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==Life and career==
==Life and career==
Sexual intercourse plays a major role in bonobo society observed in captivity, being used as what some scientists perceive as a greeting, a means of forming social bonds, a means of conflict resolution, and postconflict reconciliation.[33] Bonobos are the only nonhuman animal to have been observed engaging in all of the following sexual activities: face-to-face genital sex (although a pair of western gorillas has been photographed performing face-to-face genital sex,[34]) tongue kissing, and oral sex.[35] In scientific literature, the female–female behavior of touching genitals together is often referred to as GG rubbing or genital–genital rubbing. The sexual activity happens within the immediate community and sometimes outside of it. Bonobos do not form permanent monogamous sexual relationships with individual partners. They also do not seem to discriminate in their sexual behavior by sex or age, with the possible exception of abstaining from sexual intercourse between mothers and their adult sons. When bonobos come upon a new food source or feeding ground, the increased excitement will usually lead to communal sexual activity, presumably decreasing tension and encouraging peaceful feeding.[36]
===Early life===
Xi Jinping was born on 1 June 1953 in Beijing and is, by Chinese convention, a native of [[Fuping County, Shaanxi|Fuping County]], Shaanxi. His ancestral home is at Xiying in [[Dengzhou]], Henan.<ref>[[:zh:习仲勋]]</ref> As a result of his upbringing in the Beijing environ, Xi is the first paramount leader to speak clear [[Standard Chinese]], without any strong provincial accent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/world/asia/new-chinese-leader-offers-few-hints-of-a-shift-in-direction.html|title=New Chinese Leader Offers Few Hints of a Shift in Direction|first=Ian|last=Johnson|date=2012-11-15|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2012-11-15}}</ref> He is the second son of [[Xi Zhongxun]], one of the founders of the Communist guerrilla movement in Shanxi Province in northern China and former Vice-Premier. At the time his father served as the head of the Communist Party's propaganda department and later Vice-Chairman of the [[National People's Congress]]. When Xi was 10, his father was purged and sent to work in a factory in [[Luoyang]].<ref>[[Charles-Edouard Bouée|Bouée, Charles-Edouard]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=FhtRA3XJY9gC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=Luoyang+factory+xi+jinping&source=bl&ots=5P9joXBHtp&sig=Ee73FKw784tZvKG4Qv-RtXnRNnE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=si08T9jJK8jC2wWC5ZXzBg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Luoyang%20factory%20xi%20jinping&f=false ''China's Management Revolution: Spirit, Land, Energy''], (Palgrave Macmillan, 15 December 2010), p. 93; via [[Googlebooks]]. Retrieved 15 February 2012.</ref> Xi was 15 when his father was jailed in 1968, during the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Without the protection of his father, Xi went to work in [[Yanchuan County]], [[Yan'an]], Shaanxi, in 1969 in [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Down to the Countryside Movement]]. He later became the Party branch secretary of the production team. When he left in 1975, he was only 22 years old. When asked about this experience later by state television, Xi recalled it saying, "It was emotional. It was a mood. And when the ideals of the Cultural Revolution could not be realised, it proved an illusion."<ref>{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Watts|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/26/china.uknews4 |title=Most corrupt officials are from poor families but Chinese royals have a spirit that is not dominated by money|accessdate=11 June 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London |date= 26 October 2007}}</ref>



From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied [[chemical engineering]] at Beijing's prestigious [[Tsinghua University]]. From 1979 to 1982 he served as secretary for his father's former subordinate [[Geng Biao]], the then [[Vice Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China|vice premier]] and [[Secretary-General]] of the [[Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)|Central Military Commission]]. This gained Xi some military background. In 1985 he visited the town of [[Muscatine, Iowa]] as a part of a Chinese delegation to study American agriculture.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2101652/Xi-Jinping-Chinas-Vice-President-visits-Midwest-farming-family-stayed-exchange-trip.html China's Vice-President revisits youth with a trip to the Midwest to meet farming family he stayed with on exchange trip] Associated Press, 15 February 2012</ref>


Group of bonobos
Bonobo males occasionally engage in various forms of male–male genital behavior.[36][37] In one form, two males hang from a tree limb face-to-face while "penis fencing".[36][38] This also may occur when two males rub their penises together while in face-to-face position. Another form of genital interaction ("rump rubbing") occurs to express reconciliation between two males after a conflict, when they stand back-to-back and rub their scrotal sacs together. Takayoshi Kano observed similar practices among bonobos in the natural habitat.
Bonobo females also engage in female–female genital behavior, possibly to bond socially with each other, thus forming a female nucleus of bonobo society. The bonding among females enables them to dominate bonobo society. Although male bonobos are individually stronger, they cannot stand alone against a united group of females.[36] Adolescent females often leave their native community to join another community. Sexual bonding with other females establishes these new females as members of the group. This migration mixes the bonobo gene pools, providing genetic diversity.
Bonobo reproductive rates are no higher than those of the common chimpanzee.[36] During oestrus, females undergo a swelling of the perineal tissue lasting 10 to 20 days. Most matings occur during the maximum swelling. The gestation period is on average 240 days. Postpartum amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) lasts less than one year and a female may resume external signs of oestrus within a year of giving birth, though the female is probably not fertile at this point. Female bonobos carry and nurse their young for four years and give birth on average every 4.6 years.[4] Compared to common chimpanzees, bonobo females resume the genital swelling cycle much sooner after giving birth, enabling them to rejoin the sexual activities of their society. Also, bonobo females which are sterile or too young to reproduce still engage in sexual activity. The lifespan of a bonobo in captivity is about 40 years.[39] The lifespan in the wild is unknown.
How bonobos avoid SIV and its effects in bonobos are unknown.


===Ascent===
===Ascent===

Revision as of 04:15, 16 November 2012

Template:Chinese name

Xi Jinping
习近平
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
Assumed office
15 November 2012
DeputyLi Keqiang
Preceded byHu Jintao
Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission
Assumed office
15 November 2012
DeputyFan Changlong
Xu Qiliang
Preceded byHu Jintao
Member of the 17th and 18th CPC Politburo Standing Committees
Assumed office
22 October 2007
General SecretaryHu Jintao
Himself
First Secretary of the Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of China
In office
22 October 2007 – 15 November 2012
General SecretaryHu Jintao
Preceded byZeng Qinghong
Succeeded byLiu Yunshan
Vice President of the People's Republic of China
Assumed office
15 March 2008
PresidentHu Jintao
Preceded byZeng Qinghong
Vice Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission
In office
18 October 2010 – 15 November 2012
Serving with Guo Boxiong and Xu Caihou
LeaderHu Jintao
President of the CPC Central Party School
Assumed office
22 December 2007
DeputyLi Jingtian
Preceded byZeng Qinghong
Personal details
Born (1953-06-01) 1 June 1953 (age 70)
Beijing, China
Political partyCommunist Party
SpousePeng Liyuan
ChildrenXi Mingze (daughter)
Alma materTsinghua University
SignatureFile:Xi Jinping sign.png
Xi Jinping
Simplified Chinese习近平
Traditional Chinese習近平

Xi Jinping (pinyin: Xí Jìnpíng; pronounced [ɕǐ tɕînpʰǐŋ], born 1 June 1953) is the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China, who holds the positions of Vice President of China, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, President of the Central Party School and the first member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee, China's de facto top power organ. He has served as the top-ranked member of the Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of China,[1] the Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission.

Son of communist veteran Xi Zhongxun (1913–2002), Xi Jinping served mostly in Fujian province in his early career. He was later appointed party chief of the neighboring Zhejiang province, and then was appointed as Shanghai's party chief following the dismissal of Chen Liangyu. Known for his tough stance on corruption and a frank openness about political and market economy reforms,[2] Xi leads the Communist Party of China's fifth generation of leadership.[3]

Life and career

Sexual intercourse plays a major role in bonobo society observed in captivity, being used as what some scientists perceive as a greeting, a means of forming social bonds, a means of conflict resolution, and postconflict reconciliation.[33] Bonobos are the only nonhuman animal to have been observed engaging in all of the following sexual activities: face-to-face genital sex (although a pair of western gorillas has been photographed performing face-to-face genital sex,[34]) tongue kissing, and oral sex.[35] In scientific literature, the female–female behavior of touching genitals together is often referred to as GG rubbing or genital–genital rubbing. The sexual activity happens within the immediate community and sometimes outside of it. Bonobos do not form permanent monogamous sexual relationships with individual partners. They also do not seem to discriminate in their sexual behavior by sex or age, with the possible exception of abstaining from sexual intercourse between mothers and their adult sons. When bonobos come upon a new food source or feeding ground, the increased excitement will usually lead to communal sexual activity, presumably decreasing tension and encouraging peaceful feeding.[36]



Group of bonobos Bonobo males occasionally engage in various forms of male–male genital behavior.[36][37] In one form, two males hang from a tree limb face-to-face while "penis fencing".[36][38] This also may occur when two males rub their penises together while in face-to-face position. Another form of genital interaction ("rump rubbing") occurs to express reconciliation between two males after a conflict, when they stand back-to-back and rub their scrotal sacs together. Takayoshi Kano observed similar practices among bonobos in the natural habitat.

Bonobo females also engage in female–female genital behavior, possibly to bond socially with each other, thus forming a female nucleus of bonobo society. The bonding among females enables them to dominate bonobo society. Although male bonobos are individually stronger, they cannot stand alone against a united group of females.[36] Adolescent females often leave their native community to join another community. Sexual bonding with other females establishes these new females as members of the group. This migration mixes the bonobo gene pools, providing genetic diversity.

Bonobo reproductive rates are no higher than those of the common chimpanzee.[36] During oestrus, females undergo a swelling of the perineal tissue lasting 10 to 20 days. Most matings occur during the maximum swelling. The gestation period is on average 240 days. Postpartum amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) lasts less than one year and a female may resume external signs of oestrus within a year of giving birth, though the female is probably not fertile at this point. Female bonobos carry and nurse their young for four years and give birth on average every 4.6 years.[4] Compared to common chimpanzees, bonobo females resume the genital swelling cycle much sooner after giving birth, enabling them to rejoin the sexual activities of their society. Also, bonobo females which are sterile or too young to reproduce still engage in sexual activity. The lifespan of a bonobo in captivity is about 40 years.[39] The lifespan in the wild is unknown.

How bonobos avoid SIV and its effects in bonobos are unknown.

Ascent

Xi joined the Communist Youth League in 1971 and the Communist Party of China in 1974.[4] In 1982 he was sent to Zhengding County in Hebei as Deputy Secretary to the CPC Zhengding County Committee, and was promoted in 1983 to Secretary of the CPC Zhengding County Committee.[5] Xi subsequently served in four provinces during his political career: Shaanxi (during the Cultural Revolution, 1969—1975), Hebei (1982-1985), Fujian (1985-2002), and Zhejiang (2002-2007).

Xi held Party positions in the CPC Fuzhou Municipal Committee, and became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou in 1990. In 1999 he was promoted to the Deputy Governor of Fujian province, then became Governor a year later. While there he made efforts to attract investment from Taiwan and to boost free market economy. In February 2000 he and provincial Party Secretary Chen Mingyi were called before the top four members of the Party Central Politburo Standing Committee – General Secretary, President Jiang Zemin, Premier Zhu Rongji, Vice-President Hu Jintao and Discipline Inspection head Wei Jianxing to explain aspects of the Yuanhua scandal.[6]

In 2002 Xi took up senior government and Party positions in Zhejiang Province, and eventually took over as party chief after several months as acting Governor, becoming the first-in-charge in the economically successful coastal province. Xi was then made an alternate member of the 15th CPC Central Committee and holds the membership of the 16th CPC Central Committee, marking his ascension to the national stage. While in Zhejiang, one of China's most affluent provinces and a center of China's successful economic development, Xi provided the economic environment which secured growth rates averaging 14% per year. His career in Zhejiang was marked by tough and straightforward stance against corrupt officials, which earned him a name on the national media and drew the attention of China's top leaders.

Following the dismissal of Shanghai Party Chief Chen Liangyu in September 2006 due to a social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007 to become the new Party Chief of Shanghai. Xi's appointment to one of the most important regional posts in China was clearly a sign of confidence from the Central Government. While in Shanghai he was careful not to touch any controversial issues while largely echoing the line of the central leadership. Xi's career is notable in that during his regional tenures, he was never implicated in any serious scandals, nor did he face serious political opposition.

Joining the Standing Committee and Vice-Presidency

Xi Jinping greeting U.S. President George W. Bush in August 2008.
Xi Jinping with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in September 2010.

Xi's appointment to the Party Secretary post in Shanghai was seen as a stepping stone for him to become an emerging member of the fifth generation of Chinese leadership. This was solidified by his appointment as a member of the nine-man Politburo Standing Committee at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007. Xi was ranked above Li Keqiang, which made him the most likely candidate for China's next core figure – the paramount leader. In addition, Xi also held the top-ranking membership of the Communist Party's Central Secretariat. This assessment was further supported at the 11th National People's Congress, Xi was elected as Vice-President of the People's Republic of China on 15 March 2008.[7] Some suggest this was because Xi had kept friendly relations with both Hu Jintao and the other power figure in the central leadership, Zeng Qinghong.

Since his elevation Xi has held a broad range of portfolios. He was put in charge of the comprehensive preparations for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, as well as being the central government's leading figure in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, he also became the new President of the Central Party School, the cadre-training and ideological education wing of the Communist Party. In the wake of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, Xi visited disaster areas in Shaanxi and Gansu. Xi made his first foreign visit after his vice presidency to visit North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen from 17 to 25 June 2008.[8] After the Olympics, Xi was assigned the post of Committee Chair for the preparations of the 60th Anniversary Celebrations of the founding of the People's Republic of China. He was also reportedly at the helm of a top-level Communist Party committee dubbed the 6521 Project, which was charged with ensuring social stability during a series of political sensitive anniversaries in 2009.[9]

Xi is considered to be one of the most successful members of the Crown Prince Party, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Chinese revolutionaries. Senior leaders consider Xi to be an emerging figure that is open to serious dialogue about deep-seated market economic reforms and even political reform, although Xi's personal political views are relatively murky.[clarification needed] He is generally popular with foreign dignitaries, who are intrigued by his openness and pragmatism. Former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, when asked about Xi, said he felt he was "a thoughtful man who has gone through many trials and tribulations."[2] Lee also commented: "I would put him in the Nelson Mandela class of persons. A person with enormous emotional stability who does not allow his personal misfortunes or sufferings affect his judgment. In other words, he is impressive".[10] Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson described Xi as "the kind of guy who knows how to get things over the goal line."[11] Former Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, commented on October 4th 2012: China's new president and party secretary general, Xi Jinping, (who) has sufficient reformist, party and military background to be very much his own man.

Tours as Vice President

In February 2009, in his capacity as Vice-President, Xi Jinping embarked on a tour of Latin America, visiting Mexico,[12][13] Jamaica,[14][15] Colombia,[16][17] Venezuela,[18][19] and Brazil[20][21] to promote Chinese ties in the region and boost the country's reputation in the wake of the global financial crisis. He also visited Valletta, Malta before returning to China.[22][23]

On 11 February, while visiting Mexico, Xi spoke in front of a group of overseas Chinese and explained China's contributions to the financial crisis, saying that it was "the greatest contribution towards the whole of human race, made by China, to prevent its 1.3 billion people from hunger".[24] He followed with a rather direct accusation for "foreigners" trying to interfere in Chinese affairs, a subject that has always been sensitive in Chinese political circles. In Chinese, Xi remarked: "There are some bored foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to do than point fingers at us [China]. First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hunger and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches, what more is there to be said?"[25][26] The story was reported on some local television stations. The news led to a flood of discussions on Chinese internet forums. It was reported that the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was caught off-guard by Xi's non-diplomatic remarks, as the actual video was shot by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast on Hong Kong TV, which then turned up in various internet video websites.[27]

Xi has since gone on a series of foreign visits, some say to burnish his foreign affairs credentials before he takes the helm of China's leadership. Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania from 7 to 21 October 2009.[28] Xi visited Japan, South Korea, Cambodia and Myanmar on his Asian trip from 14 to 22 December 2009.[29]

Xi visited the United States, Ireland and Turkey in February 2012. The visit included meeting with US President Barack Obama at the White House[30] and Vice President Joe Biden, with whom he had met extensively in China in August 2011; and stops in California and Iowa, where he met with the family which previously hosted him during his 1985 tour as a Hebei provincial official.[31] Noted as absent was a visit with Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner,[32] who has spoken critically about Chinese currency policy.[33]

Political future

Xi was named as one of the most influential people in the world in the 2009, 2011 and 2012 Time 100 lists.[34] The British magazine New Statesman listed Xi Jinping at number 4 in their annual survey of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".[35] In September 2009, at the Fourth Plenum of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping was not selected as the Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) as expected, raising some questions about his succession. Political analyst Cheng Li believed that Xi's failure to secure the CMC promotion was evidence that the Communist Party was developing internal checks and balances, giving way to more sophisticated mechanisms for leadership succession.[36] Xi was officially appointed to the vice-chairmanship on 18 October 2010, a position Hu Jintao once held back in 1999 before taking over the secretaryship and the presidency years later.[37][38][39][40] By 2010, it appeared to be clear that Xi would succeed Hu as General Secretary and President in 2012 and 2013 respectively.[41][42]

Paramount leader

On 15 November 2012, Vice President Xi Jinping was elected to the post of General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission. [43][44]

Personal life

Xi first married Ke Lingling, the daughter of Ke Hua, an ambassador to Britain in the early 1980s. Little is known about their marriage other than that it ended in divorce within a few years.[45] Xi married the famous Chinese folk singer Peng Liyuan (彭丽媛) in 1987.[46] Peng Liyuan, a household name in China, was much better known to the public than Xi until his political elevation. The couple frequently lived apart due largely to their separate professional lives. They are sometimes considered China's emerging star political couple. They have a daughter named Xi Mingze (习明泽),[47][dead link] who enrolled as a freshman at Harvard University in the autumn of 2010 under a pseudonym.[48]

Xi holds a bachelor degree in chemical engineering and a doctorate in political science.[49]

Peng described Xi as hardworking and down-to-earth. "When he comes home, I've never felt as if there's some leader in the house. In my eyes, he's just my husband."[50]

Xi was described in a 2011 The Washington Post article by those who know him as "pragmatic, serious, cautious, hard-working, down to earth and low-key." Xi was also described as a good hand at problem solving and "seemingly uninterested in the trappings of high office."[51] He is also known to love Hollywood films like Saving Private Ryan[52] and The Departed.[citation needed] The Guardian noted that "perhaps more surprisingly" he also praised the independent film maker Jia Zhangke.[53]

Members of Xi's extended family have substantial business interests, although there is no evidence that they have been assisted by Xi's political position.[54] The Chinese government censored this information, going as far as blocking Bloomberg's website after they reported it.[55]

See also

References

  1. ^ Forbes: Xi Jinping - First Secretary of the Secretariat of the Communist Party, People's Republic of China
  2. ^ a b Ansfield, Jonathan (22 December 2007). "Xi Jinping: China's New Boss And The 'L' Word". Newsweek. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  3. ^ "deckblatt-ca-data sup-form.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  4. ^ Ranade, Jayadva (25 October 2010). "China's Next Chairman - Xi Jinping". Centre for Air Power Studies. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  5. ^ "Xi Jinping". GlobalSecurity.org. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  6. ^ Xiao Yu, Fujian leaders face Beijing top brass, South China Morning Post, 18 February 2000
  7. ^ "Hu Jintao reelected Chinese president", Xinhua (China Daily), 15 March 2008.
  8. ^ "Vice-President Xi Jinping to Visit DPRK, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen". Mfa.gov.cn. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  9. ^ Michael Wines. 'China's Leaders See a Calendar Full of Anniversaries, and Trouble'. The New York Times, 9 March 2009.
  10. ^ "China's Nelson Mandela". Time. 19 November 2007.
  11. ^ Tang, Eugene (15 March 2008). "China Appoints Xi Vice President, Heir Apparent to Hu". Bloomberg. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  12. ^ Agence France-Presse (11 February 2009). "Chinese vice president in Mexico to boost trade". Channel NewsAsia.
  13. ^ Associated Press (10 February 2009). "Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping speaks during a news conference in Mexico City, Tuesday, Feb. 10, 2009. Jinping is on a two-day official visit to Mexico". Associated Press.
  14. ^ "Photo Gallery of the Official Visit of the Vice President of the People's Republic of China and the State Visit of the King and Queen of Spain". Jamaica Information Service. 12 February 2009.
  15. ^ "China, Jamaica vow to enhance friendly partnership". China Central Television. 13 February 2009.
  16. ^ Mu Xuequan (17 February 2009). "Chinese vice president concludes official visit to Colombia". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  17. ^ "China Names Colombia Official Tourism Destination". Latin American Herald Tribune. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ Fang Yang (19 February 2009). "Chinese VP meets Venezuelan top legislator on parliamentary co-op, bilateral ties". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  19. ^ Devereux, Charlie (26 September 2012). "China Bankrolling Chavez's Re-Election Bid With Oil Loans". Bloomberg News.
  20. ^ Ministry of External Relations (9 March 2009). "Visita do Vice-Presidente da China, Xi Jinping - 19/2/2008". YouTube.
  21. ^ "Chinese VP meets Brazilian president on deepening strategic partnership". Xinhua News Agency. 20 February 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  22. ^ "Xi Jinping visits Malta". The Embassy of Malta in the People's Republic of China. 23 February 2009.
  23. ^ Mu Xuequan (22 February 2009). "Roundup: Chinese vice president starts official visit to Malta". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  24. ^ Original: simplified Chinese: 在国际金融风暴中，中国能基本解决13亿人口吃饭的问题，已经是对全人类最伟大的贡献; traditional Chinese: 在國際金融風暴中，中國能基本解決13億人口吃飯的問題，已經是對全人類最偉大的貢獻
  25. ^ Original: simplified Chinese: 有些吃饱没事干的外国人，对我们的事情指手画脚。中国一不输出革命，二不输出饥饿和贫困，三不折腾你们，还有什么好说的？; traditional Chinese: 有些吃飽沒事干的外國人，對我們的事情指手畫腳。中國一不輸出革命，二不輸出飢餓和貧困，三不折騰你們，還有什麽好說的？
  26. ^ "AsiaOne.com: Chinese VP blasts meddlesome foreigners". News.asiaone.com. 14 February 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  27. ^ 記者賴錦宏 (18 February 2009). "習近平出訪罵老外 外交部捏冷汗". 聯合報. Retrieved 27 February 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) [dead link]
  28. ^ "Vice President Xi Jinping to visit Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania and attend Europalia Chinese Art Festival and China's Guest-of-Honor Activities in Frankfurt Book Fair". Mfa.gov.cn. 10 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  29. ^ Raman, B., "China's Cousin-Cousin Relations with Myanmar" # 3566, South Asia Analysis Group, 25 December 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  30. ^ Reuters.
  31. ^ Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping heads back to his favourite U.S. town 27 years after he first stayed there Daily Mail Online, 16 February 2012
  32. ^ Goldstein, Steve, "China’s Xi to get softballs in visit with Obama", MarketWatch, 13 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  33. ^ Ian Katz and Cheyenne Hopkins "Geithner Presses China on Currency, Seeks Support on Iran", Businessweek, 17 January 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  34. ^ "The 2009 Time 100". Time. 30 April 2009.
  35. ^ "4. Xi Jinping – 50 People Who Matter 2010". New Statesman. UK. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  36. ^ Garnaut, John (21 September 2009). "Chinese puzzle: who is Hu's heir?". The Age. Melbourne.
  37. ^ Demick, Barbara (19 October 2010). "Xi Jinping on track to become China's next president". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  38. ^ Sainsbury, Michael (19 October 2010). "China vice-president Xi Jinping one step from the top job". The Australian. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  39. ^ Tsang, Steve (18 October 2010). "China's succession 'arrangement'". BBC News. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  40. ^ Fang Yang (18 October 2010). "Xi Jinping appointed vice-chairman of Central Military Commission". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  41. ^ "The 2011 TIME 100 – Xi Jinping: Heir Apparent". Time. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
  42. ^ Page, Jeremy (22 August 2011). "China Previews Rising Leadership". Wall Street Journal. US. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  43. ^ "China Confirms Leadership Change". BBC News. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  44. ^ "Xi Jinping: China's 'princeling' new leader". Retrieved 15-11-2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  45. ^ Elizabeth Yuan (8 November 2012). "Xi Jinping: From 'sent-down youth' to China's top". CNN. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  46. ^ Magnier, Mark (23 October 2007). "China's 'fifth generation' of leaders reflects nation's shifts". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  47. ^ "习近平 彭丽媛：携手19年 家有小女习明泽(translation:Xi Jinping and Peng Liyuan: tied the knot for 19 years, had bred a daughter named Xi Mingze)" (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency.
  48. ^ Liu, Melinda (18 January 2011). "Can't we just be friends?". Newsweek. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  49. ^ "Xi Jinping 'transcends' his predecessors: expert". Taipei Times. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  50. ^ "In depth". BBC. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  51. ^ Richburg, Keith B. (15 August 2011). "Xi Jinping, likely China's next leader, called pragmatic, low-key". The Washington Post.
  52. ^ Buckley, Chris, "China leader-in-waiting carries heavy political baggage to U.S.", Reuters, 8 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  53. ^ Branigan, Tania (13 February 2012). "The Guardian profile: Xi Jinping". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  54. ^ "Xi Jinping Millionaire Relations Reveal Fortunes of Elite". Bloomberg. 29 June 2012.
  55. ^ Branigan, Tania (29 June 2012). "China blocks Bloomberg for exposing financial affairs of Xi Jinping's family". The Guardian. Beijing. Retrieved 11 September 2012.

External links

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Party political offices
Preceded by Secretary of the CPC Zhejiang Committee
2002–2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Secretary of the CPC Shanghai Committee
2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by First Secretary of Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of China
2007–2012 		Succeeded by
Leader of the Central Leading Group for Party Building
2007–2012
Preceded by Vice Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission
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Served alongside: Xu Caihou, Guo Boxiong 		Succeeded by
Preceded by General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
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Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission
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Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Fujian
1999–2002 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of Zhejiang
Acting
2002–2003 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the People's Congress Standing Committee of Zhejiang
2003–2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice President of the People's Republic of China
2008–present 		Incumbent
Preceded by Vice Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission
2010–present
Served alongside: Xu Caihou, Guo Boxiong
Academic offices
Preceded by President of the Central Party School
2007–present 		Incumbent
Order of precedence
Preceded by
none
 1st Rank of the Communist Party of China
18th Politburo Standing Committee 		Succeeded by
Li Keqiang
2nd Rank
Preceded by
Li Changchun
Propaganda Chairman
 6th Rank of the Communist Party of China
17th Politburo Standing Committee 		Succeeded by
Li Keqiang
Vice Premier

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