Zhenitba
| Modest Mussorgsky |
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Operas
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Zhenitba (Russian: Женитьба, Zhenit'ba, Marriage) is an unfinished opera begun in 1868 by Modest Mussorgsky to his own libretto based on Nikolai Gogol's comedy Marriage. This 1842 play is a satire of courtship and cowardice, which centres around a young woman, Agafya, who is wooed by four bachelors, each with his own idiosyncrasies.
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[edit] History
[edit] Composition history
The idea to set Gogol's Marriage to music came from the advice and influence of Alexander Dargomyzhsky, who began to compose his own experimental opera, The Stone Guest, to Alexander Pushkin's tragedy just two years earlier (in 1866). Dargomyzhsky declared that the text would be set "just as it stands, so that the inner truth of the text should not be distorted",[citation needed] and in a manner that abolished the 'unrealistic' division between aria and recitative in favour of a continuous mode of syllabic but lyrically heightened declamation somewhere between the two.
Marriage
A completely improbable event in three acts"
In 1868, Mussorgsky rapidly set the first eleven scenes of Zhenitba, with his priority being to render into music the natural accents and patterns of the play's naturalistic and deliberately humdrum dialogue. Mussorgsky's aim was to create individual musical signatures for each character using the natural rhythms of the text. The composer noted:
- "I would very much like my characters on the stage to speak like living people, and in such a manner that the character and force of the intonation, supported by the orchestra and forming the background for their speech, would gain its object, that is, my music must be the artistic reproduction of human speech in all its subtle nuances." (Mussorgsky).[citation needed]
The first act was completed in 1868 in a vocal score and the composer noted:
- "I have completed the first act. It rained without stopping for three days running and I worked without stopping in keeping with the weather. The Marriage gave me not a minute of calm – so I wrote it." (Mussorgsky, Summer 1868)[citation needed]
The score is inscribed with the following details: "The work began on Tuesday, June 11, 1868 in Petrograd (St. Petersburg), and was finished on Tuesday, July 8, 1868 in the village Shilovo, Tula Oblast."
The Marriage was one of Mussorgsky's first musical masterpieces. It was an experiment in Russian opera, using grotesque and satirical musical language. One citic commented:
- "With all its jolting contrasts and exaggerations, when the composer, in the best Russian-Petersburg tradition, mocks his characters but at the same time "weeps" over them." (Solomon Volkov)[citation needed]
[edit] Performance history
Notable early performances included:
- 1868, at the home of César Cui, with Nadezhda Purgold (piano), Modest Mussorgsky (Podkolyosin), Alexander Dargomyzhsky (Kochkaryov), Aleksandra Purgold (Fyokla Ivanovna), and Konstantin Velyaminov (Stepan).
- 1906, at the home of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, with Nadezhda Rimskaya-Korsakova (piano), Sigizmund Blumenfeld (Podkolyosin), A. P. Sandulenko (Kochkaryov), Sonya Rimskaya-Korsakova (Fyokla Ivanovna), and Gury Stravinsky (Stepan).
- 1908, St. Petersburg, stage performance with piano accompaniment
Note: Aleksandra Purgold (later Molas) is the sister of Nadezhda Purgold (later Rimskaya-Korsakova), Sigizmund Blumenfeld is the brother of conductor Felix Blumenfeld, Sonya Rimskaya-Korsakova is the daughter of Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, and Gury Stravinsky is the brother of composer Igor Stravinsky.
[edit] Publication history
- 1908, vocal score edition by Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, V. Bessel and Co., St. Petersburg
- 1933, vocal score, original composer's version, Muzgiz together with Universal Edition, Moscow, in the second issue of Volume IV of the Complete Works by Mussorgsky
[edit] Roles
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast (Conductor: – ) |
|---|---|---|
| Podkolyosin, a councillor | baritone | |
| Kochkaryov, his friend | tenor | |
| Fyokla Ivanovna, a matchmaker | mezzo-soprano | |
| Stepan, Podkolyosin's valet | bass |
[edit] Versions
- Rimsky-Korsakov: The first full production in Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's revision took place in Petrograd 1917.
- Gauk: The opera was also orchestrated by the Russian conductor Aleksandr Gauk and staged in 1917.
- d'Harcourt: French opera conductor and composer Eugène d'Harcourt created his orchestration in 1930.
- Duhamel: Antoine Duhamel's version is dated 1954.
- Ippolitov-Ivanov: In 1931 Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov added three acts (acts 2-4) to this opera and orchestrated a complete score. This version was given in 1931 at the Radioteatr, Moscow.
- Tcherepnin: Another complete version by Alexander Tcherepnin (German: Die Heirat) was premiered on September 14, 1937, Essen, Germany. Here are the details:
- WoO Die Heirat (The Marriage), in 2 scenes after a comedy by Nikolai Gogol (65')
- Music: First scene by Modest Mussorgsky (1863) (30')
- Second scene by Alexander Tcherepnin (1934–1935) (35')
- The entire work was orchestrated by Alexander Tcherepnin.
- Text in Russian and German. (German translation by Heinrich Burkard)
- Orchestration: 2222 / 4221 / percussion / harp / strings
- Publisher: Universal Edition
- Rozhdestvensky: Gennady Rozhdestvensky orchestrated the opera in 1982.
- Nagovitsyn: Vyacheslav Nagovitsyn orchestrated the first act in 1991. European première on August 1991,[Edinburg],[Scotland],and December 10, 2005, London, United Kingdom. Details: Tugan Sokhiev (conductor) with the Philharmonia and soloists of the Mariinsky Opera.
[edit] Synopsis
The idle bachelor Podkolyosin attempts to find a wife: "Well, when one considers carefully, one sees that marriage can be very useful." He currently leads a chaotic life, with his poor servant, Stepan, constantly at his beck and call.
A marriage broker, Fyokla Ivanovna, arrives to give Podkolyosin details of a girl she has chosen for him. However, he is more interested in her dowry: "And what kind of dowry will I receive? Let's start from the beginning and discuss the dowry ...” He also worries that she is not sufficiently highly bred for him: "I don’t suppose she is the daughter of an Officer?... So, is this really the best bargain?"
Fyokla suggests that he can't afford be fussy with his poor looks and greying hair! Unexpectedly Kochkaryov, Podkolyosin's best friend, turns up and is angry to see the marriage broker. He complains that she has married him off to a troublesome, bossy woman. He sends her away, and decides to take over the match-making duties himself. He paints an idealistic and hassle-free picture of married life for his friend: "There will be a bird in its cage and some embroidery. Just imagine yourself in your chair, quiet and serene and at your side a little caressing woman, all round and pretty. Her hand will stroke you ... like this ..."
A reluctant Podkolyosin resists Kochkaryov's demands that he at least visit the girl: "Leave it for now ... come on, we'll go tomorrow." And Kochkaryov answers: "You're an idiot and coward! You are even worse ... you're a sissy and an ass!" And Kochkaryov literally shoves Podkolesin out of the door of his apartment. Here the 1st act ends.
[edit] Recordings
- 1982, Gennady Rozhdestvensky (conductor), USSR Ministry of Culture Symphony Orchestra, Vladimir Khrulev (Podkolyosin), Aleksandr Podbolotor (Kochkaryov), Ludmilla Kolmakova (Fyokla Ivanovna), Vladimir Ribasenko (Stepan)
[edit] Sound samples
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