Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
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| Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? | |
| Written by | Edward Albee |
|---|---|
| Characters | Martha George Nick Honey |
| Date premiered | October 13, 1962 |
| Place premiered | Billy Rose Theatre |
| Original language | English |
| Setting | Martha and George's New England home |
| IBDB profile | |
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a play by Edward Albee that opened on Broadway at the Billy Rose Theater on October 13, 1962. The original cast featured Uta Hagen as Martha, Arthur Hill as George, Melinda Dillon as Honey and George Grizzard as Nick. It was directed by Alan Schneider. Subsequent cast members included Henderson Forsythe, Eileen Fulton, Mercedes McCambridge, and Elaine Stritch.
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? won both the 1963 Tony Award for Best Play and the 1962-63 New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play. It was also selected for the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for Drama by that award's drama jury. However, the award's advisory board—the trustees of Columbia University—objected to the play's then-controversial use of profanity and sexual themes, and overruled the award's advisory committee, awarding no Pulitzer Prize for drama in 1963.[1]
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a play on the title of the once popular song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" from Walt Disney's The Three Little Pigs, but named after the famous English novelist.
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[edit] Overview
In the play, George and Martha invite a new professor and his wife to their house after a party. Martha is the daughter of the president of the university (believed to be based on Trinity College) where George is an associate history professor. Nick (who is never addressed or introduced by name) is a biology professor (who Martha thinks teaches math), and Honey is his mousy, brandy-abusing wife. Once at home, Martha and George continue drinking and engage in relentless, scathing verbal and sometimes physical abuse in front of Nick and Honey. The younger couple are simultaneously fascinated and embarrassed. They stay even though the abuse turns periodically towards them as well.
The play's title, which alludes to the English novelist Virginia Woolf, is a parody of the song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" from Walt Disney's animated version of The Three Little Pigs. Because obtaining the rights to use the music would have been expensive, most stage versions, and the film, have Martha sing to the tune of "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush". This melody fits the meter fairly well and is in the public domain. In the first few moments of the play, it is revealed that someone sang the song earlier in the evening at a party, although who first sang it (Martha or some other anonymous party guest) remains unclear. Martha repeatedly needles George over whether he found it funny.
Albee said he got the idea for the play's title from a line of graffiti scrawled on a mirror in a bar.
I was in there having a beer one night, and I saw "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" scrawled in soap, I suppose, on this mirror. When I started to write the play it cropped up in my mind again. And of course, who's afraid of Virginia Woolf means who's afraid of the big bad wolf . . . who's afraid of living life without false illusions. And it did strike me as being a rather typical, university intellectual joke.
- — Edward Albee [2]
In interviews, Albee has said that he asked Woolf's widower Leonard Woolf for permission to use her name in the title of the play. In another interview, Albee acknowledged that he based the characters of Martha and George on his good friends, New York socialites Willard Maas and Marie Menken. They share the names of President George Washington and his wife Martha Custis Dandridge Washington, America's first First Couple. Maas was a professor of literature at Wagner College (one similarity between the character George and Willard) and his wife Marie was an experimental filmmaker and painter. Maas and Menken were known for their infamous salons, where drinking would "commence at 4pm on Friday and end in the wee hours of night on Monday" (according to Gerard Malanga, Warhol associate and friend to Maas.) The primary conflict between George and Martha in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? derived from Maas and Menken's tempestuous and volatile relationship. Many darker veins running through the play's dialogue suggest that the border between fiction and reality is continually challenged. The play ends with Martha answering the titular question of who is afraid to live their life free of illusions with, "I am, George, I am." Implicitly, exposure is something everyone fears; façade (be it social or psychological), although damaging, provides a comfort.
[edit] Landmark Status and Popularity
Like certain other literary works at the time, the play delivered a dark, unflattering glimpse of heterosexual white, middle class married life. Family life was a keystone of the official, conservative version of the 'American Dream' (a term used ironically by Albee as the title of a later play). In postwar America, governments wanted stability and consensus. The happy family, headed by a successful, hardworking father, was idealised by politicians, and emphasised in the advertising of the time. At the end of the Eisenhower era this picture was already being regarded with suspicion by American writers. John Updike satirised it in Rabbit, Run (1960), and Richard Yates went further in describing the implosion of a marriage in Revolutionary Road (1961, filmed by Sam Mendes in 2008). Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? brought this growing suspicion to a Broadway audience, and to the centre of literary debate in the United States. By 1962 Americans, it seemed, were ready for it. There was a groundswell of interest in the play, which in its own way was an inspiration (if in small part) to the millions of young people in the 1960s and 70s who were not interested in what they regarded as a rat-race. The next generation imagined that they were not going to make the same mistakes as their parents.[citation needed]
[edit] Plot summary
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The play involves the two couples playing "games," which are savage verbal attacks against one or two of the others at the party. These games are referred to with sarcastically alliterative names: "Humiliate the Host", "Get the Guests", "Hump the Hostess", and "Bringing Up Baby".
[edit] "Fun and Games"
Martha, in the first act, "Fun and Games", taunts George. She stresses his failures, very nearly brutally, even after George reacts violently:
- Martha: ...In fact, he was sort of a ... a FLOP! A great...big...fat...FLOP!
- [CRASH! Immediately after FLOP! George breaks a bottle against the portable bar...]
- George [almost crying]: I said stop, Martha.
- Martha: I hope that was an empty bottle, George. You don't want to waste good liquor...not on your salary. Not on an Associate Professor's salary!
Nick and George are then alone. Nick talks about his wife and her hysterical pregnancy:
- George [to Nick]: While she was up, you married her.
- Nick: And then she went down.
George tells Nick a story about a boy who shot and killed his mother accidentally, and who while learning to drive kills his father: "with his learner's permit in his pocket...swerved the car, to avoid a porcupine, and drove straight into a large tree...when they told him that his father was dead...he was put in an asylum." George tells this story early in the second act, but its echo reverberates throughout the play.
[edit] "Walpurgisnacht"
The title of the act refers to a pagan holiday in northern Europe, during which night the boundary between living and dead is weakened.
Once the wives rejoin the men, Martha begins to describe (in the face of a persistent protest from George) her husband's only novel, buried by her powerful and controlling father: "A novel about a naughty boychild...who killed his mother and his father dead." Martha continues: "Georgie said...but Sir, it isn't a novel at all...this really happened...TO ME!" The culmination of George's violent reaction to Martha's refusal to stop telling this story is to grab Martha by the throat and nearly strangle her. In his stage direction, Albee suggests that Nick may be making a connection between the "novel" and the story George had told him earlier.
- Nick [remembering something related]: Hey...wait a minute...
Is George the boy who "killed his mother and his father"? If so, was he lying to Nick about the asylum, or is the "asylum" instead a metaphor? Is the asylum in his mind in the home in which he and Martha live? Is Martha lying about the novel, or is something else afoot? What is true is not clear. This emotionally and sometimes physically violent scene concludes the game of "Humiliate the Host."
In this act, George is quick to retort Martha's prior actions, in the next game, which he calls "Get the Guests." While Nick and George were talking earlier, Nick related the story of his and Honey's marriage. His now thoroughly drunken wife Honey realizes that George's story about "the Mousie" who "tooted brandy immodestly and spent half of her time in the upchuck", is about her and her hysterical pregnancy. She feels as if she is about to be sick and runs to the bathroom.
At the end of this scene, Martha starts to seduce Nick in George's presence. George reacts calmly, simply sitting and reading a book:
- Martha: ...I said I was necking with one of the guests...
- George: Yes, good...good for you. Which one?
- Martha: Oh, I see what you're up to, you lousy little...
- George: I'm up to page a hundred and...
At the end of the act, George throws his book against the door chimes in anguish; Honey returns, wondering who rang the doorbell. This gives George an idea, and leads into the next, crucial act of the play.
[edit] "The Exorcism"
In the third act, Martha appears alone on the stage, speaking in soliloquy. Nick joins her after a while, recalling Honey in the bathroom winking at him. The doorbell rings: it is George, with a bunch of snapdragons in his hand, calling out, "Flores para los muertos" (flowers for the dead, in a reference to a line in A Streetcar Named Desire). Martha and George argue about whether the moon is up or down (possibly a Taming of the Shrew reference): George insists it is up, while Martha says she saw no moon from the bedroom. George says that once, when he was in the Mediterranean, the moon went down and came up again. Nick asks whether this incident occurred after George killed his parents:
- George [defiantly]: Maybe.
- Martha: Yeah; maybe not, too.
- ...
- George [to Nick]: Truth and illusion. Who knows the difference...?
George asks Nick to bring his wife back out for the final game "Bringing Up Baby." George and Martha supposedly have a son, about whom George has repeatedly told Martha to keep quiet. George now begins to talk about this son: "Martha...climbing all over the poor bastard, trying to break the bathroom door down to wash him in the tub when he's sixteen." Then George prompts Martha for her "recitation", in which they describe their son's upbringing in a duet:
- Martha: It was an easy birth...
- George: Oh, Martha; no. You labored...how you labored.
- Martha: It was an easy birth...once it had been...accepted, relaxed into.
As this tale progresses, George begins to recite sections of the Dies Irae (part of the Requiem, the Latin mass for the dead), and in the end:
- George: Martha...our son is...dead.
- [Silence.]
- He was...killed...late in the afternoon...
- [Silence.]
- [A tiny chuckle] on a country road, with his learner's permit in his pocket, he swerved, to avoid a porcupine, and drove straight into a ...
- Martha [rigid fury]: YOU...CAN'T...DO...THAT!
Supposing their son had been real, what had George done to prompt this response from Martha? (Note that if they had a son, he may have completed their lives, thus changing their respective characters. Also, there may have been no reason to fight or no bottled-up emotions, but this is not the case. The circumstances of their son's death were touched on earlier in the play in a different context.
Illusion and reality are indistinguishable throughout the play. George and Martha have created their son; he does not exist as George and Martha could not have children. George says that he "killed" their son because Martha broke their rule that she could not speak of their son to others. The play ends with George singing, "Who's afraid of Virginia Woolf?" to Martha, whereupon she replies, "I am, George... I am."
[edit] Original Broadway Cast Recording
In 1963, Columbia Masterworks released a four-LP boxed recording of the original Broadway cast performing the entire play under the direction of Alan Schneider.
The release contained a sixteen-page booklet with photos from the original production, critical essays by Harold Clurman and Walter Kerr, cast and crew biographies, and a short article by Goddard Lieberson on the task of recording the play. The introduction is by Edward Albee, in which he relates, "I cannot conceive of anyone wanting to buy [this] massive album; but...every playwright wants as much permanence for his work as he can get."
The recording was issued in both stereo (DOS 687) and monaural (DOL 287) formats. It is out-of-print and was never re-released in other formats.
[edit] 2004-2007 production
Starting in 2004 and continuing into 2005, there was a new Broadway production of the play. The production was directed by Anthony Page and starred Kathleen Turner as Martha and Bill Irwin as George. Irwin won the 2005 Tony award for Best Actor for his role. The production was transferred to London's West End with the entire original cast, and as of March 2006 was playing at the Apollo Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue. In January 2007, the Turner-Irwin production was performed at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., for a month-long run. On February 6, 2007, the production began a six-week run at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles.
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? went on tour in the US and played in San Francisco at the Golden Gate Theater from April 11 to May 12, 2007. This production excluded key moments in the original production, including the moment of recognition on the part of Honey that the child at the center of the battle between George and Martha is imaginary. These exclusions arguably diminished the cathartic impact of the original text and production and the film.
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? was the inaugural production for Theatre Downtown in November 2006 for Theatre Downtown. The production was directed by Billy Ray Brewton, performed at PLAYHOUSE and featured Ellise Mayor as Martha, Terry Hermes as George, Jonathan Goldstein as Nick and Melissa Bush as Honey.
The play is performed in three acts, and is a little under three hours long (1 hour, 1 hour, 40 minutes, with two 10 minute intermissions).
[edit] Film
A film adaptation of the play was released in 1966. It was directed by Mike Nichols and starred Elizabeth Taylor as Martha, Richard Burton as George, George Segal as Nick and Sandy Dennis as Honey.
Jack Valenti identifies the film as the first controversial movie he had to deal with as president of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). The movie was the first to use the word "screw" and the phrase "hump the hostess" on screen. As he says, "In company with the MPAA's general counsel, Louis Nizer, I met with Jack Warner, the legendary chieftain of Warner Bros., and his top aide, Ben Kalmenson. We talked for three hours, and the result was deletion of "screw" and retention of "hump the hostess," but I was uneasy over the meeting."[3]
[edit] References
- ^ Klein, Alvin. "Albee's 'Tiny Alice, The Whole Enchilada." The New York Times 24 May 1998: CT11.
- ^ Flanagan, William (Fall 1966). "The Art of Theater No. Edward Albee" (PDF). The Paris Review 4 (39). http://www.theparisreview.com/media/4350_ALBEE.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-06-17.
- ^ Jack Valenti. "How It All Began". Motion Picture Association of America. http://www.mpaa.org/Ratings_HowItAllBegan.asp. Retrieved on 2008-06-17.
[edit] External links
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? |
- Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? at the Internet Broadway Database
- Guardian review of London production 01/02/2006
- London Theatre Guide (London 2005)
- Anni Bruno (London 2005)
- Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? literary analysis, themes, quotes, teaching guide
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