Note the side-facing bench seats in the center, the strap handles along the ceiling, and the lean rests near the end of the car.

The third order consisted of 290 cars, also from Breda, with delivery in 1987.

These cars are numbered 3000-3289 as originally delivered, and were rehabilitated by Alstom in Hornell, New York. As part of this rehabilitation project, they received AC propulsion systems with IGBT technology, replacing the chopper-controlled DC propulsion system. Also included in the rehabilitation is the addition of railcar monitoring systems, advanced ATC/ATS control systems, exterior LED destination signs, interior LED next stop signs, and improved emergency exit signage. The refurbished 3000-series cars also received the red, white, and blue interior found on the 5000-series cars.

On January 6, 1996, a revenue train collided with an out-of-service train, both consisting entirely of Breda 3000-series cars, at the Shady Grove station, fatally injuring the operator of the revenue train. 3252, the lead car of the revenue train, collided with 3191, the car at the inbound end of the out-of-service train.[8] The mates of these two cars, 3253 and 3190 respectively, were later mated together. 3190 reentered revenue service as 3290, and 3253 reentered service as 3291.

Beginning in 2005, a number of 3000-series cars that had not yet undergone rehabilitation were modified as part of a pilot program to study passenger movements to improve the seating arrangement for future rail cars. Sixteen cars received a new seating arrangement that included modified handholds and seat positions, including some longitudinal seating. These cars, as well as other cars being used as control cars in the experiment, received on-board cameras in order for planners to observe passenger movements.[9][10][11][12]

As of August 2008, Metrorail is testing new overhead handles of different styles on 3034, 3035, 3094, 3095 as well as some 1000 series cars to gauge public opinion.[13]

  • Car Builder: Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie, Pistoia, Italy
  • Dates built: 1984-1988
  • Rehabilitated: 2004-2009
  • Rehabilitated by: Alstom Transportation, Hornell, NY, USA
  • Car Body: Extruded Aluminum
  • Car Numbers: 3000-3289
  • Car Length: 75 feet (23 m)
  • Car Width: 10 feet (3 m)
  • Car Height: 11.8 feet (3.59 m)
  • Track Gauge: 4 feet, 8½ inches (1.43 m)
  • Truck Type: Fabricated Steel
  • Maximum Operating Speed: 75 MPH (120 kph)
  • Propulsion System: Alstom ONIX 2000 AC Traction with IGBT Inverters (post rehab)
  • Seating capacity: 68
  • Total Capacity: 175

[edit] 4000-Series

A train of Breda 4000-series cars arrives at King Street station.
Interior of Breda 4018.

The fourth order consisted of 100 cars from Breda, numbered 4000-4099. These cars were delivered in 1991. They use all the original systems that the 2000/3000-series cars had prior to their rehabilitation.

There are some minor differences between these and earlier Breda cars prior to rehabilitation. First, the bulkhead windows are rounded as compared to squared. The 4000 series cars are also the only cars in the Washington Metro system not to have been originally built with or retrofitted with exterior speakers.

However, they still have the original flip-dot exterior destination signs, chopper-controlled DC propulsion systems, and the original cream, orange, and yellow interiors.

These cars are to be rehabilitated from 2014 based on design specifications to be drafted in 2010. One of the requirements is to make them compatible with the new 7000 series cars.[14] [15]

  • Car Builder: Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie, Pistoia, Italy
  • Dates Built: 1991-1993
  • Car Body: Extruded Aluminum
  • Car Numbers: 4000-4099
  • Car Length: 75 feet (23 m)
  • Car Width: 10 feet (3 m)
  • Car Height: 11.8 feet (3.59 m)
  • Track Gauge: 4 feet, 8½ inches (1.43 m)
  • Truck Type: Fabricated Steel
  • Maximum Operating Speed: 75 MPH (120 kph)
  • Propulsion System: Four Westinghouse 1462 DC motors with two chopper controls per car
  • Power Output: 214 horsepower (159.25 kW) per motor / 856 horsepower (637 kW) per car
  • Maximum Acceleration: 3 MPH per second (4.8 kph)
  • Maximum Deceleration: 3 MPH/S
  • Electric Braking: to 3.125 MPH
  • Time to 50 MPH at max acceleration: 23 seconds
  • Seating capacity: 68
  • Total Capacity: 175

[16]

[edit] 5000-Series

A train of CAF cars boards passengers at L'Enfant Plaza station.
Interior of CAF 5134.

The fifth order consisted of 192 rail cars from a joint venture of Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) of Spain and AAI Corporation of Hunt Valley, Maryland. These cars are numbered 5000-5191, with delivery in 2001.

Service introduction of these cars was heavily delayed due to software “glitches” which plagued delivery. At one point, WMATA looked to impose penalties against CAF for the service entry delays.

The contract consisted of CAF engineering and designing the cars and managing the project, while AAI performed assembly. These cars were the first Metrorail cars to originally feature alternating current traction inverters and motors.[citation needed] They were also the first to have LED destination signs on the exterior and LED “next stop” indication signs on the interiors.[citation needed] Along with these improvements, they were also the first to have intercar safety barriers (which have since been added to all other rolling stock) and railcar monitoring systems.[citation needed] The 5000-series cars premiered the red, white, and blue interior. This interior color scheme has since been used on the 2000/3000-series rehabilitation project and the 6000-series cars from Alstom.

Another feature is the return of cast steel trucks, which were previously only used on the Rohr cars.[17] This was done as a cost-saving measure, since fabricated trucks take additional time to manufacture due to the machining required.

The NTSB has begun an investigation about service life of these cars[citation needed] due to recent non-revenue service derailments in Metrorail yards, and the January 7, 2007 derailment of a revenue train on the Green Line at the Mt Vernon Sq/7th St-Convention Center station.

It was recently published that the planned midlife rehabilitation of the 5000 series cars is to take place in the late 2010s through the early 2020s. Design specifications are to be drafted in 2017, with the first cars rehabbed in 2022. This series of cars will be the third series of cars to have automated station announcements and the stainless steel paint scheme once they have been rehabilitated. The cars will be compatible with the 7000 series once the rehabilitation process is completed. [18]

  • Car Builder: CAF/AAI, Zaragoza and Bessain, Spain and Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA
  • Dates Built: 2001-2004
  • Dates of Rehabilitation: 2022-2027
  • Car Body: Extruded Aluminum
  • Car Numbers: 5000-5191 (4 cars out of service)
  • Car Length: 75 feet (23 m)
  • Car Width: 10 feet (3 m)
  • Car Height: 11.8 feet (3.59 m)
  • Track Gauge: 4 feet, 8½ inches (1.43 m)
  • Truck Type: Cast Steel
  • Maximum Operating Speed: 75 MPH (120 kph)
  • Propulsion System: Four Bombardier Mitrac DR1000 AC Traction Drives with IGBT Inverters
  • Power Output: 234.5 horsepower (175 kW) per motor / 938 horsepower (700 kW) per car
  • Maximum Acceleration: 2.75 MPH per second
  • Maximum Service Braking: 2.86 MPH/S
  • Emergency Braking: 3.146 MPH/S
  • Seating capacity: 68
  • Total Capacity: 175

[19]

[edit] 6000-Series

Alstom 6024 at Branch Avenue.
Interior of Alstom 6026.

Most recently, Metro has ordered 184 rail cars from Alstom, the same company that is rehabilitating the Breda cars. Delivery began in late 2005. These cars are currently being used on Metro trains; the first ones were deployed onto the Green Line. They look similar to the 5000-series cars built by CAF, but feature revised styling.

This is evident with bulkhead doors that have rounded windows compared to squared, and a revised operator window design which eliminates the top horizontal bar. These stylistic features are similar to what is found on the Rohr 1000 series cars. A major change that occurred for the first time since the Breda 2000 series cars is the reduction of seating. The 6000 series cars seats 64 instead of 68.

The interior has been completely redesigned to allow for additional standing room (mostly around the center doors) and easier access to all portions of the car. New to the 6000 series cars is the addition of two interior LED next stop indicators located at the center of the car, which brings the total to four interior displays per car (two facing each direction). Also new is an intercom located next to the center doors; previous railcars only have them at the front and back of each car. Another new feature is that they are the first series of cars that will be originally manufactured with the flashing brake indicators on the far ends of each car.

These are similar to what is used on the Rohr cars and the rehabilitated Bredas, and indicate when the train is in the final stages of stopping. Mechanically, the 6000 series cars features the same cast trucks as the CAF cars, and use the same propulsion systems and advanced cab signaling systems found in the Breda 2000/3000-series rehabilitation from Alstom.

The new cars have their body shells built in Barcelona, Spain, and have assembly completed in Hornell, New York.[20]

Metro has been testing new resilient flooring on two 6000 series cars, 6104-6105.[21]

As of November 17, 2008, Metro has completed the installation of new stainless steel-grab bars to all 184 6000 series cars. [22]

Metro is testing new fabric seating on cars 6026-6027. This type of seating will also be installed on cars 6014-6015.[23][24]

  • Car Builder: Alstom Transportation, Barcelona, Spain and Hornell, New York, USA
  • Dates Built: 2005-2008
  • Car Body: Extruded Aluminum
  • Car Numbers: 6000-6183
  • Car Length: 75 feet (23 m)
  • Car Width: 10 feet (3 m)
  • Car Height: 11.8 feet (3.59 m)
  • Track Gauge: 4 feet, 8½ inches (1.43 m)
  • Truck Type: Cast Steel [17]
  • Maximum Operating Speed: 75 MPH (120 kph)
  • Propulsion System: Alstom ONIX 2000 AC Traction with IGBT Inverters
  • Seating capacity: 64
  • Total Capacity: 175

The first 6000-series railcar was placed into service on Friday, October 6, 2006 at 11:30 AM on its inaugural trip from Greenbelt to Branch Avenue.[25]

[edit] 7000-Series

Conceptual drawing of WMATA 7000-Series rail cars

Metro has begun plans to order 648 railcars called the 7000 series for the Dulles Corridor Metrorail extension, otherwise known as the Silver Line. In a February 8, 2007 press release, Metro announced that the cars would have a similar appearance to the 6000-Series cars manufactured by Alstom.[26]

However, in a January 2008 press release, Metro indicated that the design for the 7000-Series cars would have a completely different appearance compared to older cars. The exterior would feature a stainless steel body rather than the aluminum of earlier designs,[27] and a new "America's Metro" logo.[28] Inside, seats would be taller and more ergonomically designed, carpeting would be replaced with a hardier floor covering,[27] the grab bars along the ceiling would contain spring-loaded handles,[28] and the cars would contain security cameras, as well as LCD displays to provide train information.[27]

Car configuration would also be changed. While still operating as married pairs, the cab in one car would be removed, essentialy turning it into a B car. Eight-car configuration would look something like this:

A-B+B-A+A-B+B-A

The plus renders couplers while the dash represents link bars. [29]

There is also an option to install longitudinal seating instead of the traditional transverse seating found in all previous stock. Such an option would decrease seating capacity, but increase overall car capacity.

The cars would be so technologically advanced as to render them incompatible with the existing fleet. While board members recognize the seriousness of the decision, Metro general manager John B. Catoe indicated that the board needed to decide "in months" on whether to go ahead with the rail car order, regardless of whether or not the Dulles extension is approved.[30] However, current plans call for the rehabilitated 4000 series cars to be compatible with the 7000 series cars.

This proposed order also includes a 130 car option for Phase One fleet expansion,[31] 300 cars for 1000 Series fleet replacement, 100 cars for the 4000 Series mid-life rehab program, and an additional 90 cars for Phase Two fleet expansion for a possible total of 748 cars. [32]

The bidding process is to begin in December 2008. The total contract is to be 648 7000-Series railcars and the rehabilitation of the 100 4000-Series cars. The cars will be equipped with prerecorded station announcements. [33]

Procurement requirements and preliminary car specifications are available online.[34]

In order to save weight and reduce energy consumption, one axle per car will be unpowered. This means that, in an eight-car consist, the equivalent of two cars will be unpowered.

Specifications:[35]

  • Car Builder: Bidding underway, Builder TBD
  • Dates Built: 2012-2017
  • Car Body: Stainless Steel
  • Car Numbers: 7000-7127, 7200-7329, 7400-7699, 7700-7789
  • Car Length: 75 feet (23 m)
  • Car Width: 10 feet (3 m)
  • Car Weight (Empty): 80,000 Lbs.
  • Car Height: 11.8 feet (3.59 m)
  • Track Gauge: 4 feet, 8½ inches (1.43 m)
  • Truck Type: Cast Steel or Cast Weld
  • Maximum Design Speed: 78 MPH
  • Maximum Operating Speed: 75 MPH
  • Minimum Acceleration: 0.75 MPHPS to 60 MPH
  • Maximum Acceleration: 2.8 MPHPS to 32 MPH
  • Minimum Braking: 0.45 MPHPS
  • Maximum Electric Braking (Full Service Braking): 2.2 MPHPS
  • Maximum Braking: 3 MPHPS
  • Emergency Braking: 3.2 MPHPS
  • Propulsion System: IGBT Inverters, AC Traction Motors, the ability to function underwater[36]
  • Seating capacity:
    ** A Car: 64 (transverse), 58 (longitudinal)
    ** B Car: 68 (transverse), 62 (longitudinal)[37]
  • Total Capacity:
    ** A Car: 175 (Transverse seating), 184 (Longitudinal seating)
    ** B Car: 184 (Transverse seating), 190 (Longitudinal seating)

[edit] 8000-Series

Metro has proposed that the 364 2000/3000 series cars be replaced by the 8000 series cars. The design phase is to commence in 2018, with the contract awarded the following year. Delivery of the cars is scheduled to begin in 2023. Not much is known aside from that since Metro has not disclosed any details. [38]

[edit] References

  1. ^ WMATA press release 6-23-09
  2. ^ "WMATA Press Release: April 9, 2009". Wmata.com. 2009-04-09. http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=2546. Retrieved on 2009-06-23. 
  3. ^ Whitehorne, Wayne; Mark Greenwald. "Washington, D.C.". nycsubway.org. http://world.nycsubway.org/us/washdc/. Retrieved on 2008-01-21. 
  4. ^ "Tuesday Red Line service altered as a result of Monday collision". WMATA. June 23, 2009. http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=2624. Retrieved on 2009-06-23. 
  5. ^ Posted by Mike DeBonis on Jun. 22, 2009, at 9:01 pm. "Old Questions About Crashworthiness of Metro Cars - City Desk". Washington City Paper. http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/citydesk/2009/06/22/old-questions-about-crashworthiness-of-metro-cars/#more-25361. Retrieved on 2009-06-23. 
  6. ^ [1][dead link]
  7. ^ "ALSTOM Transport - ONIX Traction systems" (in English). Alstom. Archived from the original on 2006-03-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20060325011757/http://www.transport.alstom.com/home/Products_and_Services/RAIL_VEHICLES/Subsystems/traction_systems/7647.EN.php?languageId=EN&dir=/home/Products_and_Services/RAIL_VEHICLES/Subsystems/traction_systems/. Retrieved on 2008-09-16. 
  8. ^ "Railroad Accident Report Collision of Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Train T-111 with Standing Train at Shady Grove Passenger Station, Gaithersburg, Maryland January 6, 1996" (in English) (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. October 29, 1996. http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/1996/RAR9604.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. 
  9. ^ Laris, Michael (March 4, 2005). "Metro to Monitor Seating Patterns" (in English). The Washington Post: p. B02. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4811-2005Mar3.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. 
  10. ^ Lindeman, Todd (August 1, 2006). "More Room to Stand" (in English). The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2006/08/01/GR2006080100123.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. 
  11. ^ Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (March 3, 2005) (in English). Metro Recommends First Phase of a Pilot Program to Enhance Railcar Capacity Aboard Metrorail Trains. Press release. http://wmata.com/about/met_news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=703. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. 
  12. ^ "Railcar Capacity Analysis" (in English) (PDF). Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. November 3, 2005. http://content.wmata.com/board_gm/board_docs/110305_IIARailcarCapacityAnalysis.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. 
  13. ^ WMATA (August 21, 2008). Metro testing new overhead handles inside Metrorail cars. Press release. http://www.wmata.com/about/met_news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=2234. Retrieved on 2008-12-12. 
  14. ^ "Performance Vehicle Planning" (in English) (PDF). Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. October 10, 2008. 3. http://www.wmata.com/pdfs/planning/Performance_Vehicles.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-01-21. 
  15. ^ Section 23
  16. ^ Specification sheet from AnsaldoBreda; this still applies since these cars cars have not yet been overhauled.
  17. ^ a b On Track With Added Value, Sharon Kruse, Engineered Casting Solutions
  18. ^ Page 4
  19. ^ "CAF info on Railcar". Caf.net. http://www.caf.net/ingles/productos/proyecto.php?cod=1&id=198&sec=prest. Retrieved on 2009-06-23. 
  20. ^ Information on the cars from The Schumin Web Transit Center
  21. ^ Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (December 4, 2007) (in English). Metro tests new railcar designs. Press release. http://www.wmata.com/about/met_news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=1883. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 
  22. ^ WMATA (November 17, 2008). Spring-loaded overhead handles installed on series 6000 Metrorail fleet. Press release. http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=2346. Retrieved on 2008-12-12. 
  23. ^ WMATA (December 9, 2008). Metro testing wool seats in rail cars. Press release. http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=2364. Retrieved on 2008-12-12. 
  24. ^ "Metro Tests New Wool Seat Covers". youtube.com. YouTube. December 8, 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySqB0zeszsw. Retrieved on 2008-12-12. 
  25. ^ Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (October 3, 2006) (in English). Metro Unveils New 6000 Series Train On Green Line. Press release. http://www.wmata.com/about/met_news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=1389. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 
  26. ^ Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (February 8, 2007) (in English). Metro Developing Plans For New Railcars. Press release. http://www.wmata.com/about/met_news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=1531. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 
  27. ^ a b c Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (January 2008) (in English). Metro considers new look for trains. Press release. http://www.wmata.com/about/met_news/story.cfm?ID=1655. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 
  28. ^ a b "Talks Underway For New Trains" (in English). The Washington Post. January 11, 2008. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2008/01/11/GR2008011100608.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 
  29. ^ PDF File on 7000 Series Cars from WMATA[dead link]
  30. ^ Sun, Lena (January 11, 2008). "Metro Eyes a Makeover" (in English). The Washington Post: p. B01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/10/AR2008011003458.html?hpid=moreheadlines. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 
  31. ^ W:\Fleet Management Plans\RAIL\2006\Rail Fleet Management Plan 2006 - Approved - Revised 20070601.wpd[dead link]
  32. ^ PDF File on 7000 Series Cars from WMATA[dead link]
  33. ^ Sun, Lena H. (November 5, 2008). "Metro Eager To Order 648 High-Tech Rail Cars". The Washington Post: p. B01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/04/AR2008110403480.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-08. 
  34. ^ "Solicitation RFP RC7000/RAM". WMATA. 2009-01-30. http://www.wmata.com/business/procurement_and_contracting/solicitations/view.cfm?solicitation_id=2382. Retrieved on 2009-02-24. 
  35. ^ http://www.wmata.com/business/procurement_and_contracting/solicitations/uploads/RC7000%20Vol%202%20Tech%20Specs%201_30_09.pdf
  36. ^ "RC7000 Vol 2 Tech Specs" dated 30 January 2009, paragraph 3.7.5.2 "AC Traction Motor", page TP 3-18
  37. ^ http://www.wmata.com/business/procurement_and_contracting/solicitations/uploads/RC7000%20Vol%203%20Drawings%20Jan%2030%202009.pdf
  38. ^ Page 2

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