Zero-width non-joiner

The zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) is a non-printing character used in the computerization of writing systems that make use of ligatures. When placed between two characters that would otherwise be connected into a ligature, a ZWNJ causes them to be printed in their final and initial forms, respectively. This is also an effect of a space character, but a ZWNJ is used when it is desirable to keep the words closer together.

The ZWNJ is encoded in Unicode as U+200C zero width non-joiner (HTML: ‌ ‌).

Use of the ZWNJ for correct typography

In certain languages, the ZWNJ is required for correct typography.

Correct (with ZWNJ)			Incorrect			Meaning
Display	Picture	Code	Display	Picture	Code
أي‌بي‌إم		أي‌بي‌إم	أيبيإم		أيبيإم	Arabic 'IBM'
می‌خواهم		می‌خواهم	میخواهم		میخواهم	Persian 'I want to'
עֲו‌ֹנֹת		עֲו‌ֹנֹת	עֲוֹנֹת		עֲוֹנֹת	Old Hebrew 'transgressions'
Auf‌lage		Auf‌lage	Auflage		Auflage	German 'edition'

With the Biblical Hebrew example, the placement of the holam dot to the left of the letter waw (ו) is correct for the translation. The placement of the dot over the ו makes it visually confusing with עוֹנוֹת, seasons. (In Modern Hebrew there is no reason to use the holam after the waw and the ligature is needed, so it is rarely used in Modern Hebrew typesetting.)

In the German example the prefix Auf- is separated from the rest of the word in order to break the ligature fl into the separate characters f and l.

Use of the ZWNJ for diplaying alternate forms

In the Indic scripts, insertion of a ZWNJ after a consonant with a halant or before a dependent vowel will prevent the characters from being joined properly. For example,

In Devanagari, the characters क् and ष typically combine to form क्ष, but when a ZWNJ is inserted between them, क्‌ष (code: क्‌ष) is seen instead.

In Kannada, the characters ನ್ and ನ combine to from ನ್ನ, but when a ZWNJ is inserted between them, ನ್‌ನ would be seen. This style is typical used to write non-Kannada words in Kannada script. Ex: Facebook is written as ಫೇಸ್‌ಬುಕ್, though it can be written as ಫೇಸ್ಬುಕ್.

See also

• Zero-width joiner
• Zero-width space
• Word divider

External links

• Using the ZWNJ in Persian