Zvezda (moonbase)

For other uses, see Zvezda (disambiguation).

Zvezda
Moon
Built	Planned to begin after 1970 (then after 1980)
In use	Project canceled
Controlled by	Soviet Union
Garrison	9-12

Zvezda moonbase (Russian: звезда, "star"), also DLB Lunar Base — plan and project from 1962—1974 of Soviet manned moonbase as successor to the N1-L3 manned lunar expedition program. It was the first detailed such project more developed than early US Horizon and Lunex projects and later Apollo Lunar Base Wernher von Braun and NASA proposal. Zvezda moonbase was cancelled as part of the cancellation of Soviet manned lunar programs.

Implementation

According to the project, the base's main habitation module would first be delivered to the Moon. Later automatic spacecraft, including the lunokhod rover, would be delivered, followed by a human crew and more modules. For the safety of the crew the habitation modules might have been covered with regolith. In order to allow for exploration or repositioning of the base, the habitation modules may have been installed on wheel chassies, and multiple docked to form a movable train. Energy for the base would have been provided by atomic batteries and a nuclear reactor.

The moonbase project was ordered by the Soviet space chief Korolyov to Barmin's Spetcmash bureau. The project was named DLB Lunar Base in technical specifications and Zvezda in government documents. Unofficially, the project was called Barmingrad (Barmin's city) by its designers.

Under project several aspects were studied:

• aims of base;
• conception of building;
• stages of realization;
• construction and scientific equipment;
• possible military supplies.

Parameters

The main unit of the base was the habitation module. The plan was for the base to consist of 9 such modules, each delivered separately. The modules had control, laboratory, life, medical, dining, store and other specific aims. Each module was to be 8.6 meters in full length and 3.3 meters in diameter, with 18 tons in full weight. The modules were to be 4.5 meters in initial length, and grow to full size by an expanded mechanism and air compression after delivery.

The train had a 8 ton mass and would be operated by 4 cosmonauts and consist of tug, life, energy and drilling modules. Chassis of each module had 8 wheels with separate drive, each as implemented on Lunokhods.

Modules of base and train had 3 layers of protection from micrometeorites, heat and ultraviolet rays. Between the external and internal metal layers was the special styrofoam. The train had a manipulator arm which would have enabled the collection of samples of soil without the use of Space suits.

Water would have been extracted from the lunar soil by a chemical reaction. Lavochkin bureau developed but did not test a smaller version of this unit on Moon.

The base would have had a crew of 9 to 12.

Realisation

Zvezda project was not a separate program but part of the N1-L3 expedition program for the 1970s. Delivery of cosmonauts at first time intended by LK moon landing module of L3 spacecraft.

The common project was fulfilled to 1971. Barmin had meet with defence minister Ustinov who was responsible for the Soviet space program. After more than 6 hours of negotiations Ustinov agreed to support the project.

Under the project, detailed drawings and mockups of modules were developed.

The realization of the project depended on key parts of the N1-L3 program - the N-1 superheavy launcher, all 4 launches of which failed between 1969 and 1972. Before the cancellation of the Soviet manned moon program, the new project N1F-L3M was proposed for expeditions from 1979 onwards. These would have had a longer duration than the Apollo flights and may have led to the successor creation of the Zvezda moonbase in 1980s. Also, the new LEK Lunar Expeditionary Complex for transportation to Moon and moon base was proposed then.

The new Soviet space chief Glushko closed the N1-L3 program in 1974 but proposed the new Vulkan-LEK project for expeditions to the Moon, based on a new superheavy launcher developed in his bureau, but this project was not realized either.

According to accounts of the project from developers, moon expeditions and the construction of a moon base would have required nearly 50 billion rubles (80 billion US dollars). The national economy was overloaded by defense expenses and could not carry out a such program.

All manned Soviet lunar programs, including a Zvezda moon base, had been classified as top secret and were only published in the glasnost epoch since 1990. Before this time, the Soviet Union officially denied the existence of these programs and confirmed the existence of near-Earth manned orbital stations and Moon exploration by robotic spacecraft.

See also

• Moon "Barmingrad". Video. TV Roskosmos
• LEK Lunar Expeditionary Complex
• Energia Lunar Expedition
• Project Horizon
• Lunex Project
• Colonization of the Moon
• Project A119