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Zygnematophyceae

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Zygnematophyceae
Conjugation in Spirogyra.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Viridiplantae
(unranked): Charophyta
Class: Zygnematophyceae
Round, 1971
Orders
Synonyms[1]
  • Akontae Blackman & Tansley, 1902
  • Conjugatophyceae Engler, 1892
  • 'Conjugatae' Engler, 1892
  • Gamophyceae
  • Saccodermae Pascher ex Kossinskaja, 1952
  • Zygnemaphyceae Round 1971
  • Zygophyceae Widder, 1960

Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta,[2] consisting of more than 4000 described species.[3] It contains five orders:[4] the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales, the Zygnematales, the Spirogyrales, and the Desmidiales. The Zygnematophyceae are the sister clade of the land plants.[5][6][7] The body plan of Zygnematophyceae is simple, and appear to have gone through a secondary loss of morphological complexity.[8] The most basal members are unicellular, but filamentous species have evolved at least five times.[9] They contain genes involved in protection from desiccation that appear to have been derived by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria; the genes are found in plants, Zygnematophyceae, bacteria, but no other organisms. The genes may have helped to enable plants to make the transition to life on land.[10][11]

Sexual reproduction in the Zygnematophyceae takes place through a process called conjugation.[12] Here cells or filaments of opposite gender line up, and tubes form between corresponding cells. The male cells then become amoeboid and crawl across the female, or sometimes both cells crawl into the connecting tube. The cells then meet and fuse to form a zygote, which later undergoes meiosis to produce new cells or filaments. As in land plants, only the female passes its chloroplasts on to the offspring.[citation needed]

Taxonomy

Class Zygnematophyceae[1]


Phylogeny[13][11]

Zygnematophyceae

References

  1. ^ a b Guiry, Michael D. (15 March 2013). "Taxonomy and nomenclature of the Conjugatophyceae (= Zygnematophyceae)". Algae. 28 (1): 1–29. doi:10.4490/algae.2013.28.1.001. hdl:10379/11755.
  2. ^ Gontcharov, A. A.; Marin, B; Melkonian, M (5 December 2003). "Are Combined Analyses Better Than Single Gene Phylogenies? A Case Study Using SSU rDNA and rbcL Sequence Comparisons in the Zygnematophyceae (Streptophyta)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (3): 612–624. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh052. PMID 14739253.
  3. ^ Pichrtová, Martina; Holzinger, Andreas; Kulichová, Jana; Ryšánek, David; Šoljaková, Tereza; Trumhová, Kateřina; Nemcova, Yvonne (8 October 2018). "Molecular and morphological diversity of Zygnema and Zygnemopsis (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) from Svalbard (High Arctic)". European Journal of Phycology. 53 (4): 492–508. doi:10.1080/09670262.2018.1476920. PMC 6235541. PMID 30487730.
  4. ^ Hess, Sebastian; Williams, Shelby K.; Busch, Anna; Irisarri, Iker; Delwiche, Charles F.; Vries, Sophie de; Darienko, Tatyana; Roger, Andrew J.; Archibald, John M.; Buschmann, Henrik; Schwartzenberg, Klaus von; Vries, Jan de (2022-09-01). "A phylogenomically informed five-order system for the closest relatives of land plants". Current Biology. 32 (20): 4473–4482.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.022. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 9632326. PMID 36055238.
  5. ^ Wickett, Norman J.; Mirarab, Siavash; Nguyen, Nam; Warnow, Tandy; Carpenter, Eric; Matasci, Naim; Ayyampalayam, Saravanaraj; Barker, Michael S.; Burleigh, J. Gordon; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Ruhfel, Brad R.; Wafula, Eric; Der, Joshua P.; Graham, Sean W.; Mathews, Sarah; Melkonian, Michael; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Miles, Nicholas W.; Rothfels, Carl J.; Pokorny, Lisa; Shaw, A. Jonathan; DeGironimo, Lisa; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Surek, Barbara; Villarreal, Juan Carlos; Roure, Béatrice; Philippe, Hervé; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Chen, Tao; Deyholos, Michael K.; Baucom, Regina S.; Kutchan, Toni M.; Augustin, Megan M.; Wang, Jun; Zhang, Yong; Tian, Zhijian; Yan, Zhixiang; Wu, Xiaolei; Sun, Xiao; Wong, Gane Ka-Shu; Leebens-Mack, James (11 November 2014). "Phylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (45): E4859–E4868. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111E4859W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323926111. PMC 4234587. PMID 25355905.
  6. ^ de Vries, Jan; Stanton, Amanda; Archibald, John M.; Gould, Sven B. (June 2016). "Streptophyte Terrestrialization in Light of Plastid Evolution". Trends in Plant Science. 21 (6): 467–476. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.021. PMID 26895731.
  7. ^ Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Wong, Gane K.-S.; Ruhfel, Brad R.; Soltis, Douglas E. (March 2018). "Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history". American Journal of Botany. 105 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1048. PMID 29603143.
  8. ^ Nishiyama, Tomoaki; Sakayama, Hidetoshi; de Vries, Jan; Buschmann, Henrik; Saint-Marcoux, Denis; Ullrich, Kristian K.; Haas, Fabian B.; Vanderstraeten, Lisa; Becker, Dirk; Lang, Daniel; Vosolsobě, Stanislav; Rombauts, Stephane; Wilhelmsson, Per K.I.; Janitza, Philipp; Kern, Ramona; Heyl, Alexander; Rümpler, Florian; Villalobos, Luz Irina A. Calderón; Clay, John M.; Skokan, Roman; Toyoda, Atsushi; Suzuki, Yutaka; Kagoshima, Hiroshi; Schijlen, Elio; Tajeshwar, Navindra; Catarino, Bruno; Hetherington, Alexander J.; Saltykova, Assia; Bonnot, Clemence; Breuninger, Holger; Symeonidi, Aikaterini; Radhakrishnan, Guru V.; Van Nieuwerburgh, Filip; Deforce, Dieter; Chang, Caren; Karol, Kenneth G.; Hedrich, Rainer; Ulvskov, Peter; Glöckner, Gernot; Delwiche, Charles F.; Petrášek, Jan; Van de Peer, Yves; Friml, Jiri; Beilby, Mary; Dolan, Liam; Kohara, Yuji; Sugano, Sumio; Fujiyama, Asao; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Quint, Marcel; Theißen, Günter; Hagemann, Martin; Harholt, Jesper; Dunand, Christophe; Zachgo, Sabine; Langdale, Jane; Maumus, Florian; Van Der Straeten, Dominique; Gould, Sven B.; Rensing, Stefan A. (July 2018). "The Chara Genome: Secondary Complexity and Implications for Plant Terrestrialization". Cell. 174 (2): 448–464.e24. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.033. PMID 30007417. S2CID 206569169.
  9. ^ A phylogenomically informed five-order system for the closest relatives of land plants
  10. ^ Zimmer, Carl (14 November 2019). "How Did Plants Conquer Land? These Humble Algae Hold Clues". The New York Times.
  11. ^ a b c Cheng, Shifeng; Xian, Wenfei; Fu, Yuan; Marin, Birger; Keller, Jean; Wu, Tian; Sun, Wenjing; Li, Xiuli; Xu, Yan; Zhang, Yu; Wittek, Sebastian; Reder, Tanja; Günther, Gerd; Gontcharov, Andrey; Wang, Sibo; Li, Linzhou; Liu, Xin; Wang, Jian; Yang, Huanming; Xu, Xun; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Melkonian, Barbara; Wong, Gane Ka-Shu; Melkonian, Michael (2019). "Genomes of Subaerial Zygnematophyceae Provide Insights into Land Plant Evolution". Cell. 179 (5): 1057–1067.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.019. PMID 31730849.
  12. ^ Kapraun, D. F. (30 November 2006). "Nuclear DNA Content Estimates in Green Algal Lineages: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta". Annals of Botany. 99 (4): 677–701. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl294. PMC 2802934. PMID 17272304.
  13. ^ Stancheva, Rosalina; Hall, John D.; Herburger, Klaus; Lewis, Louise A.; Mccourt, Richard M.; Sheath, Robert; Holzinger, Andreas (July 2014). "Phylogenetic position of Zygogonium ericetorum (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta) from a high alpine habitat and ultrastructural characterization of unusual aplanospores". Journal of Phycology. 50 (5): 790–803. doi:10.1111/jpy.12229. PMC 4370237. PMID 25810560.
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