White power skinhead
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
White power skinheads (sometimes known as neo-Nazi skinheads or white nationalist skinheads), are a racist offshoot of the skinhead subculture that originated in Great Britain.
They have a reputation for being extremely racist and anti-semitic. Many of them are affiliated with white nationalist organizations such as the People's National Party (Russia), the National Democratic Party (Germany), the British National Front (United Kingdom), and the National Socialist Movement, Blood & Honour, Combat 18, Hammerskins, Creativity Movement (International).[1][2][3][4]
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[edit] History
The original skinhead subculture started in the late 1960s, and had heavy British mod and Jamaican rude boy influences — including an appreciation for ska, early reggae and soul music.[5][6][7][8] The identity of skinheads in the 1960s was neither based on white power nor neo-Nazism, but some skinheads (including black skinheads) had engaged in gay-bashing, hippy-bashing and/or Paki bashing (violence against random Pakistanis and other South Asian immigrants).[9][10]
The original skinhead scene had mostly died out by 1972, and a late-1970s revival came partly as a backlash against the commercialization of punk rock. This revival coincided with the development of the 2 Tone and Oi! music genres.[11][12][13][14][15] The skinhead revival in Britain included a sizeable white nationalist faction, involving organizations such as the National Front, British Movement, Rock Against Communism and Blood and Honour. Because of this, the mainstream media began to label the whole skinhead identity as neo-Nazi.
The racist subculture eventually spread to North America, Europe and other areas of the world. After the movement spread to the United States, some racist skinheads in that country became involved with groups such as Church of the Creator, White Aryan Resistance and the Hammerskins (a group that then spread to other countries). According to a 2007 report by the Anti-Defamation League, groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, white power skinheads and neo-Nazis have been growing more active in the United States in recent years, with a particular focus on opposing non-white immigration, specifically from Mexico.[16]
[edit] Style and clothing
White power skinheads are known for wearing Dr. Martens or combat-style boots, along with suspenders (also known as braces). In contrast to the mod-influenced Trojan skinheads, white power skinheads tend to wear higher boots, T-shirts instead of button-up shirts, and army trousers or jeans instead of Sta-Prest trousers. They usually crop their hair shorter than the 1960s-style skinheads; often to grade 0 length or shaved off completely with a razor. White power skinheads generally have more tattoos than the skinheads of the 1960s, and these tattoos often feature explicitly racist content.
Some wear badges, chains or rings featuring Nazi or white power emblems.[17][18] In Germany, the Lonsdale clothing brand has been popular among some neo-Nazi skinheads. This is partly because the four middle letters of Lonsdale, NSDA, are almost the same as the abbreviation of Adolf Hitler's political party, the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP).[19] Additionally, the surrounding letters can be hidden with a jacket to accentuate the effect.
[edit] Portrayals in films and videogames
- Made In Britain
- Romper Stomper
- American History X
- Higher Learning
- The Believer
- This Is England
- Manhunt
- Ethnic Cleansing
[edit] Notable bands
- Final Solution
- Landser
- Macht und Ehre
- Skrewdriver (originally a non-racist punk rock band)
- Skullhead
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ White Power Music. Anti-Defamation League (2005). Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
- ^ Immigration Fueling White Supremacists, Study: Ku Klux Klan And Neo-Nazis Are Gaining Members As Immigrants Become More Visible - CBS News
- ^ - New York Times - "Neo-Nazi Activity Is Arising Among U.S. Youth"
- ^ National Geographic - "Profile of the New American Skinheads"
- ^ Subcultures, pop music and politics: skinheads and "Nazi rock" in England and Germany | Journal of Social History | Find Articles at BNET.com
- ^ Old Skool Jim. Trojan Skinhead Reggae Box Set liner notes. London: Trojan Records. TJETD169.
- ^ Marshall, George (1991). Spirit of '69 - A Skinhead Bible. Dunoon, Scotland: S.T. Publishing. ISBN 1-898927-10-3).
- ^ Special Articles
- ^ Skinhead History - the Tilbury Trojan Skins
- ^ Monty Q&A
- ^ 2 Tone Records
- ^ skinhead clothing and skinhead fashion
- ^ www.garry-bushell.co.uk - Oi! – The Truth by Garry Bushell
- ^ Marshall, George (1991). Spirit of '69 - A Skinhead Bible. Dunoon, Scotland: S.T. Publishing. ISBN 1-898927-10-3).
- ^ www.garry-bushell.co.uk - Oi! – The Truth by Garry Bushell
- ^ Immigration Fueling White Supremacists, Study: Ku Klux Klan And Neo-Nazis Are Gaining Members As Immigrants Become More Visible - CBS News
- ^ Southern Poverty Law Center - "Skinhead Style is Back"
- ^ BBC News - "Under the skin"
- ^ Lonsdale faces ban over 'neo-Nazi associations' - Europe, News - Independent.co.uk
[edit] Bibliography
- (2002) Diamond in the Dust - The Ian Stuart Biography. London: Blood and Honour England.
- Dobratz, Betty A. (1997). "White power, white pride!": The white separatist movement in the United States. London: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-3865-0.
[edit] External links
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