Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya

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Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya, alternatively Romanised as Kosmodem'yanskaya (Russian: Зо́я Анато́льевна Космодемья́нская) (September 13, 1923  – November 29, 1941) was a Soviet partisan,^[1] and a Hero of the Soviet Union (awarded posthumously)^[2]. She is one of the most revered martyrs of the Soviet Union.^[3]

Contents 1 Family 2 Life 3 Death 4 Fame 5 Controversy 5.1 Klubkov's betrayal version 6 Canonization proposal 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links

[edit] Family

Kosmodemyansky family name was constructed by joining the names of Saints Cosmas and Damian (Kosma and Demyan in Russian). Kosmodemyansky were priests of Russian Orthodox Church since 17th century. Zoya's grandfather Saint Pyotr Kosmodemyansky was murdered in 1918 by a militant for his opposition to blasphemy.^[4]

Zoya (her name is a Russian form of the Greek name Zoe, which means "life") was born in 1923 in the village of Osino-Guy (meaning Aspen Woods), not far from the city of Tambov. Her father, Anatoly Kosmodemyansky, studied in a theological seminary, but did not graduate. He later worked as a librarian. Her mother, Lyubov Kosmodemyanskaya (maiden name Churikova), was a school teacher. In 1925 Zoya's brother Alexander was born. Like his sister, he was destined to become a Hero of the Soviet Union, and, like Zoya, posthumously^[5]. Residents of Osinovy-Guy believe that Zoya and Alexander were the two angels, coming of which St. Pyotr Kosmodemyansky prophesized before his martyrdom ^[6] . In 1929 the family moved to Siberia for fear of persecution. In 1930 they moved to Moscow.

[edit] Life

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Zoya's favorite subject in school was literature. Her teachers noted her essays for deep understanding of the subject and for imagery. Zoya read far beyond the curriculum. The list of authors she read includes Tolstoy, Pushkin, Lermontov, Karamzin, Zhukovsky, Byron, Molière, Cervantes, Dickens, Goethe, and Shakespeare. Zoya kept a notebook where she recorded her thoughts about the books she read. Such as this "In Shakespeare's tragedies the death of a hero is always accompanied by a triumph of a high moral cause." She liked Beethoven's Egmont and often sang Klärchen's song "Die Trommel gerühret." Her favorite music was Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 5. Her striving for high ideals led to misunderstandings with her classmates. On the eve of 1939 the girls wrote each other notes with New Year wishes. Zoya received the following note "Zoya, don't judge people so strict. Don't take everything so close to heart. Know that most people are egoist, flatterers, are insincere and you can't depend on them. You should leave their words without attention. Such is my New Year wish." After reading the note Zoya said "If one thinks of people like that, then what has one to live for?"

Kosmodemyanskaya joined the Komsomol in 1938. Note, however, that almost everybody (including Solzhenitsyn) joined the Komsomol in those years. The Komsomol oversaw all the life of the youth including the outdoor activities, like hiking and camping. One of Zoya's assignments from Komsomol was to teach an illiterate housewife to read and write. Zoya also helped her classmates with their school studies and defended animals from boys who were abusing them.

In October 1941, still a high school student in Moscow, she volunteered for a partisan unit. To her mother, who tried to talk her from doing this, she answered "What can I do when the enemy is so close? If they came here I would not be able to continue living." Zoya was assigned to the partisan unit 9903 (Staff of the Western Front). Out of a thousand people who joined the unit in October 1941 only a half survived the war. At the village of Obukhovo near Naro-Fominsk, Kosmodemyanskaya and other partisans crossed the front line and entered territory occupied by the Germans. They mined roads and cut communication lines. On November 27, 1941 Zoya received an assignment to burn the village of Petrischevo, where a German cavalry regiment was stationed. She did not return.

[edit] Death

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In Petrischevo Zoya managed to set fire to horsestables and a couple of houses. However, one Russian collaborationist had noticed her and informed his masters. They rewarded his service with a bottle of vodka. The Germans then caught Zoya when she started to set fire to yet another house. She was taken to the hut, which was used as headquarters. The owners of the house were asked to go to the kitchen. The commanding officer himself interrogated Zoya, speaking in Russian^[7].

"Who are you?" asked the colonel. "I won't tell." "Was it you who set fire to the stables?" "Yes." "What is your aim?" "To destroy you." ...Silence... "When did you cross the front line?" "On Friday." "You got here too soon for that." "Why waste time?" ^[8]

They asked Zoya who sent her and who came with her. They demanded that she should tell them who her comrades were. Through the door came her answers: No; I don't know; I won't tell. Then belts hissed through the air, and one could hear them lacerating the bare flesh. After a few minutes a young officer jumped out of the room into the kitchen, buried his head in his hands and sat thus till the end of the interrogation, his eyes shut and his fingers plugging his ears. But those, who beat Zoya were laughing. The owners of the house counted two hundred blows. Not a sound came from Zoya. And afterwards she again said: No; I won't tell; only her voice sounded fainter.

When the interrogation was over Zoya had a large purple-black bruise on her forehead, and weals on her arms and legs. She was breathing heavily. She was half undressed and barefoot. The girl's hands were bound behind her. Her lips were bloody and swollen. She had evidently bitten them for not to cry. She asked for water. One of Russian home owners stepped up with a mug of water. However, the German sentry was too quick for him. He snatched a burning kerosene lamp from the table and held it up to Zoya's mouth. The Russian began to plead for the girl. The German snarled at him, but then grudgingly gave way. She drained two large mugfuls. Then soldiers swarmed into the hut, surrounded the girl and amused themselves. Some of them pounded her in the sides with their fists, others held lighted matches under her chin, and one of them drew a saw across her back.

Only when soldiers sufficiently diverted themselves they retired. Thereupon the sentry put his rifle at the ready and ordered Zoya to get up and go out of the house. He marched her along the street, the point of his bayonet almost touching her back. The outdoor temperature was -20°C (-40°F) . Barefoot, wearing nothing but her underclothes, she walked through the snow until her torturer himself was cold and decided that it was time to return to the warm hut. That sentry stood guard over Zoya from ten in the evening till two in the morning, and every hour he led her out into the street for fifteen or twenty minutes.

At last a new sentry took over. This one was less wicked and did not get Zoya into the street. He untited her arms and even asked the homeowners for a pillow. So Zoya could lay down on the bench. We don't know if she slept or not, but we do know that throughout the night not a sound came from Zoya, though her blackened, frost-bitten feet must have caused a lot of pain. In the morning the officers came in. One of them again asked Zoya,

"Tell us who you are." Zoya did not answer. "Tell us where is Stalin." "Stalin is at his post," answered Zoya.

The master of the house and his wife did not hear the rest of the questioning, for they were driven out of the house and allowed in again only when the interrogation was over. It was, probably, then that Germans tore off Zoya's fingernails (they had been missing on her body).

Around 10am they dressed Zoya, and hung a board with the inscription: 'Houseburner.' Thus they marched her out onto the square with the gallows. The place of execution was surrounded by horsemen with drawn swords, a hundred German soldiers and some officers. The village folk had been forced to attend the execution. Under the noose hanging from the crossbeam of the gallows were two boxes, placed one on top of the other. The executioners lifted the girl onto the boxes and threw the noose round her neck. One of the officers began to focus the lens of his camera on the gallows. The commandant made a sign to the soldiers acting as hangmen to wait. Zoya took advantage of this and, addressing the farmers, shouted in a loud clear voice,

"Comrades! Why are you so gloomy? I am not afraid to die! I am happy to die for my people! Be brave, fight the Germans, burn them, poison them!"

A German standing next to her tried to hit her on her mouth, but she warded off his blow and turning to the soldiers shouted

"You'll hang me now, but I am not alone. There are two hundred million of us, and you can't hang us all. My comrades will avenge my death. Germans, surrender before it is too late. Victory will be ours!"

The hangman wrenched at the rope, and the noose tightened around Zoya's throat. Tugging at it with both hands she stood up on her toes and shouted with all her strength,

"Farewell, Comrades! Fight, don't be afraid!"

Zoya hung on the gallows for the whole month. During Christmas week a bunch of drunk Germans stubbed her with knives and cut off her left breast. After that the commanding officers decided to hide their crimes and bury Zoya.

In the middle of January 1942 the village of Petrischevo was liberated by the Soviet Army. Zoya was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The collaborationist, who sold her for a bottle of vodka, fell victim to Stalin's repressions.

[edit] Fame

The story of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was widely popular after a Pravda article which was written by Pyotr Lidov, was published on January 27, 1942. The journalist had heard about Zoya's execution from an elderly peasant, and was impressed by the young woman's courage. The witness recounted: "They were hanging her and she was giving a speech. They were hanging her and she was threatening them." Lidov travelled to Petrishchevo, details were collected from local residents and published them in an article about the then-unknown partisan girl. Soon after, the article was noticed by Stalin who proclaimed: "Here is the people's heroine", which started a propaganda campaign honouring Kosmodemyanskaya. In February she was identified and was therefore immediately awarded the order of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).^[9]

Many streets, kolkhozes and Pioneer organizations in the Soviet Union used to bear the name of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Soviet poets, writers, artists and sculptors dedicated their works to Kosmodemyanskaya. In 1944 the film Zoya was made about her. The Soviets erected a monument in her honour not far from the village of Petrishchevo (sculptors - O.A.Ikonnikov and V.A.Feodorov). Another statue is prominently located at the Partizanskaya Moscow Metro station. A 4108 meter (13,478 feet) mountain peak in Trans-Ili Alatau is named after her. A minor planet 1793 Zoya discovered in 1968 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova is named after her.^[10] Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya's brother Alexander (1925 - April 13, 1945), a Senior Lieutenant, died in combat in Germany and was posthumously awarded Hero of the Soviet Union in 1945.^[11]

In the 2002 book Zoya's Story: An Afghan Woman's Struggle for Freedom the narrator tells of her decision to use the name "Zoya" as one of her pseudonyms when she joined The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan in her fight against fundamentalism. She cites the story of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya as an inspiration in her own struggles.

[edit] Controversy

The biography of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya became a subject of media controversy during the 1990s.

In September 1991, almost fifty years after Zoya's death, an article by Aleksandr Zhovtis was published in the weekly Russian magazine Argumenty i Fakty.^[12][13] The article alleged that there were no German troops in the village of Petrischevo, and that Zoya was caught by local peasants who were unhappy about the destruction of their property. The information was sourced to an anonymous school teacher who had apparently told Nikolai Anov the story. Anov, already dead, apparently passed it on to Zhovtis. At the end of the article, Zhovtis blamed Stalin's scorched earth policy for the 'unnecessary' death of the young woman.^[13]

A month later, the same newspaper published another article^[14] completely based on letters from readers commenting on Zhovtis' publication. Some authors supported the mainstream version. A letter signed P.A. Lidov's family said that every house in the village was filled with German troops who were the target of Zoya's strike. The letter referred to documents supporting the info including unpublished protocols of NKVD interviews with residents of the village.^[13] Other readers shared stories contradicting the mainstream version. A resident of Moscow, Petrov, told a story he heard from a Petrischevo resident in 1958 about bizarre irregularities in the identification of "Tanya's" identity. A postgraduate student of the Institute of Russian History, Elena Sinyavskaya, published research supporting that the person executed in Petrischevo was not Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya but a "missing in action" partisan, Lila Azolina.

The Argumenty i Fakty articles prompted a response from Pravda observer Viktor Kozhemyaka in the form of an article titled Fifty years after her death Zoya is tortured and executed again.^[15] In the article, Kozhemyaka criticized Sinyavskaya's theory and upheld the official expert conclusion about the identity of the executed partisan. Later the Institute for Criminal Expertise and the Department of Justice of the Russian Federation issued an official conclusion stating that the family photographs of Kosmodemyanskaya belong to the same person as the Pravda photograph of the hanged partisan.^[13] The article ended in emotional sentences Let your names be sacred for centuries, Tanya, Zoya, Lila! So many of you gave for us the most precious thing you had; your lives. And we cannot, should not, and indeed have no right to forget or betray you.^[13]

Ten years later, Kozhemyaka wrote another article Zoya is executed yet again.^[16] In the article Kozhemyaka told how he was emotionally shaken when discovering some "absurd material" on internet boards. These materials alleged that Zoya hurt Russian peasants rather than German troops. They also alleged that Zoya suffered from schizophrenia (people brought similar charges against Jeanne d'Arc), was a fanatical Stalinist, and so on. Kozhemyaka attributed materials to the same Elena Sinyavskaya (now a Doctor of Historical Science). In her response (in the newspaper Patriot from 26 February 2006 Sinyavskaya stated she had no connections to the material except that a few quotes were from her monograph. The real author of the internet publication seems to have been an obscure "psychoanalytic writer", Alexander Menyaylov.^[13]

Another important development was the publication by the newspaper Glasnost of the previously unknown protocols of the official commission of residents of Petrischevo village and Gribtsovsky selsovet on 25 January 1942 (two months after Zoya's execution).^[17] The protocol stated that Kosmodemyanskaya was caught while trying to destroy a stable containing more than 300 German horses. It also quite graphically described her torture and execution.^[13]

A slightly different story was told by the notes of Pyotr Lidov published in Parlamentskaya Gazeta in 1999. Apparently, Lidov for years meticulously collected all the available information on Kosmodemyanskaya. The notes supported the version that Kosmodemyanskaya and Vasily Klubkov were caught while asleep on the outskirts of Petrischevo. The Germans were called by Petrischevo resident Semyon Sviridov. Lidov's notes also included an interview with a German noncommissioned officer taken prisoner by the Soviet Army. The interview described the negative effect on the morale of the German soldiers who witnessed the burning of the houses.^[13]

Marius Broekmeyer in his 2004 book claims that she was reported to the Germans by angry neighbors because she had burned their stables and killed their horses while trying to destroy supplies before the Germans could get to them.^[18]

[edit] Klubkov's betrayal version

Some details of Zoya's assignment and arrest were classified for about sixty years because treachery might have been involved. The criminal case number 16440 was declassified in 2002. The case was then reviewed by Russia's Chief Military Prosecutor Office, and it was decided that Vasily Klubkov, who betrayed Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, was not eligible for rehabilitation. According to criminal case 16440, three Soviet combatants: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Vasily Klubkov, and their commander Boris Krainov had to perform acts of sabotage on Nazi-occupied Soviet territory. They had been given the task of setting fire to houses in the village of Petrishchevo, where German troops were quartered. Krainov was to operate in the central part of the village, Kosmodemyanskaya in the southern and Klubkov in the northern parts. Krainov was the first to carry out his task and returned to the base. Zoya performed her task too, as was evidenced by three columns of flame in the southern part of Petrischevo seen from the base. Only the northern part was not set on fire. According to Klubkov, he was captured by two German soldiers and taken to their headquarters. A Nazi officer threatened to kill him, and Klubkov gave him the names of Kosmodemyanskaya and Krainov. After this, Kosmodemyanskaya was captured by the Germans.^[19][20]

[edit] Canonization proposal

On September 13, 2008 during the celebration of 85th anniversary since her birth a proposal was made that Russian Orthodox Church should canonize Zoya^[21]. In the absence of any evidence that Kosmodemyanskaya chose death rather than renouncing her faith or even that she was a believing Christian, the Russian Orthodox Church has not yet taken any action on this proposal^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] See also

• Marina Raskova
• Young Guard

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Lyubov Kosmodemyanskaya:Story of Zoya and Shura, Foreign Languages Publishing House: Moscow, 1953 ("Shura" is a nickname for "Alexander", the author is Zoya's mother). English translation of the book is available online from Greeklish.org

[edit] External links

• Martyrdom of village priest Pyotr Kosmodemyansky (in Russian)
• Zoya's Story, a short biography, some tributes and excerpts from the book "Story of Zoya and Shura"
• Photo of dead Zoya
• Biography (in Russian), on the website dedicated to the Heroes of the Soviet Union/Russia
• Short Biographical Article (in English), From Northstar Compass
• Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya From The Voice of Russia
• زويا فرزند قهرمان‌ روسيه (Persian)
• "Kosmodemyanskaya". Time Magazine. 1942-03-02. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,773085,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-10.  March, 1942
• Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (1923-1941) Information (in English), photos, music