Eastern Whip-poor-will

"Whiporwill" redirects here. For ships named Whippoorwill, see USS Whippoorwill. For the Whip-poor-will species from southeast Arizona and contiguous Mexico, see Mexican Whip-poor-will.

Eastern Whip-poor-will
Adult male
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Subclass:	Neornithes
Infraclass:	Neognathae
(unranked):	Cypselomorphae
Order:	Caprimulgiformes
Family:	Caprimulgidae
Subfamily:	Caprimulginae
Genus:	Caprimulgus
Species:	C. vociferus
Binomial name
Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson, 1812

The Eastern Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus, is a medium-sized (22–27 cm) nightjar from North and Central America. The whip-poor-will is commonly heard within its range, but less often seen because of its superior camouflage. It is named onomatopoeically after its song.

This bird is sometimes confused with the related Chuck-will's-widow (Caprimulgus carolinensis) which has a similar but lower-pitched and slower call.

Adults have mottled plumage: the upperparts are grey, black and brown; the lower parts are grey and black. They have a very short bill and a black throat. Males have a white patch below the throat and white tips on the outer tail feathers; in the female, these parts are light brown.

Ecology

Their habitat is deciduous or mixed woods across western, central and southeastern Canada, eastern United States, and Central America. Northern birds migrate to the southeastern United States and south to Central America. Central American races are largely resident. These birds forage at night, catching insects in flight, and normally sleep during the day. Whip-poor-wills nest on the ground, in shaded locations among dead leaves, and usually lay two eggs at a time. The bird will commonly remain on the nest unless almost stepped upon.

The Eastern Whip-poor-will is becoming locally rare. Larry Penny has recorded a 97% decline since 1983 in New York state.^{[citation needed]} Several reasons for the decline are proposed, such as habitat destruction, predation by feral cats and dogs, and poisoning by insecticides, but the actual causes remain elusive. Still, the species as a whole is not considered globally threatened due to its large range.

The Whip-poor-will was been split into 2 species. Eastern populations are now referred to as the Eastern Whip-poor-will. The disjunct population in southwestern United States and Mexico is now referred to as the Mexican Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus arizonae. The two species having different ranges and vocalizations, the eggs having different coloration, and DNA sequencing showing enough differentation, it was determined enough evidence was available to separate the 2 types into different species.

Cultural references

In literature

Due to its haunting, ethereal song, the Eastern Whip-poor-will is the topic of numerous legends. One New England legend says the whip-poor-will can sense a soul departing, and can capture it as it flees. This is used as a plot device in H. P. Lovecraft's story The Dunwich Horror. This is likely related to an earlier Native American and general American folk belief that the singing of the birds is a death omen. This is also referred by Whip-poor-will, a short story by James Thurber, in which the constant nighttime singing of a whippoorwill results in maddening insomnia of the protagonist Mr Kinstrey who eventually loses his mind and kills everyone in his house, including himself. The bird also features, however, in The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim's Point, a poem by the English poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning, in which the outcast speaker asks: "Could the whip-poor-will or the cat of the glen/Look into my eyes and be bold?"

It is also frequently used as an auditory symbol of rural America, as in Washington Irving's story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, or as a plot device. For example, William Faulkner's short story, "Barn Burning", makes several mentions of whippoorwills, e.g.: "and then he found that he had been asleep because he knew it was almost dawn, the night almost over. He could tell that from the whippoorwills. They were everywhere now among the dark trees below him, constant and inflectioned and ceaseless, so that, as the instant for giving over to the day birds drew nearer and nearer, there was no interval at all between them." "The Mountain Whippoorwill" is the title of a poem written by Stephen Vincent Benet about a fiddling contest, won by Hillbilly Jim, who refers to his fiddle as a whippoorwill and identifies the bird with the lonely and poor but vibrant life of the mountain people.

In music

Whip-poor-wills are mentioned in numerous notable songs.

• "Alone & Forsaken", by Hank Williams, Sr. -

"The roses have faded, there's frost at my door /

The birds in the morning don't sing anymore

The grass in the valley is starting to die

And out in the darkness the whippoorwills cry."

• "As Above, So Below", by Klaxons -

"A whiporwhil will in flight, turns east towards westphalia."

• "Brand New Angel", performed by Jeff Bridges on the 2009 soundtrack Crazy Heart
• "A Cockeyed Optimist", from the musical South Pacific written by Rodgers and Hammerstein
• "Call of the Whip-Poor-Will", by the Stapleton Brothers
• "Deeper Than The Holler", by Randy Travis
• "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry", by Hank Williams
• "I Got A Name" by Jim Croce
• "I Still Like Bologna", by Alan Jackson
• "If the World Had a Front Porch", by Tracy Lawrence on his 1994 album I See it Now
• "Kennesaw Line", by the Front Porch String Band, references the legend of the whippoorwill as an omen of death.
• "Little Bird, Little Bird", by Elizabeth Mitchell, mentioned the whippoorwill alongside various other birds
• "The Littlest Birds", by The Be Good Tanyas
• "Magnolia", a song by J J Cale from his 1971 album Naturally.
• "Magpie to the Morning", by Neko Case
• "Midnight in Montgomery", by Alan Jackson
• "Mr. Ting-a-ling (Steel Guitar Man)" by George Morgan
• "My Blue Heaven", by Walter Donaldson/George A. Whiting,
• "My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy", by Dolly Parton
• "My Rifle, My Pony and Me", sung by Dean Martin and Rick Nelson from the film Rio Bravo
• "Peace a Dime", composed by Charles Brooks in 2005
• "Philadelphia Freedom", a 1975 number-one hit by Elton John
• "Sad, Sad Song", by M. Ward
• "Sounds So Good", by Ashton Shepherd
• "Talking to the Moon" by Don Henley, from his 1982 album I Can't Stand Still
• "Tammy" by Debbie Reynolds
• "That Sunday, That Summer", by Nat King Cole
• "Up on the Ridge" (2010) by Dierks Bentley
• "The Verdant Mile", by contemporary folk legend Tracy Grammer
• "Whip-poor-will", by Magnolia Electric Co.
• "Whiporwill", by the Ozark Mountain Daredevils
• "Nothing But A Whiporwill", by Blue Highway
• "Whiporwill" by Doug Burr on the album On Promenade
• "Daniel and The Sacred Harp" by The Band on the album Stage Fright
• "Bed of my Chevy" by Justin Moore
• "Hear the Whippoorwill Sing" by Roger D. Cranford
• "Painted Bird" by Siouxsie and the Banshees on 'A Kiss in the Dreamhouse'
• "Willows and Whippoorwills" by Caïna on 'Temporary Antennae'

Onscreen

• In the 1934 Frank Capra film It Happened One Night, before Clark Gable's character Peter Warne reveals his name to Ellie Andrews (Claudette Colbert), he famously says to her: "I am the whiporwill that cries in the night".
• Numerous episodes of the tv series THE WALTON'S
• In the 2006 film Open Season, the character Elliot does a whip-poor-will sound while they are trying to steal stuff from Bob & Bobbie's trailer.

External links

• Whip-poor-will Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Whip-poor-will - Caprimulgus vociferus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Whip-poor-will Information – South Dakota Birds and Birding
• Whippoorwill
• Whippoorwill songs on Xeno-canto.org