| IPA |
Consonants |
 |
 |
 |
Examples |
English equivalent |
| b |
b |
besta |
best |
| β |
β |
sábado [1] |
between baby and bevy or best |
| v |
cavalo; livre (P); libre (G) [2] |
vest or between baby and bevy |
| ð |
d |
rapadura [1] |
this or dice |
| d |
dedo |
dice |
| dʒ |
digo [3] |
dice or engine |
| f |
fase; café |
face |
| ɡ |
ɡ |
gato; guerra |
get |
| ɣ |
magarefe; trigo [1] |
between go and ahold or get |
| k |
cores; laca; quente; kelvin |
scan |
| l |
l |
lua; calor [4] |
lot |
| ɫ |
w |
mal; principal [5][4] |
toll; tow or lot |
| ʎ |
velho (P); vello (G) [6] |
roughly like million |
| m |
mesa; comer [4] |
almighty |
| n |
nata; ano [4] |
sonic |
| ŋ |
|
unha; inglesa; can; álbum (G) [4] |
singer |
| ɲ |
manhã (P); mañá (G) |
roughly like canyon |
| p |
peito; topo |
spouse |
| r |
ʁ |
ʁ |
raro; carro; enrascado [7][8] |
guttural r (P) or trilled r (G) |
| ɾ |
lar; morte; por favor [7][8][9] |
ladder in American English
or guttural r |
| ɾ |
raro; caro; bravo; por acaso [8][9] |
ladder in American English |
| ʃ |
ʒ |
ʒ |
já; gente (P); xa; xente (G) |
rouge or shop |
| z |
z |
rasgado; portas brancas [10] |
rouge or zebra |
| s |
z |
casa; existir; portas abertas |
zebra or sack |
| θ |
zona; azul |
zebra or thought |
| ʃ |
s |
dez; foz |
shop; sack or bath |
| s |
cimeira; braço (P); brazo (G) |
sack or thought |
| s |
saco; máximo; isso (P); iso (G) |
sack |
| ʃ |
escola; mastro; portas fechadas |
shop or sack |
| ʃ |
ʃ |
xarope; baixo |
shop |
| tʃ |
chave; achar |
shop or chop |
| tʃ |
tʃ |
tchau |
chop |
| t |
tipo; ponte [3] |
stand or chop |
| t |
tempo; átomo |
stand |
| IPA |
Marginal consonants |
|
|
|
Examples |
English equivalent |
| ħ |
|
ghato; trigho (G) [11] |
roughly like hook |
| x |
|
kharxa [12] |
loch |
|
| IPA |
Vowels |
|
|
|
Examples |
English equivalent |
| a |
a |
a |
taça; lá; às; Camões; alface |
father |
| ɐ |
baixada; cabide; as |
about or father |
| ɐ |
taça; manhã[13] |
aura; finger (RP) or father |
cama; banho; câmera[14] and also
anglicisms as rush, bug |
purse (RP) or father |
| ɛ |
ɛ |
meta, sé |
set |
| e |
prémio/prêmio[14] incrível |
set or play |
| e |
e |
meto; sê; acepção [15] |
play |
| ɨ |
semáforo [16] |
emission or play |
| i |
pente; pequeno; se [16] |
emission; see or play |
| i |
meandro; e |
see or play |
| i |
cima[14] si; dia; país |
see |
| ɔ |
ɔ |
formosa; formosos; avó |
ball (GA) ~ lot (RP) |
| o |
bónus/bônus[14] hospital |
ball or sole (GA) |
| o |
o |
formoso; avô; oliveira |
sole (GA) ~ sword (RP) |
| u |
Portugal |
loop or sole (GA) |
| u |
boneco; voo; vi-o; frio [17] |
| u |
lume[14] rua; saúde |
loop |
| IPA |
Nasal vowels |
|
ɐ̃ |
canto; ângulo; âmbar; lã [18] |
uhn-huh (nasal /ɐ/) |
| ẽ |
cento; sempre; essência [19] |
nasal /e/ |
| ĩ |
cinto; sim; ímpar |
nasal /i/ |
| õ |
conto; cônscio; bom; cômputo |
nasal /o/ |
| ũ |
fungo; algum; cúmplice |
nasal /u/ |
| |
| IPA |
Semivowels [20] |
|
|
|
Examples |
English equivalent |
| j |
pais; saia; cães; corações |
you or boy |
| w |
quando; guarda; frequente; quão |
wine or cow |
| |
| IPA |
Suprasegmentals |
|
|
|
Examples |
Explanation |
| ˈ |
livre [ˈlivɾɨ] ~ [ˈlivɾi] |
lexical stress |
| ˌ |
contramão [ˌkõtɾɐˈmɐ̃w] |
secondary stress |
| . |
dia [ˈdi.ɐ] ~ [ˈdʒi.ɐ] |
syllable break |
|
[edit] See also
- ^ a b c In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, or a nasal vowel, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, ɡ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 2000:11).
- ^ In Galician and some rural northern accents of European Portuguese, /v/ has merged with the [b ~ β] set.
- ^ a b In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are affricated to [dʒ, tʃ] before high front vowels /i, ĩ/.
- ^ a b c d e In Galician, nasal and lateral consonants only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. In word-final position, only /ŋ/ and /l/ occur.
- ^ In European Portuguese, syllable-final /l/ is usually velarized [ɫ] much like with 'toll' for many English speakers. For most Brazilians, it has been vocalized to [w] before consonants and at the end of words. In traditional Galician, syllable-final /l/ was also velarized; but nowadays it has been widely replaced by a clear l [l] in most dialects.
- ^ In some Galician dialects /ʎ/ has merged with /j/. The same process is the standard pattern in the Caipira dialect of Brazilian Portuguese.
- ^ a b The rhotic consonant represented as /ʁ/ has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as [x], [h], [χ], [ʁ], etc., in Brazil; as [ʁ], [ʀ], [r], etc., in Portugal; and as [r] in Galicia. See also Guttural R in Portuguese.
- ^ a b c The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /ʁ/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ‹l›, ‹n›, and ‹s› and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere.
- ^ a b The realization of syllable-final ‹r› varies amongst dialects; it is generally pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ] in European Portuguese, Galician and some Brazilian accents (i.e. Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city), as either an alveolar approximant [ɹ] or retroflex approximant [ɻ] in various other Brazilian accents (i.e. Caipira, most speakers from southern Mato Grosso, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, non-eastern São Paulo and southern and central Minas Gerais, and many speakers in southern Espírito Santo, northern Rio de Janeiro and eastern São Paulo) and as a guttural R in most Brazilian accents. Additionally, in some Brazilian Portuguese dialects, word-final ‹r› may be weakened to complete elision in infinitives; e.g. ficar [fiˈka] (note word final ‹r› is pronounced —though as a tap [ɾ]— only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit: ficar ao léu [fiˈkaɾ aw ˈlɛw]).
- ^ Allophone of /s/ in Galician.
- ^ In some Galician dialects /ɡ/ is pharyngealized [ħ] or glottalized [h] in a phonological process known as gheada.
- ^ In Galician, /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names; like kharxa, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named closed_a
- ^ a b c d e The 5 higher vowels /ɐ, e, i, o, u/, when stressed and followed by a nasal consonant, may assimilate the nasality.
- ^ In the dialect of Lisbon, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito).
- ^ a b In European Portuguese the IPA symbol /ɨ/ denotes a near-close near-back unrounded vowel: [ɯ̟] or [ʊ̜], rather than a close central unrounded vowel.
- ^ Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed).
- ^ In Portuguese, word final /ɐ̃/ may diphthongize to [ɐ̃w] (note this realization occurs exclusively in verbal forms spelled with final -am: namoram, falam, ruiram).
- ^ In Portuguese, word final /ẽ/ diphthongizes to [ẽj] (e.g. sem, também, nuvens). In many European Portuguese dialects (especially central and southern varieties) it has become [ɐ̃j]: sem [ˈsɐ̃j]
- ^ The semivowels /w/ and /j/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs. This includes nasal diphthongs such as [ɐ̃j] and [ɐ̃w], and nasal triphthongs such as [wɐ̃w] and [wõj].
[edit] External links
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