Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer

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WISE
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (Artist's concept, cropped).jpg
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
General information
NSSDC ID 2009-071A
Organization NASA/JPL
Major contractors Ball Aerospace
Lockheed Martin
Space Dynamics Laboratory
SSG Precision Optronics, Inc.
Launch date 2009-12-14 14:09:33 UTC
Launched from Space Launch Complex 2W
Vandenberg Air Force Base
Lompoc, California
Launch vehicle Delta II 7320-10
Mass 750 kg (1,650 lb)
Type of orbit Sun-synchronous polar
Inclination: 97.5°
Orbit height 525 km (326 mi)
Orbit period 95 minutes, 15 times per day
Location Low Earth Orbit
Wavelength 3.4, 4.6, 12, 22 μm bands
Diameter 0.4 m
Website wise.ssl.berkeley.edu

Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) is a NASA infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope active from December 2009 to February 2011. It discovered the first Y Dwarf and Earth trojan, as well as tens of thousands of new asteroids.[1]

It was launched on December 14, 2009,[2][3][4] and decommissioned/hibernated on February 17, 2011 when its transmitter was turned off.[1] It performed an all-sky astronomical survey with images in 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22 μm wavelength range bands, over 10 months using a 40 cm (16 in) diameter infrared telescope in Earth-orbit.[5] In October 2010 its hydrogen coolant was depleted, but a four month mission extension called NEOWISE was conducted to search for small solar system bodies close to Earth's orbit (e.g. hazardous comets and asteroids) using remaining capability.[6]

The All-Sky data were released on 14 March 2012, providing processed images, source catalogs, and raw data to the public.[7][8][9][10] The first Earth Trojan asteroid was discovered using WISE data, announced on July 27, 2011.[11][12] A new type of star called Y dwarfs were discovered with WISE, announced August 23, 2011,[13][14] as well as the third closest star system, WISE 1049-5319.

Contents

Mission goals [edit]

Nebula in infrared wavelengths as seen by WISE

The mission was planned to create infrared images of 99 percent of the sky, with at least eight images made of each position on the sky in order to increase accuracy. The spacecraft was placed in a 525 km (326 mi), circular, polar, sun-synchronous orbit for its 10 month mission, during which it has taken 1.5 million images, one every 11 seconds.[15] The satellite orbited above the terminator, its telescope pointing always to the opposite direction to the Earth, except for pointing towards the Moon, which was avoided, and its solar cells towards the Sun. Each image covers a 47-arcminute field of view, which means a 6 arcsecond resolution. Each area of the sky was scanned at least 10 times at the equator, the poles were scanned at theoretically every revolution due to the overlapping of the images.[16] The produced image library contains data on the local Solar System, the Milky Way Galaxy, and the more distant universe. Among the objects WISE studied are asteroids, cool, dim stars such as brown dwarfs, and the most luminous infrared galaxies.

Targets outside the Solar system [edit]

Stellar nurseries, which are covered by interstellar dust, are detectable in infrared, since at this wavelength electromagnetic radiation can penetrate the dust. Thus galaxies of the young Universe and interacting galaxies, where star formation is intensive, are bright in infrared. On this wavelength the interstellar gas clouds are also detectable, as well as proto-planetary discs. WISE satellite was expected to find at least 1,000 of those proto-planetary discs.

Targets within the Solar system [edit]

Comet C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) in infrared by WISE

WISE was not able to detect Kuiper belt objects, as their temperature is too low.[17] It was able to detect any objects warmer than 70–100 Kelvins. A Neptune-sized object would be detectable out to 700 AU, a Jupiter-mass object out to one light year (63,000 AU), where it would still be within the Sun's zone of gravitational control. A larger object of 2–3 Jupiter masses would be visible at a distance of up to seven to ten light years.[17]

At the time of planning, it was estimated that WISE would detect about 300,000 main-belt asteroids, of which approximately 100,000 will be new, and some 700 near-Earth objects including about 300 undiscovered. That translates to ~1000 new Main-belt asteroids per day, and 1–3 NEOs per day. The peak of magnitude distribution for NEOs will be about 21–22 V. WISE would detect each typical Solar system object 10–12 times over about 36 hours with the interval of 3 hours.[16]

Construction of the WISE telescope was divided between Ball Aerospace & Technologies (spacecraft, operations support), SSG Precision Optronics, Inc. (telescope, optics, scan mirror), DRS and Rockwell (focal planes), Lockheed Martin (cryostat, cooling for the telescope), and Space Dynamics Laboratory (instruments, electronics, and testing). The program was managed through the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[6]

Spacecraft [edit]

The WISE instrument was built by the Space Dynamics Laboratory in Logan, Utah. The WISE spacecraft bus was built by Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp. in Boulder, Colorado. The spacecraft is derived from the Ball Aerospace RS-300 spacecraft architecture, particularly the NEXTSat spacecraft built for the successful Orbital Express mission launched on March 9, 2007. The flight system has an estimated mass of 560 kg (1,200 lb). The spacecraft is three-axis stabilized, with body-fixed solar arrays. It uses a high-gain antenna in the Ku band to transmit to the ground through the TDRSS geostationary system. Ball also performed the testing and flight system integration.

Mission [edit]

WISE surveyed the sky in four wavelengths of the infrared band, at a very high sensitivity. Its detector arrays have 5-sigma sensitivity limits of 120, 160, 650, and 2600 microjanskies (µJy) at 3.3, 4.7, 12, and 23 micrometres (aka microns).[18] This is a factor of 1,000 times better sensitivity than the survey completed in 1983 by the IRAS satellite in the 12 and 23 micrometres (micron) bands, and a factor of 500,000 times better than the 1990s survey by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite at 3.3 and 4.7 micrometres.[18] On the other hand, IRAS could also observe 60 and 100 micron wavelengths.[19]

  • Band 1 – 3.4 micrometres (microns) – broad-band sensitivity to stars and galaxies
  • Band 2 – 4.6 micrometres – detect thermal radiation from the internal heat sources of sub-stellar objects like brown dwarfs
  • Band 3 – 12 micrometres – detect thermal radiation from asteroids
  • Band 4 – 22 micrometres – sensitivity to dust in star-forming regions (material with temperatures of 70–100 kelvins)
A scaffolding structure built around WISE allowed engineers to freeze its hydrogen coolant

The primary mission lasts ten months: one month for checkout, six months for a full-sky survey, then an additional three months of survey until cryogenic coolant runs out. The partial second survey pass will facilitate the study of changes (e.g. orbital movement) in observed objects.[20]

Congressional hearing [edit]

On November 8, 2007, the House Committee on Science and Technology's Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics held a hearing to examine the status of NASA's Near-Earth Object (NEO) survey program. The prospect of using WISE was proposed by NASA officials.[21]

NASA officials told Committee staff that NASA plans to use WISE to detect near-Earth objects in addition to performing its science goals. It was projected that WISE could detect 400 NEOs (or roughly 2 percent of the estimated NEO population of interest) within its one-year mission.

Results [edit]

By May 27, 2010, WISE discovered 12,141 previously unknown asteroids, of which 64 were considered near-Earth, and 11 new comets.[22] This grew to 113 near-Earth asteroids and 16 comets by August 26, 2010.[23] Two unambiguous brown dwarfs have been detected, although their distances are unknown, as well as some brown dwarf candidates.[24]

By October 2010, over 33,500 new asteroids and comets were discovered, and nearly 154,000 solar system objects were observed by WISE.[25] Out of this total on that date, 136 new NEA, PHA, & Comets were discovered.[26] Out of these, 19 were new potentially hazardous asteroids, celestial objects both more likely to hit Earth and cause significant destruction (not to be confused with the more common but less dangerous Near Earth object (NEO)).[26] By Oct 2010, there were 1,151 known PHA, including those found by WISE.[27]

The initial mission length was limited by its hydrogen coolant, but a secondary post-cryogenic mission continued four more months to find more NEOs.[1][6]

Discovery of an ultra-cool brown dwarf, WISEPC J045853.90+643451.9, about 10 to 30 light years away from Earth, was announced in late 2010 based on early data.[28] In July 2011 it was announced that WISE had discovered the first Earth trojan asteroid, 2010 TK7.[29]

Project milestones [edit]

Delta II launch rocket of WISE
An infrared image of the launch of WISE on December 14, 2009, from Vandenberg Air Force Base on its Delta 2 rocket.

The WISE Mission is led by Dr. Edward L. Wright of the University of California, Los Angeles. The mission has a long history under Wright's efforts, and was first funded by NASA in 1999 as a candidate for a NASA Medium-class Explorer (MIDEX) mission under the name Next Generation Sky Survey (NGSS). The history of the program from 1999 to date is briefly summarized as follows:

  • January 1999 — NGSS is one of five missions selected for a Phase A study, with an expected selection in late 1999 of two of these five missions for construction and launch, one in 2003 and another in 2004. Mission cost is estimated at $139 million at this time.
  • March 1999 — WIRE infrared telescope spacecraft fails within hours of reaching orbit.
  • October 1999 — Winners of MIDEX study are awarded, and NGSS is not selected.
  • October 2001 — NGSS proposal is re-submitted to NASA as a MIDEX mission.
  • April 2002 — NGSS proposal is accepted by the NASA Explorer office to proceed as one of four MIDEX programs for a Pre-Phase A study.
  • December 2002 — NGSS changes its name to Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).
  • March 2003 — NASA releases a press release announcing WISE has been selected for an Extended Phase-A study, leading to a decision in 2004 on whether to proceed with the development of the mission.
  • April 2003 — Ball Aerospace is selected as the spacecraft provider for the WISE mission.
  • April 2004 — WISE is selected as NASA's next MIDEX mission. WISE's cost is estimated at $208 million at this time.
  • November 2004 — NASA selects the Space Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University to build the telescope for WISE.
  • October 2006 — WISE is confirmed for development by NASA and authorized to proceed with development. Mission cost at this time is estimated to be $300 million.
  • December 14, 2009 — WISE successfully launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.
  • December 29, 2009 — WISE successfully jettisoned instrument cover.
  • January 6, 2010 — WISE first light image released.
  • January 14, 2010 — WISE begins its regular four wavelength survey scheduled for nine months duration. It is expected to cover 99% of the sky with overlapping images in the first 6 months and continuing with a second pass until the hydrogen coolant is exhausted about three months later.
  • January 25, 2010 — WISE detects a never-before-seen near earth asteroid, designated 2010 AB78.[30]
  • February 11, 2010 — WISE detects a previously unknown comet, designated P/2010 B2 (WISE).[31]
  • February 25, 2010 — WISE website reports it has surveyed over a quarter of the sky to a depth of 7 overlapping image frames.
  • April 10, 2010 — WISE website reports it has surveyed over half of the sky to a depth of 7 overlapping image frames.
  • May 26, 2010 — WISE website reports it has surveyed over three-quarters of the sky to a depth of 7 overlapping image frames.
  • July 16, 2010 — Press release announces that total sky coverage will be completed on July 17, 2010.[32] About half of the sky will be mapped again before the instrument's block of solid hydrogen coolant sublimes and is exhausted.
  • October 2010 — WISE hydrogen coolant runs out. Start of NASA Planetary Division funded NEOWISE mission.[6]
  • January 2011 — Entire sky surveyed to an image density of at least 16+ frames (i.e. second scan of sky completed).
  • February 17, 2011 — WISE Spacecraft transmitter turned off at 12:00 noon PST by Principal Investigator Ned Wright. The Spacecraft will remain in hibernation without ground contacts awaiting possible future use.[33]
  • April 14, 2011 — Preliminary release of data covering 57 percent of the sky as seen by WISE.[34]
  • July 27, 2011 — First Earth Trojan asteroid discovered from WISE data.[11][12]
  • August 23, 2011 — WISE confirms the existence of a new class of brown dwarf, the Y dwarf. Some of these stars appear to have temperatures less than 300 K, close to room temperature at about 25C. Y dwarfs show ammonia absorption, in addition to methane and water absorption bands displayed by T dwarfs.[13][14]
  • March 14, 2012 — Release of the WISE All-Sky data to the scientific community.[35]
  • August 29, 2012 — WISE reveals millions of black-holes.[36]
  • September 20, 2012 — WISE was successfully contacted to check its status.[1]

History [edit]

Launch [edit]

This first light image is a false color infrared image of the sky in the direction of the Carina constellation.

The launch of the Delta II rocket carrying the WISE spacecraft was originally scheduled for December 11, 2009. This attempt was scrubbed to correct a problem with a booster rocket steering engine. The launch was then rescheduled for December 14, 2009.[37] The second attempt launched on time at 14:09:33 UTC (06:09 local PST) from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. The rocket successfully placed the WISE spacecraft into the planned polar orbit at an altitude of 326 miles (525 km) above the Earth.[4]

WISE avoided the problem that affected Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE), which failed within hours of reaching orbit in March 1999.[38] In addition, WISE was 1,000 times more sensitive than prior surveys such as IRAS, AKARI, and COBE's DIRBE.[18]

"Cold" mission [edit]

A month long checkout after launch found all spacecraft systems functioning normally and both the low and high rate data links to the operations center working properly. The instrument cover was successfully jettisoned on December 29, 2009.[39] A first light image was released on January 6, 2010: an eight-second exposure in the Carina constellation showing infrared light in false color from three of WISE's four wavelength bands: Blue, green and red corresponding to 3.4, 4.6, and 12 micrometres, respectively.[40] On January 14, 2010, the WISE mission started its official sky survey.[41] The WISE group's bid for continued funding for an extended "warm mission" scored low by a NASA review board, in part because of a lack of outside groups publishing on WISE Data. Such a mission would have allowed use of the 3.4 and 4.6 micrometres detectors after the last of cryo-coolant had been exhausted, with the goal of completing a second sky survey to detect additional objects and obtain parallax data on putative brown dwarf stars. NASA extended the mission in October 2010 to search for near-Earth objects.[6]

By October 2010, over 33,500 new asteroids and comets were discovered, and over 154,000 solar system objects were observed by WISE.[25] While active it found dozens of previously unknown asteroids every day.[42]

NEOWISE [edit]

Some of the comets discovered during NEOWISE

In October 2010, NASA extended the mission one-month with a program called Near-Earth Object WISE (NEOWISE).[6] It was extended three more months because it was so successful.[1] The focus was to look for asteroids and comets close to Earth orbit, using the remaining post-cryogenic detection capability (two of four detectors on WISE work without cryogen).[6] In February 2011, NASA announced that NEOWISE had discovered many new objects in the Solar System, including 20 comets.[43] The spacecraft was put into hibernation on February 1, 2011.[1]

Data releases [edit]

On April 14, 2011, a preliminary release of WISE data was made public, covering 57 percent of the sky observed by the spacecraft.[44] On March 14, 2012, a new atlas and catalog of the entire infrared sky as imaged by WISE was released to the astronomic community.[35] On July 31, 2012 NEOWISE Post-Cryo Preliminary Data was released.[1] A release called AllWISE, combining all data, was approved.[1]

Full sky [edit]

A full-sky view with infrared wavelengths rendered in visible light.

Samples [edit]

  • This sharp, wide-field view features infrared light from the spiral Andromeda Galaxy (M31).

  • Andromeda Galaxy seen by the longest-wavelength infrared detectors with 12-micrometres light color-coded orange, and 22-micrometres light, red.

  • WISE full sky composite highlighting hot dust-obscured galaxies

  • The green dot is WISE 0458+6434, which is thought to consist of two T-class brown dwarfs

Brown dwarf table [edit]

WISE discovered brown dwarfs within 20 light-years include:

Object ly Spectral
type		 Constellation Right
ascension		 Declination
WISE 0254+0223 20 T8 Cetus 02h 54m 09.62s 02° 23′ 58.85″
WISE 0350-5658 12 Y1 Reticulum 03h 50m 00.32s -56° 58′ 30.2″
WISE 0359-5401 19 Y0 Reticulum 03h 59m 34.06s -54° 01′ 54.6″
WISE 0410+1502 14 Y0 Taurus 04h 10m 22.79s 15° 02′ 47.47″
WISE 1049-5319 6.5 L8 Vela 10h 49m 15.57s -53° 19′ 06″
WISE 1405+5534 16 Y0 Ursa Major 14h 05m 18.27s 55° 34′ 21.22″
WISE 1506+7027 11 T6 Ursa Minor 15h 06m 49.89s 70° 27′ 36.23″
WISE 1541-2250 20 Y0.5 Libra 15h 41m 51.57s -22° 50′ 25.03″
WISE 1741+2553 19 T9 Hercules 17h 41m 24.22s 25° 53′ 18.96″

Before the discovery of WISE 1049-5319 in 2013, WISE 1506+7027 at a distance of 11.1+2.3
−1.3 light-years was suspected to be the nearest known brown dwarf to the Sun.[45]


See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
  2. ^ Ray, Justin (December 14, 2008). "Mission Status Center: Delta/WISE". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 
  3. ^ Rebecca Whatmore; Brian Dunbar (December 14, 2009). "WISE". NASA. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 
  4. ^ a b Clavin, Whitney (December 14, 2009). "NASA's WISE Eye on the Universe Begins All-Sky Survey Mission". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 
  5. ^ Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Debra Werner (October 5, 2010). "Last-minute Reprieve Extends WISE Mission". Space News. Retrieved October 29, 2010. 
  7. ^ http://wise2.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/release/allsky/
  8. ^ NASA Releases New WISE Mission Catalog of Entire Infrared Sky
  9. ^ Clavin, Whitney (July 18, 2011). "Can WISE Find the Hypothetical 'Tyche'?". NASA.gov. Retrieved July 19, 2011. 
  10. ^ "The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer All-Sky Data Release March 14, 2012". The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer at IPAC. Retrieved March 17, 2012. 
  11. ^ a b JPL – NASA's WISE Finds Earth's First Trojan Asteroid (July 27, 2011)
  12. ^ a b Berkley – NASA's WISE Finds Earth's First Trojan Asteroid (July 27, 2011)
  13. ^ a b WISE Public Web Site – UCLA
  14. ^ a b Morse, Jon. "Discovered: Stars as Cool as the Human Body". Retrieved August 24, 2011. 
  15. ^ Griggs, Brandon (December 14, 2009). "NASA launches infrared telescope to scan entire sky". CNN (Turner Broadcasting). Retrieved December 26, 2009. 
  16. ^ a b Posting on Minor Planet Mailing List by Amy Mainzer, principal investigator (WISE NEO Section)
  17. ^ a b Lakdawalla, Emily (August 27, 2009). "The Planetary Society Blog: "WISE Guys"". The Planetary Society. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 
  18. ^ a b c Mainzer, Amanda K.; Eisenhardt, Peter; Wright, Edward L.; Liu, Feng-Chuan; Irace, William; Heinrichsen, Ingolf; Cutri, Roc; Duval, Valerie (August 10, 2005). In MacEwen, Howard A. Preliminary design of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Proceedings of the SPIE – UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes: Innovative Technologies and Concepts II. vol.5899. pp. 262–273. Retrieved March 5, 2010. 
  19. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names. Berlin; New York: Springer. p. 315. ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7. Retrieved November 23, 2010. 
  20. ^ Rebecca Whatmore (December 10, 2009). "NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 
  21. ^ United States House Committee on Science and Technology (November 7, 2007). "Hearing Charter: Near-Earth Objects: Status of the Survey Program and Review of NASA's 2007 Report to Congress". SpaceRef Canada. Retrieved December 25, 2009. 
  22. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". IAU Minor Planet Center. June 5, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010. 
  23. ^ Alan Chamberlin (August 26, 2010). "WISE NEA/Comet Discovery Statistics". NASA. Retrieved August 27, 2010. 
  24. ^ John Matson (May 27, 2010). "WISE satellite already spots two brown dwarfs". Scientific American. Retrieved August 27, 2010. 
  25. ^ a b Lisa Grossman (October 5, 2010). "Top 10 Deep-Space Photos From Infrared Telescope’s Final Days". Wired Science. Retrieved October 29, 2010. 
  26. ^ a b NASA JPL: WISE NEA/Comet Discovery Statistics (accessed October 15, 2010)
  27. ^ "Potentially Hazard Asteroids". Retrieved April 4, 2010. 
  28. ^ Nicole Gugliucci (Thursday Novemver 18, 2010). "Infrared Telescopes Find Ultra-Cool Brown Dwarf". Discovery News. Retrieved November 10, 2010. 
  29. ^ http://www.space.com/12443-earth-asteroid-companion-discovered-2010-tk7.html
  30. ^ Michael Cooney (January 26, 2010). "NASA space telescope spots asteroid". Techworld. Retrieved 10-02-21. 
  31. ^ "WISE Spies a Comet with its Powerful Infrared Eye". NASA. Retrieved 10-02-11. 
  32. ^ NASA's WISE Mission to Complete Extensive Sky Survey
  33. ^ "WISE – News & Events: The WISE Spacecraft transmitter was turned off for the final time". February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011. 
  34. ^ "Mapping the Infrared Universe: Part 1". April 14, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011. 
  35. ^ a b "NASA Releases New WISE Mission Catalog of Entire Infrared Sky". Nasa JPL. 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-03-15. 
  36. ^ NASA's WISE Survey Uncovers Millions of Black Holes08.29.12
  37. ^ Whitney Clavin (December 10, 2009). "Mission News: WISE Launch Rescheduled for December 14". NASA. Retrieved December 23, 2009. 
  38. ^ William Graham (December 14, 2009). "ULA Delta II Successfully Launches with WISE". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved December 26, 2009. 
  39. ^ Whitney Clavin (December 29, 2009). "NASA's WISE Space Telescope Jettisons Its Cover". NASA. Retrieved December 29, 2009. 
  40. ^ "WISE 'First-Light' Image". NASA. January 6, 2010. Retrieved January 6, 2010. 
  41. ^ "WISE – News & Events". NASA. February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2010. 
  42. ^ "An Avalanche of Dark Asteroids". NASA SMD. March 26, 2010. 
  43. ^ "NASA's NEOWISE Completes Scan for Asteroids and Comets". February 1, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2011. 
  44. ^ "WISE Delivers Millions of Galaxies, Stars, Asteroids". April 14, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011. 
  45. ^ Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Eisenhardt, Peter R. (2013). "Parallaxes and Proper Motions of Ultracool Brown Dwarfs of Spectral Types Y and Late T". The Astrophysical Journal 762 (2): 119. arXiv:1211.6977. Bibcode:2013ApJ...762..119M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/119.  edit

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