World War II casualties of the Soviet Union

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

World War II casualties of the Soviet Union from all related causes are commonly estimated in excess of 20,000,000, both civilians and military, although the statistics vary to a great extent. Most of the casualties occurred from 22 June 1941, after Nazi Germany invaded the USSR.

Contents

[edit] Current Assessment by Russian Government

[edit] Military losses

Soviet WWII military casualties 1939-1945[1][2]
Dead and missing Wounded and survived
Battle of Khalkhin Gol 1939

[1][3]

 9,703 15,952
Invasion of Poland 1939[1][4] 1,475 2,383
Winter War 1939-1940[1][4] 126,875 264,908
World War II 1941-1945[5][6] 8,668,400 14,685,593
Total 8,806,453 14,968,836
Military dead and missing (1941–45)[7][8]
KIA or died of wounds 6,329,600
Noncombat deaths (sickness, accidents,etc.) 555,500
Subtotal KIA, died of wounds and Noncombat deaths 6,885,100
MIA and POW 4,559,000
Total operational losses during war 11,444,100
Less:Surviving missing (939,700)
Less:POWs returned to USSR (1,836,000)
Total irrecoverable losses(from listed strength) 8,668,400

In 1993 the Russian Ministry of Defense issued a report authored by G. I. Krivosheev that details Soviet military casualties in World War II. The source for the data was Soviet "reports from the field and other archive documents" that were considered secret during the Soviet era. The report shows that of all the men serving in the military during the war there were about 4,559,000 reported missing (including 3,396,400 per field reports and an additional 1,162,600 estimated by Krivosheev), out of which 500,000 were missing and presumed dead, 939,700 were conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being liberated, 1,103,300 POW died in captivity, 2,016,000 POW survived the war, of which 1,836,000 POWs are known to have returned to the U.S.S. R. after the war and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.[9][10]
Some scholars maintain that Soviet military casualties should also include the deaths of an additional estimated 500,000 conscripted reservists captured before being listed on active strength, 1,000,000 civilians treated as military POW by Germany and also about 150,000 militia and 250,000 Soviet partisan dead.[11][12] In official Russian sources these are considered civilian casualties.[13][14]
Estimates by Western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million out of 5.7 million total POWs in German hands. However, this number probably includes partisans, militia, and many civilian men of military age taken as POWs[9][14] Total Soviet population losses include approximately 12 million men aged 18 to 39[15]

Many Soviet war dead are presented at the OBD Memorial database online.[16]

Soviet military dead and Missing by nationality (1941–45)[17]
Total Percentage
Russians 5,756,000 66.402%
Ukrainians 1,377,400 15.890%
Belarusians 252,900 2.917%
Tatars 187,700 2.165%
Jews 142,500 1.644%
Kazakhs 125,500 1.448%
Uzbeks 117,900 1.360%
Armenians 83,700 0.966%
Georgians 79,500 0.917%
Others 545,300 6.291%

[edit] Civilian losses

Soviet civilian war dead(1941–45)[18][19][20]
Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence 7,420,379 [21]
Deaths of forced laborers in Germany 2,164,313[22]
Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions 4,100,000[23]
Total 13,684,692

Source: The figures for civilian losses are taken from a report published by the Russian Academy of Science Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles (In Russian). Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 -M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941-1945 Pages 124-131

These figures are for the regions of the USSR occupied by Germany, there were about 70 million persons in the occupied regions of the USSR[24]

These casualties are for 1941-1945 within the 1946-1991 borders of the USSR.[25]

Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war account for a major part of the huge toll.[24] Russian sources generally do not list Jewish Holocaust deaths separately. Martin Gilbert puts Jewish losses at one million, within the borders of 1939; Holocaust deaths in the annexed territories were another 1.5 million bringing the total in Soviet territory to about 2.5 million.[26] The genocide of Romani people totaled about 30,000 people.[27]

These losses include deaths in the siege of Leningrad. David Glantz has noted that Soviet era sources put the number of dead in the Siege of Leningrad at “greater than 800,000” and that a Russian source from 2000 put the number of dead at 1,000,000.[28] However, other Russian historians have put the death toll in the in the siege of Leningrad at between 1.4 and 2.0 million persons.[29]

The report of the Russian Academy of Science lists the deaths of civilian forced laborers in Germany totaling 2,164,313. G. I. Krivosheev in the report on military casualties gives a total of 1,103,300 POW dead. The total of these two figures is 3,267,613, which is in close agreement with estimates by western historians of about 3 million deaths of prisoners in German captivity.

In the occupied regions Nazi Germany had a policy of forced confiscation of food that resulted in the famine deaths of an estimated 6% of the population, 4.1 million persons.[30]

In addition to the losses listed above an estimated 2.5 to 3.2 million civilians died due to famine and disease in non-occupied territory of the USSR which was caused by wartime shortages in the rear areas.[31] Documents from the Soviet archives list the total deaths of prisoners in the Gulag from 1941 to 1945 at 621,637. In the 1995 Report by the Russian Academy of Science V.N. Zemskov noted "due to general difficulties in 1941-1945 in the camps, the GULAG and prisons about 1.0 million prisoners died[32]

These figures do not include an additional 622,000 persons who did not return to the USSR after 1946 according to the 1993 Russian Academy of Science report on total war losses by E.M. Andreev[33]

Included with civilian losses are dead in the territories annexed by the USSR including 600,000 in the Baltic states[11] and 1,500,000 in Eastern Poland.[34]

[edit] Total losses

Total Soviet losses by demographic balance (1941–45)[35]
Population in June 1941 196,700,000
Population at the end of 1945 170,500,000
Born before June 1941 and living by end of 1945 159,500,000
Total loss of population born before the war period 37,200,000
Add wartime increase in Infant Mortality 1,300,000
Less Natural deaths at 1940 level (not including Infant Mortality of 4.2 million) (11,900,000)
Total population loss (in excess of pre-war level) 26,600,000

*37,200,000 + 1,300,000 - 11,900,000 = 26.6 million total dead, or missing,

These figures are from a report published by the Russian Academy of Science in 1993 that estimated the total Soviet population losses in the war. This is the current official Russian government figure for total losses.[25] These losses are a demographic estimate of excess deaths, not an exact accounting of losses. The main areas of uncertainty when calculating losses were the estimated figures for increase in the Soviet population in the territories annexed from 1939–1945 and the loss of population due to emigration during and after the war. The figures also include victims of Soviet repression as well as the deaths of Soviet citizens in German military service.[36] Michael Haynes has noted that "We do not know the total number of deaths as a result of the war and related policies". We do know that the demographic estimate of excess deaths was 26.6 million plus an additional 16.1 million natural deaths that would have occurred in peacetime, bringing the total dead to 42.7 million. At this time the actual total number of deaths caused by the war is unknown since among the 16.1 million "natural deaths" some would have died peacefully and others as a result of the war.[37]

Total War Deaths by Age Group and Gender

Age Group Males (millions) War Deaths (millions)  % Age Group Females (millions) War Deaths(millions)  % Age Group Total Population (millions) War Deaths (millions)  % Age Group
0-14 27.879 1.425 5.1% 27.984 1.398 5.0% 55.863 2.823 5.1%
15-19 11.092 1.064 9.6% 11.220 0.340 3.0% 22.312 1.404 6.3%
20-34 24.948 9.005 36.1% 26.330 2.663 10.1% 51.278 11.668 22.8%
35-49 18.497 6.139 33.2% 20.236 781 3.9% 38.733 6.920 17.9%
Over 49 11.999 2.418 20.2% 16.976 1.380 8.1% 28.975 3.798 13.1%
All Age Groups 94.415 20.051 21.2% 102.746 6.562 6.4% 197.161 26.613 13.5%

Source:Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 978-5-02-013479-9 (Population of the Soviet Union 1922-1991 Russian Academy of Science)

Remarks:

Age Group 0-14- The deaths of 2.8 million children was due primarily to the famine and disease caused by the war.

Age Group 15-19 The excess deaths of 724,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. The draft age in the USSR was 18 during the war.

Age Group 20-34 The excess deaths of 6,342,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. The deaths of 2,663,000 women is an indication that women were also involved in the partisan war and became victims of Nazi reprisals.

Age Group 35-49 The excess deaths of 5,358,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses.

Age Group over 49 The excess deaths of 1,038,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. Some men from the older age group did serve in the Armed Forces. They were involved in the partisan war and became victims of Nazi reprisals.

All Age Groups- The excess deaths of 13,489,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses with the regular forces as well the partisan forces. The figures are a clear indication that many Soviet civilians died in the war as a result of Nazi reprisals as well as famine and disease caused by wartime shortages which took a large toll.

[edit] Causes

The Red Army suffered catastrophic losses of men and equipment during the first months of the German invasion.,[38][2] In the spring of 1941 Stalin ignored the warnings of his intelligence services of a planned German invasion and refused to put the Armed forces on alert. The units in the border regions were not prepared to face the German onslaught and were caught by surprise. Large numbers of Soviet soldiers were captured and many perished due to the brutal mistreatment of POWs by the Nazis[39] U.S. Army historians maintain the high Soviet losses can be attributed to 'less efficient medical services and the Soviet tactics, which throughout the war tended to be expensive in terms of human life"[40]

Russian scholars attribute the high civilian death toll to the Nazi Generalplan Ost which treated the Soviet people as "subhuman". Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR. To suppress the partisan units the Nazi occupation forces engaged in a campaign of brutal reprisals against innocent civilians. The extensive fighting destroyed agricultural land, infrastructure, and whole towns, leaving much of the population homeless and without food. The Nazis confiscated food stocks which resulted in famine in the occupied regions. During the war Soviet civilians were taken to Germany as forced laborers under inhuman conditions.[41]

[edit] The Estimates and their Sources

[edit] Soviet and Russian Estimates

Estimates for Soviet losses in the Second World War range from 7 million to over 43 million. The following estimates by Russian sources of Soviet war losses are often cited in English language accounts dealing with the war.[42] During the Communist era in the Soviet Union historical writing about World War Two was subject to censorship and only official approved statistical data was published. In the USSR during the Glasnost period under Gorbachev and in post communist Russia the casualties in World War Two were re-evaluated and the official figures revised. In 1993 the Russian government issued reports on war losses that gave total dead of 26.6 million persons including military losses of 8,668,400 military personnel, since then these figures have been accepted by the Russian government as being correct. However, the official figures have been disputed by Russian scholars.

[edit] Official Estimates made from 1946 to 1987

Joseph Stalin in March 1946 stated that Soviet war losses were 7 million dead. This was to be the official figure until the Khrushchev era.[36] In November 1961 Nikita Khrushchev stated that Soviet war losses were 20 million, this was to be the official figure until 1990.[36][43] Leonid Brezhnev in 1965 put the Soviet death toll in the war at “more than 20 million”[44] In May 1965 Ivan Konev at a Soviet Ministry of Defense press conference stated that Soviet military dead in World War Two were 10 million.[45] In 1971 the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis put losses at 20 million including 6,074,000 civilians and 3,912,000 prisoners of war killed by Nazi Germany, military dead were put at 10 million[46]

[edit] Estimates by Russians published in the West 1950-1983

In 1949 a Soviet Colonel Kalinov defected to the west, he published a book claiming that Soviet records indicated the military loss of 13.6 million men including 2.6 million POW dead.[47][48][49] In 1977 Sergei Maksudov a Russian demographer living in the west estimated Soviet war losses at between 24.5 and 27.4 million, including 7.5 million military dead.[36][50][51] In 1983 the Soviet mathematician Iosif G. Dyadkin published a study in the United States that indicated the total Soviet population loss from 1939–1945 due to the war and political repression was 30 million. Dyadkin was imprisoned for publishing this study in the west.[52]

[edit] Period of Glasnost

During the period of Glasnost the official figure of 20 million war dead was challenged by Soviet scholars. In 1988-1989 estimates of 26 to 28 million total war dead appeared in the Soviet press.[42] The Russian scholar Dmitri Volkogonov writing at this time estimated total war deaths at 26-27,000,000 including 10,000,000 in the military[53] In March 1989 Mikhail Gorbachev set up a committee to investigate Soviet losses in the war. In a May 1990 speech Gorbachev gave the figure for total Soviet losses at "almost 27 million". This revised figure was the result of research by the committee set up by Gorbachev that estimated total war dead at between 26 and 27 million .[36] In January 1990 M.A. Moiseev Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces disclosed for the first time in an interview that Soviet military war dead totaled 8,668,400.[54] In 1991 reports were published in the USSR indicating 14 million military dead based on the alphabetical card-indexes personnel records of the Russian Military Archives.[55]

From 1942-1946 the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission collected information on Nazi crimes in the USSR. The reports of the Commission detailing the number of civilian deaths were kept secret until the collapse of the USSR. In 1991 the Russian scholar A.A. Shevyakov published an article with summary of civilian losses based on the reports of this commission, civilian dead were given as 18.3 million. In a second article in 1992 A.A. Shevyakov gave a figure of 20.8 million civilian dead, no explanation for the difference was given.[56][57][36]

[edit] Official Figures Released in 1993-1995 by Russian Government

In 1993 the Russian Col-General G.F. Krivosheev published a study that gave total Soviet military dead and missing in the war of 8,668,400. These figures were based on official documentation that was previously classified secret in the Soviet era. This study by Krivosheev is the current official Russian Ministry of Defense accounting for military casualties from 1941–1945.[8][7] A report published by the Russian Academy of Science in 1993 estimated that the total Soviet population losses were 26.6 million. This is the current official Russian government figure for total losses in the war.[25][36] In 1995 the Russian Academy of Science published a series of articles that analyzed Soviet losses in the war. An article detailed civilian deaths in the German occupied USSR totaling 13.7 million, which includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. They also estimated an additional 3 million deaths due to famine and disease in the regions not occupied by Germany[58]

[edit] Estimates disputing the Russian government figures

In 1988 a Russian academic Boris Sokolov published an article in a Soviet academic journal estimating total war losses at 21.3 million persons, including 14.3 military and 7.0 million civilians[59] In 1991 Sokolov published a study of the war that put total losses at 29.4 million persons, including military war dead of 14.7 million and civilian deaths of 15 million[60] In 1996 Sokolov published a revised study that estimated total war dead at 43.3 million including 26.4 million in the military. Sokolov’s own calculations show that the official figures for population in 1941 to be understated by 12.7 million and the population in 1946 to be overstated by 4.0 million, thus resulting in 16.7 million additional war dead bringing the total to 43.3 million.[61][62] The Russian demographer Dr. L. L. Rybakovsky dismissed these hypothetical calculations and believes they are not based on sound judgment.[63]

In 2000 the late Dr. S. N. Mikhalev of the History department of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University[64] published a critical analysis of the official Russian wartime casualty statistics, From 1989 to 1996 Mikhalev was an associate of the Institute of Military History of the Ministry of Defence. Mikalev estimated actual Soviet military war dead at more than 10.9 million persons. He maintained that the official figures cannot be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated. Mikhalev believed that the official figure of 26.6 million war dead should not be regarded as definitive. In 1995 the Russian Academy of Science published his analysis of the demographic balance of the USSR in the war that indicated total losses ranging from 21.240 million to 25.854 million, with the mid range being 23.568 million total war dead. Mikhalev pointed out that the figures for total war deaths are based on a range of possible estimates for the pre-war population in 1939 and the population of the annexed territories that are by no means certain.[65][66]



The following schedule shows the reconciliation of losses of the field reports to the actual number of mobilized persons[67][68][69]

Description Balance per Kirvosheev Balance per Mikhalev Difference
Red Army & Navy Strength- June 1941 ( A.) 4,902,000 4,704,000 (198,000)
Drafted during war ( B.) 29,575,000 29,575,000 0
Discharged during war (C.) (9,693,000) (9,693,000) 0
Red Army & Navy strength- June 1945 (D.) (12,840,000) (11,999,000) 841,000
conscripted reservists (E.) (500,000) 0 500,000
Subtotal: Operational Losses 11,444,000 12,587,000 1,143,000
MIA Re-conscripted (F.) (940,000) 0 940,000
Liberated POW returned to USSR (1,836,000) (1,836,000) 0
NKVD & Border Troops (G.) 0 159,000 159,000
Losses in the Far East August 1945 H. 0 12,000 12,000
Total Irrecoverable Losses 8,668,000 10,922,000 2,254,000

Notes:

A. Strength Red Army June 1941- Mikhalev excludes Construction troops whose casualties were not included in the field reports.
B. Drafted during war -Excludes those drafted twice.
C.Discharged during war-Includes those sent on sick leave, those sent to industry, NKVD or foreign units and 437,000 imprisoned after sentencing
D. Red Army strength June 1945-Mikhalev excludes 403,000 Construction troops whose casualties were not included in the field reports and 437,000 imprisoned after sentencing already deducted in number of discharged
E.Conscripted reservists captured in 1941 before being listed on active strength. Mikhalev maintains that they were a military operational losses that should be included with total casualties
F. MIA Re-conscripted were men conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being liberated. Mikhalev maintains that they should not be deducted because were included in the Red Army strength in June 1945 and that the number conscripted excludes those drafted twice.
G.NKVD & Border Troops -Mikhalev adds these losses to the total because they were not part of the Red Army balance in June 1945.
H.Losses in the Far East August 1945- Mikhalev adds these losses to the total because they were not part of the Red Army balance in June 1945

The analysis of Krivosheev and Mikhalev is based on the field reports of the Red Army and the reconciliation of the balance for persons conscripted. An alternative method to determine Soviet war losses is the Russian Military Archives data base of individual war dead. S. A. Il’enkov an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense maintains that “ complex military situation at the front did not always allow for the conduct of a full accounting of losses”. He pointed out that reports from the field units did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel. Il’enkov maintains that the information in the Russian Military Archives alphabetical card-indexes can assist in solving the problem of determining the total number of Soviet military war dead.[70] In an article published by the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense Il’enkov described the work of the archives to reconcile data base of individual war dead. He believes the work has progressed to the point where we can determine an accurate accounting of war losses. Il’enkov concluded by stating "We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000.[71]

Some Russian writers have argued that war losses should also include the hypothetical population loss for children unborn due to the war, using this methodology total losses would be about 46 million.[72] In May 2009 the former Russian Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov put the death toll in the war at 37 million (27 to 28 million civilians and 8.6 million military)[73]

[edit] Rebuttal by Krivosheev

In 2002 G.F. Krivosheev, author of the 1993 official study of military casualties, defended the results of his report that found 8.668 million military war dead. Krivosheev maintains that the figures were derived in a scientific manner by a team of professional researchers who had access to the military archives. He also maintains that the results of the study reflect a realistic view of casualties based on the military operational situation during the war. Krivosheev believes that the Central Archives data base of individual war dead is not reliable because some personnel records are duplicated and others omitted[74]

[edit] Estimates Of Soviet War Dead by Western Scholars

Historians writing outside of the Soviet Union and Russia have evaluated the various Russian language sources and have offered their estimates of Soviet war dead. Here is a listing of estimates by recognized scholars published in the West.

Source Military Dead Civilian Dead Total Dead
Frank Lorimer(1946),[75] [76] 5,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000
Pierre George (1946)[77] 7,000,000 10,000,000 17,000,000
N. S. Timasheff(1948),[78] 7,000,000 18,300,000 25,300,000
Helmut Arntz (1953)[79][80] 13,600,000 7,000,000 20,000,000+
Jean-Noël Biraben(1958)[81] 8,000,000 6,700,000 14,700,000
Warren W. Eason(1959)[82][83] 10,000,000 15,000,000 25,000,000
E. Ziemke(1968)[40] more than
12,000,000
Albert Seaton(1971)[84] 10,000,000
Gil Elliot (1972)[85] 10,000,000 10,000,000 20,000,000
Charles Messenger(1989)[86] 20,000,000
John Keegan(1989),[87] 7,000,000 7,000,000 14,000,000
R. J. Rummel (1990)[88] 7,000,000 19,125,000 26,125,000 plus 10,000,000 due to Soviet repression
John Ellis(1993)[89] 11,000,000 6,700,000 17,700,000
Michael Ellman and Sergei Maksudov(1994) [36] 8,700,000 18,000,000 26-27,000,000
Norman Davies(1998)[90] 8-9,000,000 16-19,000,000 24-28,000,000
Richard Overy(1997)[91] 8,668,400 17,000,000 25,000,000
Mark Mazower(1998)[92] 9,500,000 10,000,000 19,500,000
David Wallechinsky(1995)[93] 13,600,000 20-26,000,000
Michael Clodfelter (2002)[94] 8,668,400 20-26,000,000
Michael Haynes (2003) [95] 8,700,000 17,900,000 26,600,000
Martin Gilbert(2004)[96] 10,000,000 KIA &
3,300,000 POW		 7,000,000 20,000,000+
H. P. Willmott(2004)[97] 8,700,000 16,900,000 25,600,000
Tony Judt (2005)[98] 8,600,000 16,000,000 24,600,000
Norman Davies(2006)[99] 8,668,000 18,332,000 27,000,000
Cambridge History of Russia(2006)[100] 8.7 million + 13.7 million in Nazi occupied USSR
and 2.6 million in interior USSR		 24-26 million
Steven Rosefielde (2010)[101] 8,700,000 "all causes" "17.7 or 20.3 million" "26.4 to 29 million" plus 5.458 million dead due to Soviet repression

David Glantz maintains that “ the war with Nazi Germany cost the Soviet Union at least 29 million military casualties”(dead, wounded and sick) “ The exact numbers can never be established, and some revisionists have attempted to put the number as high as 50 million”[102]

Richard Overy believes the figures for military dead published in 1993... give the fullest account yet available, but they omit three operations that were clear failures. The official figures themselves must be viewed critically, given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed, wounded or even conscripted"[103] Regarding military dead Richard Overy believes that "for the present the figure of 8.6 million must be regarded as the most reliable"[104]

Norman Davies points out that that not all Soviet war dead were not killed by the Nazis, many perished due to Soviet repression. Davies notes It lies in the nature of the problem that the victims of Soviet wartime repressions cannot be easily quantified. The records of the victorious Soviets, unlike those of the defeated Nazis have never been opened for scrutiny. Whether the fraction of Soviet civilians who perished at the hands of their own régime was one quarter, one third or even one half of the whole will never be firmly established until the Soviet government itself comes clean.[105]

The authors of the Cambridge History of Russia have provided an analysis of Soviet wartime casualties. Overall losses were about 25 million persons plus or minus 1 million. Red Army records indicate 8.7 million military deaths, “this figure is actually the lower limit”. The official figures understate POW losses and armed partisan deaths. Excess civilian deaths in the Nazi occupied USSR were 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews. There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain “scope for error in this number is very wide”. At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler “were both responsible but in different ways” for these deaths.
The authors of the Cambridge History of Russia believe that “In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle. The general outline is clear: people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances. But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some overlap and others are yet to be found"[106]

Steven Rosefielde puts the war related demographic losses of the USSR from 1941 -45 at 22.0 to 26.0 million persons (7.8 million military and 14.2 to 18.2 million civilians). The actual wartime losses are higher because some persons who would have died peacefully actually perished as a result of the war. Rosefielde estimated the actual military dead at 8.7 million men and 17.7 to 20.3 million civilians killed by the Nazis in the war- (exterminated, shot, gassed burned 6.4 or 11.3 million; famine and disease 8.5 or 6.5 million; forced laborer in Germany 2.8 or 3.0 million and 500,000 who did not return to USSR after war.) [107] In addition to these war deaths Rosefielde also estimated the excess deaths attributed to the “total potential crimes against humanity” due to Soviet repression at 2.183 million persons in 1939-40 and 5.458 million from 1941-1945. The figures for losses due to Soviet repression do not include 1 million military deaths of men drafted from the Gulag into penal suicide battalions. [108]

[edit] Sources

In the English Language

G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4

Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol.55, No. 2, 2003, 300–309

Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- Europe Asia Studies, July 1994

Boris SokolovThe cost of war: Human losses for the USSR and Germany, 1939-1945 The Journal of Soviet Military Studies Volume 9, Issue 1 March 1996

Boris Urlanis, Populations and Wars Progress Moscow 1971

Iosif G. Dyadkin, Unnatural Deaths in the Ussr, 1928-1954 Transaction 1983

S. A. Il'Enkov Concerning the registration of Soviet armed forces' wartime irrevocable losses, 1941-1945 The Journal of Soviet Military Studies Volume 9, Issue 2 June 1996

In the Russian Language

G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154

S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. Mikhalev's book is available in libraries in the U.S. and the UK

Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles). Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0

Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 978-5-02-013479-9

A. A. Shevyakov “Gitlerovski genotsid na territoriyakh SSR.” Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 12, 1991 This article by a researcher at the Russian Academy of Science is a brief summary of the work of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission.

A. A. Shevyakov “Zherty sredi mirnogo nasseleniya v gody otechestvennoi voiny” Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 11, 1992 This article by a researcher at the Russian Academy of Science gives a detailed breakdown by locality of civilian losses in the occupied USSR based on the reports of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission.

L L Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (In Russian) Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000. № 6.

L L Rybakovsky The Great Patriotic War Russian Human Losses (In Russian) Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2001. № 6.

Л.Л. РЫБАКОВСКИЙЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ СССР В ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЕ LL Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War In Russian Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000. № 8.

Б.В. Соколов ЦЕНА ВОЙНЫ:ЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ СССР И ГЕРМАНИИ, 1939-1945 Boris Sokolov, Truth about the Great Patriotic War 1998 ( In Russian) Russian translation of the article that appeared in the Journal of Slavic Military Studies # 3 1996.

S. A. Il’enkov Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7(22), Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation 2001, pp. 73–80 ISBN 978-5-89710-005-7,( The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion In Russian -Available at the New York Public Library

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Page 79
  2. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154
  3. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Table 111
  4. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Tables 111
  5. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Pages 85-86 Includes 12,031 dead and missing and 24,425 in the Invasion of Manchuria<
  6. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Tables 121 &123
  7. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Table 120
  8. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Page 85
  9. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Table 176
  10. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Pages 85-86
  11. ^ a b Erlikhman, Vadim. Потери народонаселения в XX веке: справочник (Population Losses in the 20th century: Reference). Moscow, 2004. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1
  12. ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6.
  13. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Пленные и пропавшие без вести
  14. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Pages 230-238
  15. ^ Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 978-5-02-013479-9 Page 78
  16. ^ OBD Memorial database
  17. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Table 121
  18. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Tables 116-118
  19. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: рник стсбоатей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles). Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0
  20. ^ Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century, Cambridge University Press, p. 226, ISBN 0-521-81144-9 Total civilian deaths under the German occupation were 13.7 million including 2 million Jews
  21. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: рник стсбоатей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles). Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Pages 124-131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.
  22. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: рник стсбоатей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles). Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Pages 124-131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.
  23. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: рник стсбоатей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles). Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Pages 124-131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease.
  24. ^ a b Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941-1945 Pages 124-131 In Russian (These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941, including territories annexed in 1939–40).
  25. ^ a b c Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 978-5-02-013479-9
  26. ^ Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. ISBN 978-0-688-12364-2
  27. ^ Kendrick, Donald. The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. Basic Books, 1972. ISBN 978-0-465-01611-2
  28. ^ David M. Glantz, Siege of Leningrad 1941 1944 Cassell 2001 ISBN 978-1-4072-2132-8
  29. ^ Л.Л. РЫБАКОВСКИЙ ВЕЛИКАЯ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ РОССИИ L. L. Ryebakovsky Russia’s Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War In Russian Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya 2001. № 6. Page 86
  30. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles). Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Page 126
  31. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles). Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Page158 deaths resulting from harsh conditions, like lack of food and medicine, on Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans were due to wartime shortages
  32. ^ Российская академия наук (Russian Academy of Sciences). Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей (Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles). Saint-Petersburg, 1995. ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 Page174-177 deaths resulting from harsh conditions, like lack of food and medicine, on Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans were due to wartime shortages
  33. ^ Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 978-5-02-013479-9 The 1952 Foreign Ministry figures gave a total of 451,100 who return to the USSR after 1946, this figure did not include an additional 170.000 persons who emmigated to Germany and Rumania
  34. ^ Łuczak, Czesław. Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939-1945. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI. 1994. The losses in the former Polish eastern regions are also included in Poland's total war dead of 5.6 to 5.8 million
  35. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Table 115
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- Europe Asia Studies, July 1994
  37. ^ Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol.55, No. 2, 2003, 300–309
  38. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4
  39. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War 1997
  40. ^ a b Earl F. Ziemke, Stalingrad to Berlin, the German Defeat in the East;Office of the Chief of Military History U.S. Army 1968 pp 500
  41. ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0.
  42. ^ a b LL Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War In Russian Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000. № 6. P. 108-118
  43. ^ Л.Л. РЫБАКОВСКИЙЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ СССР В ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЕ LL Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War In Russian Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000. № 8. P.90-91 The Russian researcher L L Rybakovsky assumes that the source of Nikita Khrushchev’s figure of 20 million war dead was the 1957 Soviet translation,(Itogi vtoroj mirovoj vojny. Sbornik statej) of the West German book Bilanz des Zweiten Weltkrieges Hamburg 1953
  44. ^ L L Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (In Russian) Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000. № 6.
  45. ^ Boris Urlanis, Populations and Wars Progress Moscow 1971 Page 132
  46. ^ Boris Urlanis, Populations and Wars Progress Moscow 1971 Page 284
  47. ^ Kalinov, Cyrille- Les maréchaux soviétiques vous parlent. Paris 1950
  48. ^ Gregory, Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951.
  49. ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. Page 36
  50. ^ S. Maksudov, Pertes subies par la population de l'URSS, 1918-1958, Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique, XVIII, 3, July–September 1977
  51. ^ S. Maksudov Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918-1958 The Samizdat register II / edited by Roy Medvedev New York : Norton, 1981.(English translation of Maksudov's 1977 article)
  52. ^ Iosif G. Dyadkin, Unnatural Deaths in the Ussr, 1928-1954 Transaction 1983 ISBN 978-0-87855-919-0
  53. ^ Dmitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and tragedy 1991
  54. ^ Tsena Pobeda Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal # 3 The Price of Victory –Military History Journal # 3 1990 Interview with M.A. Moiseev Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces.
  55. ^ The Price of Victory: Myths and reality, V.E. Korol, Journal of Slavic Military Studies Vol. 9 No. 2 (June 1996) pp 417-426
  56. ^ A. A. Shevyakov “Gitlerovski genotsid na territoriyakh SSR.” Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 12, 1991 This article by a researcher at the Russian Academy of Science is a brief summary of the work of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission.
  57. ^ A. A. Shevyakov “Zherty sredi mirnogo nasseleniya v gody otechestvennoi voiny” Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 11, 1992 This article by a researcher at the Russian Academy of Science gives a detailed breakdown by locality of civilian losses in the occupied USSR based on the reports of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission.
  58. ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978-5-86789-023-0 M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941-1945Pages 124-131 In Russian (These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941, including territories annexed in 1939–40).
  59. ^ Соколов Б.В. О соотношении потерь в людях и боевой технике на советско-германском фронте в ходе Великой Отечественной войны // Вопросы истории. 1988. № 9. ( On the Ratio of Losses of Human and Military Equipment on the Soviet-German Front in the course of the Great Patriotic War – The Questions of History 1988 # 9)
  60. ^ Соколов Б. Цена Победы. Великая Отечественная. 1991 (B. Sololov ,The Price of Victory in the Great Patriotic War In Russian
  61. ^ Boris Sokolov The cost of war: Human losses for the USSR and Germany, 1939-1945 The Journal of Soviet Military Studies Volume 9, Issue 1 March 1996,
  62. ^ Соколов Б.В. Правда о Великой Отечественной войне. СПб., 1998. (B. Sokolov, Truth about the Great Patriotic War In Russian
  63. ^ Л.Л. РЫБАКОВСКИЙЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ СССР В ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЕ LL Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War In Russian Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000. № 8. P. 89
  64. ^ Obituary of S N Mkhalev who passed away in 2005
  65. ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. Page 28 Mikhalev's book is available in libraries in the U.S. and the UK
  66. ^ Великая Отечественная: демографические и военно-оперативные потери // Людские потери СССР в Великой Отечественной войне: Сб.ст. - СПб., 1995. - 1,0 п. л.-] The Russian Academy of Science published the details of his analysis of total population losses here)
  67. ^ G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Page 85-91
  68. ^ G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 ISBN 5224015154 Tables 120 and 132
  69. ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941- 1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet • 2000 ISBN: ISBN 978-5-85981-082-6. Pages 18-21. (S. N Mikhalev Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 A Statistical Investigation Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (In Russin)
  70. ^ S. A. Il'Enkov Concerning the registration of Soviet armed forces' wartime irrevocable losses, 1941-1945 The Journal of Soviet Military Studies Volume 9, Issue 2 June 1996
  71. ^ S. A. Il’enkov Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7(22), Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation 2001, pp. 73-80 ISBN 978-5-89710-005-7,( The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion In Russian -Available at the New York Public Library
  72. ^ L L Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (In Russian) Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000. № 6. pp.110-111
  73. ^ Rianovosti, 7. Mai 2009: UdSSR hat im Zweiten Weltkrieg rund 37 Millionen Menschen verloren This figure proably includes persons dying natural deaths unrelated to the war
  74. ^ Г.Ф. КРИВОШЕЕВ, «Историк должен ЛИКОВАТЬ и ГОРЕВАТЬ со своим народом ВОЕННО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ №11 2002 G. I. Krivosheev “Historians Should Triumph and Grieve with their People, Military History Journal Nr. 11 2002[dead link]
  75. ^ Frank Lorimer, The population of the Soviet Union: history and prospects, Geneva, League of Nations, 1946. Pages 181-183.
  76. ^ Lormimer's hypothetical figures put the demographic loss at 9.0 million civilians over age 5 and 6.0 million children not born during the war and due to an increase in infant mortality. The figure for military dead was based on information published in the USSR during the war. Lormier's figures are for the USSR in 1939 borders and does not include territories annexed in 1939-1940
  77. ^ Esquisse d'une étude démographique de l'Union soviétique Population(Paris) No.3 July–September 1946
  78. ^ N. S. Timasheff: “The Post-war Population of the Soviet Union”The American Journal of Sociology, September 1948
  79. ^ Bilanz des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Oldenburg-Hamburg, 1953. – Professor Dr. Helmut Arntz . Die Menschenverluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
  80. ^ Л.Л. РЫБАКОВСКИЙЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ СССР В ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЕ LL Rybakovsky Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (In Russian) Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000. № 8. P.90-91 The Russian researcher L L Rybakovsky assumes that the source of Nikita Khrushchev’s figure of 20 million war dead was the 1957 Soviet translation,(Itogi vtoroj mirovoj vojny. Sbornik statej) of the West German book Bilanz des Zweiten Weltkrieges Hamburg 1953
  81. ^ Jean-Noël Biraben, Essai sur l'évolution démographique de l'U.R.S.S. Population (French Edition) Jun., 1958, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 29-62
  82. ^ Eason, Warren W. , “The Soviet Population Today” Foreign Affairs 37 (July 1959): 598-606(Eason made his calculations based on the preliminary results of the 1959 Soviet census, he also estimated a decline in births of 20,000,000 bringing the total to 45,000,000
  83. ^ Obituary of Warren Eason who passed away in March 2010
  84. ^ Albert Seaton, The Russo-German War 1941-45 Prager 1971 pp 586
  85. ^ Gil Elliot, Twentieth Century Book of the Dead C. Scribner, 1972 ISBN 978-0-684-13115-3
  86. ^ Messenger, Charles, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two (Macmillan, 1989)
  87. ^ Keegan, John, The Second World War (1989)
  88. ^ R. J. Rummel Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917 pp. 167 Transaction 1990 ISBN 978-1-56000-887-3
  89. ^ Ellis John, World War II : a statistical survey 1993
  90. ^ Davies, Norman, Europe A History (1998)
  91. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War 1997
  92. ^ Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (1998)
  93. ^ Wallechinsky, David, Twentieth Century / History With the Boring Parts Left Out (1995)
  94. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4. Pages 515-516
  95. ^ Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol.55, No. 2, 2003, 300–309
  96. ^ Martin Gilbert The Second World War: A Complete History 2004
  97. ^ H. P. Willmott , Robin Cross, Charles Messenger, and Neil Grant , World War II, ISBN 978-0-7566-0521-6
  98. ^ Tony Judt Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (2005)
  99. ^ Davies, Norman, No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945 (2006)pp.367 (however on p. 24 Davies put Soviet military dead at 11,000,000
  100. ^ Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century, Cambridge University Press, pp. 225-227
  101. ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009 ISBN 0415777577 Pages 72 and 179
  102. ^ David M. Glantz & Jonathan House, When Titans Clashed...How the Red Army Stopped Hitler Univ Pr of Kansas, 1998 ISBN 978-0-7006-0899-7 pp285
  103. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War 1997 pp.XV
  104. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War 1997 pp.287
  105. ^ Norman Davies ,NOT TWENTY MILLION, NOT RUSSIANS, NOT WAR DEAD, The Independent on December 29, 1987
  106. ^ Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century, Cambridge University Press, pp. 225-227, ISBN 0-521-81144-9
  107. ^ Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009 ISBN 0415777577 Page 72
  108. ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge, 2009 ISBN 0415777577 Page 179
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=479414440"
Personal tools
Namespaces

Variants
Actions
Navigation
Interaction
Toolbox
Print/export
Languages