Open XML Paper Specification

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Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS)

Filename extension	.oxps, .xps
Internet media type	application/oxps, application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument
Developed by	Microsoft, Ecma International
Initial release	October 2006
Latest release	First Edition / June 16, 2009
Type of format	Page description language / Document file format
Contained by	Open Packaging Conventions
Extended from	ZIP, XML, XAML
Standard(s)	ECMA-388
Website	ECMA-388

The Open XML Paper Specification (also referred to as OpenXPS), is a specification for a page description language and a fixed-document format originally developed by Microsoft as XML Paper Specification (XPS) that was later standardized by Ecma International as international standard ECMA-388. It is an XML-based (more precisely XAML-based) specification, based on a new print path and a color-managed vector-based document format that supports device independence and resolution independence. OpenXPS was standardized as an open standard document format on June 16, 2009.^[1]

[edit] Development of the XML Paper Specification

In 2003 Global Graphics was chosen by Microsoft to provide consultancy and proof of concept development services on XPS and worked with the Windows development teams on the specification and reference architecture for the new format.^[2]

The XPS document format consists of structured XML markup that defines the layout of a document and the visual appearance of each page, along with rendering rules for distributing, archiving, rendering, processing and printing the documents. Notably, the markup language for XPS is a subset of XAML, allowing it to incorporate vector-graphic elements in documents, using XAML to mark up the WPF primitives. The elements used are described in terms of paths and other geometrical primitives.

An XPS file is in fact a ZIP archive using the Open Packaging Conventions, containing the files which make up the document. These include an XML markup file for each page, text, embedded fonts, raster images, 2D vector graphics, as well as the digital rights management information. The contents of an XPS file can be examined simply by opening it in an application which supports ZIP files.

[edit] Features

XPS specifies a set of document layout functionality for paged, printable documents. It also has support for features such as color gradients, transparencies, CMYK color spaces, printer calibration, multiple-ink systems and print schemas. XPS supports the Windows Color System color management technology for color conversion precision across devices and higher dynamic range. It also includes a software raster image processor (RIP) which is downloadable separately.^[3] The print subsystem also has support for named colors, simplifying color definition for images transmitted to printers supporting those colors.

XPS also supports HD Photo images natively for raster images.^[4] The XPS format used in the spool file represents advanced graphics effects such as 3D images, glow effects, and gradients as Windows Presentation Foundation primitives, which are processed by the printer drivers without rasterization, preventing rendering artifacts and reducing computational load.

[edit] Similarities with PDF and PostScript

Like Adobe Systems's PDF format, XPS is a fixed-layout document format designed to preserve document fidelity,^[5] providing device-independent documents appearance. PDF is a database of objects, created from PostScript and also directly generated from many applications, whereas XPS is based on XML. The filter pipeline architecture of XPS is also similar to the one used in printers supporting the PostScript page description language. PDF includes dynamic capabilities not supported by the XPS format.^[6]

[edit] Viewing and creating XPS documents

Because the printing architecture of Windows Vista uses XPS as the spooler format,^[5] it has native support for generating and reading XPS documents.^[7] XPS documents can be created by printing to the virtual XPS printer driver. The XPS Viewer is installed by default in Windows Vista and Windows 7. The viewer is hosted within Internet Explorer. This Internet Explorer-hosted viewer and the XPS Document Writer are also available to Windows XP users when they download the .NET Framework 3.0. The IE-hosted viewer supports digital rights management and digital signatures. Users who do not wish to view XPS documents in the browser can download the XPS Essentials Pack,^[8] which includes a standalone viewer and the XPS Document Writer. The XPS Essentials Pack also includes providers to enable the IPreview and IFilter capabilities used by Windows Desktop Search, as well as shell handlers to enable thumbnail views and file properties for XPS documents in Windows Explorer.^[9] The XPS Essentials Pack is available for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, and Windows Vista.^[9] Installing this pack enables operating systems prior to Windows Vista to use the XPS print processor^{[clarification needed]}, instead of the GDI-based WinPrint^{[citation needed]}, which can produce better quality prints for printers that support XPS in hardware (directly consume the format).^[10] The print spooler format on these operating systems when printing to older, non-XPS-aware printers, however, remains unchanged.

Windows 7 contains a standalone version of the XPS viewer that supports digital signatures.^[11]

[edit] Third-party support

[edit] Software

• Artifex Software Inc., owners of the well known Ghostscript software suite for Postscript and PDF processing has released an input parser called Ghostxps for XPS.^[12] Ghostxps is cross-platform and features direct XPS to raster rendering as well as XPS to PDF conversion.
• Aspose.Words allows saving any document in XPS format within .NET and SharePoint applications.
• Okular, the document viewer of the KDE project, has support for XPS.
• XPS Annotator, XPS annotations tool and standalone XPS viewer for Microsoft Windows.
• STDU Viewer, electronic books format reader, has support for XPS.
• NiXPS has developed editing tools and a viewer for Mac OSX.
• Software Imaging developed XPS Viewer -32 and 64 bit, non-managed.
• NDesk XPS, Open Source cross-platform viewer and conversion tool.
• XPS2PDF, online XPS to PDF converter.

[edit] Hardware

XPS has the support of printing companies such as Konica Minolta, Sharp,^[13] Canon, Epson, Hewlett-Packard,^[14] and Xerox^[15] and software and hardware companies such as Software Imaging,^[16] Pagemark Technology Inc.,^[17] Informative Graphics Corp. (IGC),^[18] NiXPS NV,^[19] Zoran,^[20] and Global Graphics.^[21]

Native XPS printers have been introduced by Konica Minolta, Toshiba, and Xerox.^[22]

Devices that are Certified for Windows Vista level of Windows Logo conformance certificate are required to have XPS drivers for printing since 1 June 2007.^[23]

[edit] Licensing

In order to encourage wide use of the format, Microsoft has released XPS under a royalty-free patent license called the Community Promise for XPS,^[24][25] allowing users to create implementations of the specification that read, write and render XPS files as long as you include a notice within the source that technologies implemented may be encumbered by patents held by Microsoft. Microsoft also requires that organizations "engaged in the business of developing (i) scanners that output XPS Documents; (ii) printers that consume XPS Documents to produce hard-copy output; or (iii) print driver or raster image software products or components thereof that convert XPS Documents for the purpose of producing hard-copy output, [...] will not sue Microsoft or any of its licensees under the XML Paper Specification or customers for infringement of any XML Paper Specification Derived Patents (as defined below) on account of any manufacture, use, sale, offer for sale, importation or other disposition or promotion of any XML Paper Specification implementations." The specification itself is released under a royalty-free copyright license, allowing its free distribution.^[26]

[edit] Standardization

Microsoft submitted the XPS specification to Ecma International.^[27]

In June of 2007 Ecma International Technical Committee 46 (TC46) was set up to develop a standard based on the Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS).^[28]

At the 97th General Assembly held in Budapest, June 16, 2009, Ecma International approved Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS) as an Ecma standard (ECMA-388).^[1]

TC46's members are:

[edit] See also

• Comparison of OpenXPS and PDF
• Windows Vista printing technologies
• List of computer standards
• Functional specification

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• XML Paper Specification
• Microsoft XPS Development Team Blog
• Standard ECMA-388 Open XML Paper Specification
• XPS FAQ and white papers on office and professional printing from a software technology provider
• Viewing XPS Documents