William Butterfield
| William Butterfield | |
|---|---|
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| Born | 7 September 1814 |
| Died | 23 February 1900 (aged 85) |
| Nationality | British |
| Awards | Royal Gold Medal (1884) |
| Work | |
| Buildings | St Ninian's Cathedral, Perth in Scotland, St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne in Australia |
| Projects | Keble College, Oxford |
William Butterfield was a Gothic Revival architect and associated with the Oxford Movement (or Tractarian Movement). He is noted for his use of polychromy
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[edit] Biography
William Butterfield was born in London in 1814. His parents were strict non-conformists who ran a chemist's shop in the Strand. He was one of nine children and was educated at a local school. At the age of 16, he was apprenticed to Thomas Arber, a builder in Pimlico, who later became bankrupt. He studied architecture under E. L. Blackburne (1833–1836). From 1838 to 1839, he was an assistant to Harvey Eginton, an architect in Worcester, where he became articled. He established his own architectural practice at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1840.
From 1842 Butterfield was involved with the Cambridge Camden Society, later The Ecclesiological Society. He contributed designs to the Society's journal, The Ecclesiologist. His involvement influenced his architectural style. He also drew religious inspiration from the Oxford Movement and as such, he was very high church despite his non-conformist upbringing. He was a Gothic revival architect, and as such he reinterpreted the original Gothic style in Victorian terms. Many of his buildings were for religious use, although he also designed for colleges and schools.
Butterfield's church of All Saints, Margaret Street, London, was, in the view of Henry-Russell Hitchcock, the building that initiated the High Victorian Gothic era. It was designed in 1850, completed externally by 1853 and consecrated in 1859.[1] Flanked by a clergy house and school, it was intended as a "model" church by its sponsors, the Ecclesiological Society. The church was built of red-brick, a material long out of use in London, patterned with bands of black brick, the first use of polychrome brick in the city, with bands of stone on the spire. The interior was even more richly decorated, with marble and tile marquetry.
In 1849, just before Butterfield designed the church, John Ruskin had published his Seven Lamps of Architecture, in which he had urged the study of Italian Gothic and the use of polychromy. Many contemporaries perceived All Saints' as Italian in character, though in fact it combines fourteenth century English details, with a German-style spire.
Also in 1850 he designed, without polychromy, St Matthias in Stoke Newington, with a bold gable-roofed tower. At St Bartholomew's, Yealhampton in the same year, Butterfield used a considerable amount of marquetry work for the interior, and built striped piers, using two colours of marble.[1]
At Oxford, Butterfield designed Keble College, in a style radically divergent from the University's existing traditions of Gothic architecture, its walls boldly striped with various colours of brick. Intended for clerical students, it was largely built in 1868–70, on a fairly domestic scale, with a more monumental chapel of 1873-6. In his buildings of 1868–72 at Rugby School, the polychromy is even more brash.[2]
Butterfield received the RIBA Gold Medal in 1884. He died in London in 1900. He is buried in a simple Gothic tomb in Tottenham Cemetery, Haringey, North London. The grave can be easily seen from the public path through the cemetery, close to the gate from Tottenham Churchyard. There is a blue plaque on his house in Bedford Square, London.
[edit] Works
Butterfield's buildings include:
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- Highbury Congregational Church (now Cotham Church) Bristol (Butterfield's first work)
- St Augustine's College, Canterbury, Kent, 1845
- St. John the Baptist parish church, Hellidon, Northamptonshire: restoration, 1845–47[3]
- Abbey Church of Saints Peter & Paul, Dorchester on Thames, Oxfordshire: restoration, 1846–53[4]
- St. Andrew's parish church, Ogbourne St Andrew, Wiltshire: restoration, 1847–49[5] and vicarage, 1848[6]
- St Ninian's Cathedral, Perth, Scotland, 1850
- St. James & St. Anne parish church and vicarage, Alfington, Devon, 1850
- Wantage Cemetery, Berkshire: chapel, 1850[7]
- St. Mary's Church (Emmorton, Maryland): stained glass windows, 1851
- St. Mary and St. Melor parish church, Amesbury, Wiltshire: restoration, 1853[8]
- St. Nicholas' Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire: restoration, 1854[9]
- St. Mary's parish church, Marlston, Berkshire, 1855[10]
- All Saints' Church, Braishfield, Hampshire, 1855
- St. Mary's parish church, Milton, Oxfordshire, 1856[11]
- Balliol College, Oxford Chapel, 1856–57[12]
- St. Michael's parish church, Gare Hill (Gaer Hill), Somerset, 1857
- St. James' church, school and village buildings, Baldersby St James, North Yorkshire, 1857
- All Saints' parish, Charlton-All-Saints, Wiltshire: school, 1857–58[13]
- St Andrew's parish church, Landford, Wiltshire, 1858[14]
- St. John the Baptist, Latton, Wiltshire: chancel, 1858–63[15]
- All Saints, Margaret Street, London, 1859
- St. Nicholas' school, Newbury, Berkshire, 1859[16]
- Trafalgar House, Wiltshire: restoration of church, 1859–66[17]
- St. Giles' Church, Tadlow, Bedfordshire, 1860
- Lych gate at St. Michael & All Angels' Churchyard extension, Houghton-le-Spring, Durham, 1862,[18]
- All Saints' parish, Charlton All Saints, Wiltshire: vicarage, 1860–62[19]
- St. John the Baptist church, Bamford, Hope Valley, Derbyshire: restoration, 1861
- St. Michael's parish church, Letcombe Bassett, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire): nave and south aisle, 1861[20]
- St. Mary the Virgin parish church, Castle Eaton, Wiltshire: restoration, 1861–63[21]
- St. Martin's parish church, Bremhill: restoration, 1862–63[22]
- Church of St Cross, Manchester, Clayton, Manchester, 1863–66[23]
- St. Margaret's parish church, Mapledurham, Oxfordshire: restoration, 1863[24]
- St. Michael's parish church, Lyneham, Wiltshire: nave roof and chancel, 1862–65[25]
- St. Michael's parish church, Aldbourne, Wiltshire: restoration, 1863–67[19]
- St. Sebastian, Heathland, Wokingham, Berkshire, 1864[26]
- Merton College, Oxford: Grove Building, 1864[27]
- St. Andrew's parish church, Blunsdon St Andrew, Wiltshire: restoration: 1864–68[28]
- St. George's parish church, Wootton, Northamptonshire: restoration, 1865[29]
- St. Augustine's parish church, Penarth, Glamorgan, 1865-66.
- SS. Peter & Paul parish church, Heytesbury, Wiltshire: restoration, 1865–67[30]
- St. Anne's church, Dropmore, Littleworth, Buckinghamshire, 1866[31]
- All Saints' parish church, Rangemore, Staffordshire, 1866–67
- St. Peter's parish church, Highway, Wiltshire, 1866–67[32]
- St. Barnabas' parish church, Horton-cum-Studley, Oxfordshire, 1867[33]
- St. Mary's parish church, Beech Hill, Berkshire, 1867[34]
- Little Faringdon, Oxfordshire: Rectory, 1867[35]
- St. Mary's parish, Lower Heyford, Oxfordshire: remodelling of Old Rectory, 1867 (now Tall Chimneys)[24]
- The Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester, Hampshire, 1868
- St. Paul's Church, Wooburn, Buckinghamshire: alterations, 1869
- St. Mary Brookfield, Dartmouth Park, London, 1869–75
- All Saints' parish church, Whiteparish, Wiltshire: restoration, 1870[36]
- St. Leonard's parish church, Broad Blunsdon, Wiltshire: rebuilding, 1870[37]
- Church of St Peter, Great Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire: restoration, 1870–71[38]
- St. Mary's parish church, Purton, Wiltshire: restoration, 1872[39]
- Saint Mary at Stoke parish church, Suffolk, 1872
- St. Michael and All Angels' parish church & school, Poulton, Gloucestershire, 1873[40]
- St. Mary's parish church, Dinton, Wiltshire: restoration, 1873–75[41]
- St. Peter's parish church, Clyffe Pypard, Wiltshire: restoration, 1873–75[41]
- All Saints' parish church, Braunston, Northamptonshire: restoration, 1874[42]
- St. George's parish church, West Harnham, Wiltshire: restoration, 1874[43]
- St. Mary's School, Wantage, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), 1874–75[44]
- St. Margaret's parish church, Knook, Wiltshire: restoration, 1874–76[45]
- Rugby School, Warwickshire: Chapel and Quadrangle, 1875
- Shaw-cum-Donnington School, Shaw, Berkshire, 1875[46]
- Keble College, Oxford 1876[47]
- Holy Cross parish church, Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire: restoration: 1876–77[48]
- St. Catherine's parish church, Netherhampton, Wiltshire, 1876–77[49]
- Ascot Priory, Ascot, Berkshire: chapel, 1877[50]
- St. Mary Magdalene parish church, Winterbourne Monkton, Wiltshire: rebuilding, 1878[51]
- St. John the Baptist parish church, Foxham, Wiltshire: 1878–81[52]
- St. John the Evangelist church,[53] Clevedon, Somerset, 1878
- St. Mary's parish church, Shaw, Berkshire: chancel, 1878[54]
- St. Mary's Convent, Wantage, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire): Noviciate, 1878[7]
- St. Mary's parish church, Dodford, Northamptonshire: restoration, 1878–80[55]
- St. Columba's College Chapel, Whitechurch, County Dublin, Ireland, 1880
- St Edith's parish church, Baverstock, Wiltshire: restoration 1880–82[56]
- St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne (except main tower and spire), Australia, 1880–1891
- Sarum College, Salisbury, Wiltshire: chapel, 1881[57]
- St Mark's church, Dundela, east Belfast, 1899
- St. Saviour's, Coalpit Heath, Gloucestershire (Butterfield's first Church of England church)[58]
- All Saints' church, Babbacombe, Devon
- The Cathedral of the Isles, Great Cumbrae, Scotland 1851
- Holy Saviour church,[59] Hitchin, Hertfordshire
- Ottery St. Mary parish church, Devon: south transept refurbishment and marble font
- The Rectory, (now Butterfield House), Hitchin Street, Baldock, Hertfordshire.
- St. Alban's church, Holborn, London
- St. Andrew's parish church,[60] Rugby, Warwickshire
- St. Cross Church, Clayton, Manchester
- Exeter School, Exeter, Devon
- Holy Trinity with St. Edmund parish church, Horfield, Gloucestershire
- St. James' church, Christleton, Cheshire
- St. Mary Magdalene church, West Lavington, West Sussex
- St. Mary Magdalene church,[61] Enfield Chase, Middlesex
- St. Mawgan Old Rectory, Cornwall
- St. Margaret of Antioch, Barley, Herts
- St Mary and St Helen's Wykeham, Scarborough[62]
[edit] Sources
- Tyack, Geoffrey; Bradley, Simon and Pevsner, Nikolaus (2010). The Buildings of England: Berkshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 800. ISBN 978-0-300-12662-4.
- Pevsner, Nikolaus; Williamson, Elizabeth (1994). The Buildings of England: Buckinghamshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 832. ISBN 978-0-300-09584-5.
- Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (1973) [1961]. The Buildings of England: Northamptonshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 520. ISBN 978-0-300-09632-3.
- Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (revision) (1975) [1963]. The Buildings of England: Wiltshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 664. ISBN 978-0-300-09659-0.
- Sherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974). The Buildings of England: Oxfordshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 948. ISBN 978-0-300-09639-2.
- Verey, David; Brooks, Alan (1999). The Buildings of England: Gloucestershire: The Cotswolds. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 832. ISBN 978-0-300-09604-0.
[edit] References
- ^ a b Hitchcock, Henry Russell (1977). Architecture:Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 247–8. ISBN 0-14-056115-3.
- ^ Hitchcock, Henry Russell (1977). Architecture:Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 264. ISBN 0-14-056115-3.
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1973, page 252
- ^ Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 579–583
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 365
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 366
- ^ a b Pevsner, 1966, page 253
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 90
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 458
- ^ Pevsner, 1966, page 177
- ^ Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page705
- ^ Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 101
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 162
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 291
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 293
- ^ Pevsner, 1966, page 182
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 531
- ^ Lych gate restoration
- ^ a b Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 82
- ^ Pevsner, 1966, page 166
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 160
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 140
- ^ The Buildings Of England: Lancashire - Manchester and the South East, 2004
- ^ a b Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 693
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 319
- ^ Pevsner, 1966, page 154
- ^ Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 164
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 118
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1973, page 470
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 266
- ^ Pevsner, 1960, page 112
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 268
- ^ Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 656
- ^ Pevsner, 1966, page 84
- ^ Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 685
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 571
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 144
- ^ Birtchnell, Percy (1960). A Short History of Berkhamsted. The Bookstack. p. 30. ISBN 1-871372-00-3.
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 374
- ^ Verey, 1970, pages 370–371
- ^ a b Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 182
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1973, page 120
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 563
- ^ Pevsner, 1966, page 254
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 283
- ^ Pevsner, 1966, page 357
- ^ Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, pages 225–229
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 95
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 354
- ^ Pevsner, 1966, page 68
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 591
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 251
- ^ Church of St John the Evangelist, Clevedon
- ^ Pevsner, 1966, page 213
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1973, page 188
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 105
- ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 427
- ^ St. Saviour's Church, Coalpit Heath: Beginnings
- ^ Holy Saviour church, Hitchin
- ^ St. Andrew's parish church, Rugby
- ^ St. Mary Magdalene, Enfield Chase: William Butterfield
- ^ Rhea, Nicholas (1985). Portrait of the North Yorkshire Moors.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: William Butterfield |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Butterfield, William. |
