Zygoballus
| Zygoballus | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Adult male Zygoballus rufipes (Hammerjawed Jumper) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Subkingdom: | Eumetazoa |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Section: | Dionycha |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Dendryphantinae |
| Genus: | Zygoballus Peckham & Peckham, 1885 |
| Type species | |
| Zygoballus rufipes Peckham & Peckham, 1885 |
|
| Species | |
|
see text |
|
| Diversity | |
| approx. 20 species | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Amerotritte |
|
Zygoballus is a genus of jumping spiders found in North and South America.
Contents |
[edit] Taxonomy and history
The genus was first described in 1885 by American arachnologists George and Elizabeth Peckham based on the type species Zygoballus rufipes.[1] The name derives from a combination of the Greek word zygon, meaning "yoke", and the genus name Ballus.[2]
The genus Messua, based on the type species Messua desidiosa, was synonymized with Zygoballus by Eugène Simon in 1903. Simon argued that Messua desidiosa was a transitional species which differed "much less from typical Zygoballus than would seem to be indicated by [the Peckham's] description."[3] This synonomy was reversed by Wayne Maddison in 1996, and Messua restored as a valid genus.[4]
The genus Amerotritte, based on the type species Amerotritte lineata, was synonymized with Zygoballus in 1980 by María Elena Galiano. Galiano stated that the holotype of Amerotritte lineata was actually a very young Zygoballus specimen.[5]
Zygoballus is currently classified in the subfamily Dendryphantinae of the family Salticidae (jumping spiders).[6]
[edit] Description
Spiders of the genus Zygoballus share a strong resemblance in appearance.[7] The cephalothorax is high and roughly square when viewed from above.[8] It is widest at the posterior eyes, with the ocular quadrangle occupying approximately three-fifths of the cephalothorax.[7] The cephalothorax slopes steeply behind the posterior eyes and the sides of the cephalothorax are nearly vertical.[7] The labium is as long or longer than it is wide.[9] The anterior (first) pair of legs are the largest, with three pairs of spines on the ventral surface of the tibia.[10] Males have obliquely oriented chelicerae with long fangs.[7]
Many species exhibit wide variation in color, size, and markings.[8]
[edit] Distribution
Zygoballus is a genus from the New World, ranging from Argentina to Canada. Three species from India were originally placed in Zygoballus, but have been reassigned to other genera.[11]
[edit] Species
As of 2010, twenty recognized species are classified in the genus Zygoballus.[11][12] One species, Z. quaternus, was previously recognized (prior to 2008), but is now considered a nomen dubium.[13] Several other species are known only from single specimens. In addition to the species listed below, a recent phylogenetic analysis suggests that Rhetenor texanus may also belong in Zygoballus.[6]
- Zygoballus amrishi Makhan, 2005 — Suriname
- Zygoballus aschnae Makhan, 2005 — Suriname
- Zygoballus concolor Bryant, 1940 — Cuba
- Zygoballus electus Chickering, 1946 — Panama
- Zygoballus gracilipes Crane, 1945 — Guyana
- Zygoballus incertus (Banks, 1929) — Panama
- Zygoballus iridescens Banks, 1895 — USA
- Zygoballus lineatus (Mello-Leitão, 1944) — Argentina
- Zygoballus maculatipes Petrunkevitch, 1925 — Panama
- Zygoballus maculatus F. O. P-Cambridge, 1901 — Guatemala
- Zygoballus melloleitaoi Galiano, 1980 — Argentina
- Zygoballus minutus Peckham & Peckham, 1896 — Guatemala
- Zygoballus nervosus (Peckham & Peckham, 1888) — USA, Canada
- Zygoballus optatus Chickering, 1946 — Panama
- Zygoballus remotus Peckham & Peckham, 1896 — Guatemala
- Zygoballus rishwani Makhan, 2005 — Suriname
- Zygoballus rufipes Peckham & Peckham, 1885 — Canada to Costa Rica
- Zygoballus sexpunctatus (Hentz, 1845) — USA
- Zygoballus suavis Peckham & Peckham, 1895 — Jamaica, Cuba
- Zygoballus tibialis F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1901 — Guatemala to Panama
[edit] References
- ^ Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1885). "On some new genera and species of Attidae from the eastern part of Guatemala". Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin: 62–86. http://www.peckhamia.com/editions/Peckham%201885%20On%20some%20Attidae%20from%20Guatemala.pdf.
- ^ Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P. E. et al, eds. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society. p. 330. ISBN 0-9771439-0-2.
- ^ Simon, Eugène (1903) (in French). Histoire Naturelle des Araignées (2nd ed.). Paris. p. 863.
- ^ Maddison, Wayne P. (1996). "Pelegrina Franganillo and other jumping spiders formerly placed in the genus Metaphidippus (Araneae: Salticidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard University) 154: 215–368.
- ^ Galiano, María Elena (1980). "Catalogo de los especimenes tipicos de Salticidae (Araneae) descriptos por Candido F. de Mello-Leitão". Physis, Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales (Buenos Aires) 39: 31–40.
- ^ a b Hedin, Marshal C.; Maddison, Wayne P. (March 2001). "A Combined Molecular Approach to Phylogeny of the Jumping Spider Subfamily Dendryphantinae (Araneae: Salticidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18 (3): 386–403. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0883. PMID 11277632.
- ^ a b c d Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1895). "Spiders of the Homalattus group of the family Attidae". Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin 2 (3): 157–178. http://peckhamia.com/editions/Peckham%201895%20Spiders%20of%20the%20Homalattus%20group.pdf.
- ^ a b Peckham, George; Peckham, Elizabeth (1909). "Revision of the Attidae of North America". Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 16: 355–646. http://www.peckhamia.com/editions/Peckham%201909%20Revision%20of%20the%20Attidae%20of%20North%20America.pdf.
- ^ Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P. E. et al, eds. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society. p. 213. ISBN 0-9771439-0-2.
- ^ Kaston, Benjamin Julian (1981). Spiders of Connecticut (Revised ed.). State of Connecticut. p. 496.
- ^ a b Kaldari, Ryan (2010). "Reassignment of the Indian species of Zygoballus to Bianor and Rhene (Araneae: Salticidae)". Peckhamia (82.1). http://peckhamia.com/peckhamia/PECKHAMIA%2082.1.pdf.
- ^ Platnick, Norman I. (2009). "The World Spider Catalog, Version 10.0". American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/SALTICIDAE.html.
- ^ Richman, David B. (2008). "Revision of the jumping spider genus Sassacus (Araneae, Salticidae, Dendryphantinae) in North America". Journal of Arachnology 36 (1): 28–48. doi:10.1636/H07-03.1. http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v36_n1/arac-36-1-26.pdf.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Zygoballus |
- Zygoballus at Bugguide.net
- Zygoballus at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library
