Zoology
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Zoology (correctly pronounced /zoʊˈɒlədʒi/, though often /zuːˈɒlədʒi/[1]), occasionally also spelt zo-ölogy, is the branch of biology that focuses on the structure, function, behavior, and evolution of animals.
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[edit] History
- Main articles: History of zoology (through 1859), History of zoology (1859–1912)
Humans have been fascinated by the other members of the animal kingdom throughout history. In early Europe, they gathered up and catalogued descriptions of strange animals from distant lands or deep seas, such as are recorded in the Physiologus and in the works of Albertus Magnus. His work was based largely on the writings of Aristotle (384–322 BC). Magnus' De animalibus libri XXVI is not the only volume of his commentaries on Natural History, but it remains one of the most extensive studies of zoological observation published before modern times.[2] The disciplinary study of zoology also found root in Arabia and China. Arab scholar Al-Jahizz (781–868) wrote the Book of Animals. Two great Chinese authors in this field were Su Song (1020-1101) and Shen Kuo(1031-1095) of the Song Dynasty period, yet there were many others. In Roman times, the main writer about natural history was Pliny the Elder (23–79).
Scientific zoology really started in the 16th century with the awakening of the new spirit of observation and exploration, but for a long time ran a separate course uninfluenced by the progress of the medical studies of anatomy and physiology. The spirit of inquiry which now for the first time became general showed itself in the anatomical schools of the Italian universities of the 16th century and spread fifty years later to the University of Oxford.
The first founded of surviving European academies, the Academia Naturae Curiosorum (1651) confined itself to the description and illustration of the structure of plants and animals; eleven years later, the Royal Society of London was incorporated by royal charter.
A little later the Academy of Sciences of Paris was established by Louis XIV. Collectors and systematisers reached maturity in the latter part of the 18th century in Linnaeus, other anatomists such as John Hunter also set to work to examine anatomically the whole animal kingdom and to classify its members by aid of the results of careful study. Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch tailor and naturalist, introduced another revolution with his construction of the first microscope.
It was not until the 19th century that the microscope was improved and accomplished for zoology what some consider to be its most important service. The perfecting of the microscope led to an improved comprehension of cell structure and the establishment of the Cell Theory:
- That all organisms are either single cells or built of many cells;
- That all organisms begin their existence as a single cell, which multiplies by binary fission, the products growing in size and multiplying similarly by binary fission; and
- That the life of a multicellular organism is the sum of the activities of the cells of which it consists and that the processes of life must be studied in and their explanation obtained from an understanding of the chemical and physical changes which go on in each individual cell of living material or protoplasm.
The contributions of individuals such as William Harvey (the circulation of blood), Carolus Linnaeus (system of nomenclature), Georges Buffon (natural history), Georges Cuvier (comparative anatomy), and Claude Bernard (homeostasis) greatly advanced the field. Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a seminal work of scientific literature, considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.
[edit] Systems of classification
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Morphography is the systematic exploration, tabulation and characterization of data concerning animals, existing or extinct. It is similar to ethnography. Groups of people who have contributed to the field include past museum-makers of and their modern descendants, the curators and annotators of zoological collections, early explorers and modern naturalist travelers and writers collectors of fossils and paleontologists.
[edit]
Although the study of animal life is ancient, its scientific incarnation is relatively modern. This mirrors the transition from natural history to biology at the start of the nineteenth century. Since Hunter and Cuvier, comparative anatomical study has been associated with morphography shapins the modern areas of zoological investigation: anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology, and animal behaviour. Modern zoology first arose in German and British universities. In Britain, Thomas Henry Huxley was a prominent figure. His ideas were centered on the morphology of animals. Many consider him the greatest comparative anatomist of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Similar to Hunter, his courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes in contrast the previous format of lectures only. This system became widely spread.
Gradually zoology expanded beyond Huxley's comparative anatomy to include the following sub-disciplines:
- Zoography, also known as descriptive zoology, describes animals and their habitats.
- Comparative anatomy studies the structure of animals.
- Animal physiology
- Behavioral ecology
- Ethology is the study of animal behaviour.
- The various taxonomically oriented disciplines such as mammalogy, herpetology, ornithology and entomology identify and classify species and study the structures and mechanisms specific to those groups.
Related fields:
- Evolutionary biology: Development of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on evolution, population genetics, heredity, variation, Mendelism, reproduction.
- Molecular Biology studies the common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants
- Palaeontology
- Systematics, cladistics, phylogenetics, phylogeography, biogeography and taxonomy classify and group species via common descent and regional associations.
[edit] See also
- Outline of zoology
- List of zoologists
- Important Publications in Zoology
- Timeline of zoology
- Zoological distribution
- Zootomy - the study of animal anatomy or animal dissection
[edit] References
- ^ "Zoology". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=zoology. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- ^ Albertus Magnus. On Animals: A Medieval Summa Zoologica. The Review of Metaphysics | December 01, 2001 | Tkacz, Michael W.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
[edit] External links
Zoology at Wikibooks.- Books on Zoology at Project Gutenberg
- A Study Guide to Invertebrate Zoology at Wikibooks
- Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology
- An online dissection pictures of animals
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