Ultras

For other uses, see Ultras (disambiguation).

For ultras in ice hockey, see Ultras (ice hockey).

Not to be confused with Football hooliganism.

"Active support" redirects here. For the engineering concept, see Active structure.

Ultras of Neftochimic Burgas at Neftochimic Sports Complex of Burgas, Bulgaria in 2024

Ultras of Lazio at Olympic Stadium of Rome, Italy in 2007

Ultras are a type of association football fans who are known for their fanatical support. The term originated in Italy, but is used worldwide to describe predominantly organised fans of association football teams. The behavioural tendency of ultras groups includes singing football chants, playing musical instruments such as drums, their use of flares and smoke bombs (primarily in tifo choreography), frequent use of elaborate displays, vocal support in large groups and the displaying of flags and banners at football stadiums, all of which are designed to create an atmosphere which encourages their own team and intimidates the opposing players and their supporters. These groups also commonly organise trips to attend away games.

Ultras groups have been responsible for many cases of football hooliganism and violence, although differently from hooligan firms, ultras do not have the explicit objective of fighting other fans. Ultras groups are also in some cases directly linked to ideologies like neo-Nazism and other forms of far-right politics, and sometimes far-left politics. In some instances, hooliganism and/or this politicisation goes to the point where support for their team is relegated to a secondary feature of the phenomenon.

In recent decades, the culture has become a focal point for the movement against the commercialisation of sports and football in particular. Ultras also have regional variants and analogues, such as casuals in the United Kingdom, barra bravas in Hispanic America, and torcidas organizadas in Brazil.

History

Barra bravas of Club Atlético Independiente in the 1960s

The origin of the ultras movement is disputed, with many supporters groups from various countries making claims solely on the basis of their dates of foundation. The level of dispute and confusion is aided by a contemporary tendency (mainly in Europe) to categorise all groups of overtly fanatical supporters as ultras. Supporters groups of a nature comparable to the ultras have been present in Brazil since 1939, when the first torcida organizada was formed (although these groups began to focus on violence in the 1970s). Inspired by the torcidas and the colourful scenes of the 1950 World Cup, supporters of Hajduk Split formed Torcida Split on 28 October 1950. The group is often cited as the oldest torcida style group in Europe. But the first supporters' groups in the world formed to produce violence were barras bravas, originated in Argentina in the 1950s.

Torcida Jovem of Santos in Brazil. An example of a Brazilian Torcida Organizada

One country closely associated with the ultras movement is Italy. The first Italian ultras groups were formed in 1951, including the Fedelissimi Granata of Torino. The 1960s saw the continuing spread and development of the culture with the formation of the Fossa dei Leoni and Boys San groups, the former often regarded in Italy as the first full-fledged ultras group (associated with violence). The term "ultras" was used as a name for the first time in 1969, when supporters of Sampdoria formed the Ultras Tito Cucchiaroni and fans of Torino formed the Ultras Granata. The style of support that would become synonymous with Italian football developed most during the 1970s, as more groups formed, including the radical S.S. Lazio Ultras in 1974, with a strong predominance of fascist slogans and chants amongst other groups such as Hellas Verona supporters. The active support of the ultras became more apparent, in contrast with the "traditional" culture, choreographic displays, signature banners and symbols, giant flags, drums and fireworks became the norm as groups aimed to take their support to higher levels. The decade also saw the violence and unrest of Italian society at the time overlap with the ultras movement, adding a dimension that has plagued it ever since. The ultras movement spread across Europe, Australia, Asia and North Africa during the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, starting with the countries geographically closest to Italy.

Characteristics

Ultras groups are usually centred on a core group of founders or leaders (who tend to hold executive control), with smaller subgroups organised by location, friendship or political stance. Ultras tend to use various styles and sizes of banners and flags bearing the name and symbols of their group. Some ultras groups sell their own merchandise to raise funds for performing displays. An ultras group can number from a handful of fans to hundreds or thousands, with larger groups often claiming entire sections of a stadium for themselves. Ultras groups often have a representative who liaises with the club owners on a regular basis, mostly regarding tickets, seat allocations and storage facilities. Some clubs provide groups with cheaper tickets, storage rooms for flags and banners and early access to the stadium before matches to prepare displays. These types of favoured relationships are often criticised when ultras groups abuse their power.

Hooliganism

Polish football hooligans in violent clash

While ultras groups can become violent, the majority of matches attended by ultras conclude with no violent incidents. Unlike hooligan firms, whose main aim is to fight hooligans of other clubs, the main focus of ultras is generally to support their own team. Some hooligans try to be inconspicuous when they travel; usually not wearing team colours, to avoid detection by the police. Within the ultra or hooligan culture however, those dressing to "blend in" would be referred to as casuals, which is viewed by some as a branch of hooliganism, yet still maintaining its own independence and culture. Ultras tend to be more conspicuous when they travel, proudly displaying their scarves and club colours while arriving en masse, which allows the police to keep a close eye on their movements.

Europe

France

Stadium	Club	Name
Parc des Princes	Paris Saint-Germain	–Collectif Ultras Paris 2016
Stade Vélodrome	Olympique de Marseille	–Commando Ultra '84 – Club des Amis de l'OM 1987 – South Winners 1987 – Fanatics 1988 – Dodger's 1992 – Marseille Trop Puissant 1994 – Handi Fan Club 2005
Stade Geoffroy-Guichard	AS Saint-Étienne	–Associés Supporters 1970 – Magic Fans 1991 – Green Angels 1992 –Indépendantistes Stéphanois 1998 – Union des Supporters Stéphanois 2004
Groupama Stadium	Olympique Lyonnais	–Bad Gones – Lyon 1950 – Hex@gones – Amicale des Rouge & Bleu – Générations OL – O'Elle Club – Handi Sup OL – Gastrogones 69 – OL Muséum – Dauphigones – Brigade Lyon – Les Canuts de l'OL
Stade Louis-II	AS Monaco	–Le Club des supporters de Monaco – Ultras Monaco 1994

Scotland

In Scotland, Ultras Aberdeen are the ultras group who follow Aberdeen F.C., they organise chants and choreography in the Merkland Road Stand, at Pittodrie Stadium, also known as the "Red Shed". The Green Brigade are an ultras group that follow Celtic F.C. and regularly make tifo displays and often voice support for a United Ireland. They are left-wing. On the other side of Glasgow are the Rangers F.C. ultra group The Union Bears. The Union Bears are known for their elaborate fan displays and their support for Northern Irish and Scottish unionism within the UK. They celebrate and support the Protestant history of both Rangers and Scotland. Block Seven are a supporters group that support Hibernian FC, the Gorgie Ultras support rivals, Heart of Midlothian FC.

England

In England, there are ultras groups at, Colchester United known as the BWA (Blue and White Army), Hartlepool United known as the NWC, Middlesbrough F.C. (Red Faction), Norwich City (City Elite), Crystal Palace F.C. (Holmesdale Fanatics), Ipswich Town F.C. (Blue Action), Leicester City F.C. (Union FS), Huddersfield Town F.C. (Cowshed Loyal), and Stockport County (Hatters 83), Bristol City (Section 82), Arsenal (Ashburton Army) Several non-league football teams in England have ultras groups that are left-wing, such as the fans of Dulwich Hamlet F.C. who have a group called The Rabble. A Vice article claims Casuals United are at war with anti-fascist football ultras.

In Early 2022, a Norwich City supporters group was formed known as City Elite. They have grown to become one of the leading fan groups at the club. After many set backs with the club they have now been approached by the club to help with the new safe standing plans and they hope to be given a singing section within the Barclay.

In late 2022, an Arsenal F.C. supporters group called "Ashburton Army" gained prominence, taking their name from Ashburton Grove, an historic road upon which the team's Emirates Stadium was built.

In 2024, following the inception of the group and a subsequent meeting with club officials, an Aston Villa F.C. supporters group called "1897 Group" were allocated a section of the club's home stadium Villa Park for a Premier League match against A.F.C. Bournemouth to launch the group's presence at Aston Villa's matches.

Hungary

Singing at sector B Central during the opening ceremonies of the Puskás Aréna on 15 November 2019

Several clubs in Hungary have large ultras groups, such as Ferencváros (Green Monsters), Újpest (Viola Fidelity), Diósgyőr (Ultras Diósgyőr), Honvéd (Ultras Kispest, Északi Kanyar), Fehérvár (Red Blue Devils), Tatabánya (Turul Ultrái), Debrecen (Szívtiprók Ultras Debrecen) and other strongly developing groups such as Kecskemét (Ultras Kecskemét). The national team of Hungary has an ultras group known as the Carpathian Brigade. The group was formed in 2009. Hungarian ultras occupy sector B Central at the Puskás Aréna.

Portugal

Benfica group, No Name Boys, Lisbon, 2008

Stadium	Club	Name
Estádio do Dragão	FC Porto	– Super Dragões 1986 – Colectivo Ultras 95
Estádio do Bessa	Boavista FC	– Panteras Negras 84
Estádio da Luz	SL Benfica	– Иo Иame Boys 92 – Diabos Vermelhos 82 – Grupo Manks 96
Estádio José Alvalade	Sporting CP	– Juventude Leonina 1976 – Torcida Verde – Directivo Ultras XXI – Brigada Ultras Sporting
Estádio de São Luís	SC Farense	– South Side Boys
Estádio José Gomes	CF Estrela da Amadora	– Magia Tricolor
Estádio Municipal de Braga	SC Braga	– Red Boys 92 – Bracara Legion 2003
Estádio Municipal 22 de Junho	FC Famalicão	– Fama Boys 1990
Estádio D. Afonso Henriques	Vitória SC	– Insane Guys 1994 – White Angels 1999 – Suspeitos do Costume 2008
Estádio Comendador Manuel Violas	SC Espinho	– Desnorteados
Complexo Desportivo de Campanhã	SC Salgueiros	– Alma Salgueirista 1985
Estádio Marques da Silva	AD Ovarense	– Fans_1921
Estádio Do Restelo	CF Os Belenenses	– Fúria Azul

Greece

In Greece, most professional football teams have an ultras group. Most of them are named after a gate number which refers to the specific place where the fans are situated at the stadium. Others have actual names or no special names at all and they are named after their supporting team.

Stadium	Club	Name
Karaiskakis Stadium	Olympiacos F.C	Gate 7
Agia Sophia Stadium	AEK Athens F.C	Original 21 (Gate 21)
Toumba Stadium	PAOK F.C	Gate 4
Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium	Aris Thessaloniki F.C	SUPER-3
Leoforos Stadium	Panathinaikos F.C	Gate 13
Peristeri Stadium	Atromitos Athinon F.C	Fentagin
Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium	OFI Crete F.C	Gate 4 (Snakes)
Panetolikos Stadium	Panetolikos F.C	Gate 6 (Warriors)
Theodoros Kolokotronis Stadium	Asteras Tripolis F.C	Tigers
AEL FC Arena	AEL F.C	Monsters (Gate 1)
Nea Smyrni Stadium	Panionios F.C	Panthers
	Iraklis F.C	Autonomous Gate 10
	PAS Lamia F.C	Gate 3
	Panseraikos F.C	Gate 5
Zosimades Stadium	PAS Giannina F.C	Pagouria
	Egaleo F.C	Gate 12

Kosovo (Serbia)

• Plisat - FC Prishtina
• Torcida - KF Trepça
• Arpagjik't - KF Liria
• Kuqezinjet e Jakoves - KF Vëllaznimi
• Besa Boys - FC Besa
• Intelektualet - FC Drita
• Xhebrailat - FC Ballkani
• Skifterat - SC Gjilani
• Legjendat - KF Llapi

Serbia

Red Star Belgrade have one of the most dedicated ultras groups in Europe, Delije is a collective name for supporters of various groups that are a part of the Red Star Belgrade multi-sport club. They attend every match, and usually do choreographies and shout chants, with many subgroups present on the stadium as well.

FK Partizan, have a ultras group of their own named Grobari (Gravediggers).They generally support all clubs within the Partizan multi-sports club, and mostly wear black and white symbols, which are the club's colors.

Denmark

FC Copenhagen (Sektion 12) and Brøndby IF (Sydsiden) have some of the most renowned ultras groups on the continent, and the derby between the two is also one of the fiercest in Europe.

AaB's ultras group caused a 14-minute delay in the 2020 Danish Cup final for a failure to adhere to COVID-19 social distancing rules. The group was ultimately ejected from the stadium and the game resumed, which was won by Sønderjyske.

issuing partial or full stadium bans to clubs. The ultras will choreograph a wide range of chants throughout a match, but some of the most common chants that result in a ban are anti-Southern chants towards clubs which are located in the South of Italy, most notably towards Napoli, as well as racist chants towards opposition players. However, these issues only partially represent parts of the Ultras culture in Italy – Ultras in Italy are also known for fighting criminals and the Mafia, giving housing to immigrants or helping Italian citizens in need, as well as aiding with food and money during the Covid pandemic to their local hospitals.

Republic of Ireland

Several groups exist in Rep. of Ireland, as follows:

Shamrock Rovers - SRFC Ultras
St Patrick's Athletic - Shed End Invincibles
Drogheda United - Famous 45 Ultras
Dundalk FC - Shed Side Army
Bohemian FC - Notorious Boo Boys
Galway United F.C. - maroon army
Waterford FC - Block E Boys
Finn Harps FC - Ballybofey brigade
Sligo Rovers - Forza Rovers

Northern Ireland

The ultras scene in Northern Ireland is new, and since these have begun, the younger generation of fans in Northern Ireland has increased more than it has in many years.

Club	Name
Glentoran F.C.	Glentoran Ultras
Linfield F.C.	Blue Unity
Cliftonville F.C.	Red Fanatics
Coleraine F.C.	Coleraine Casual Army
Larne F.C.	Casual Inver Army

Poland

The first Polish ultras groups were formed in 1980s by fans of Legia Warszawa and Arka Gdynia. Those early ultra groups identified as either fascist or national-socialist and opposed the communist government of Wojciech Jaruzelski. The 1990s saw the continuing spread and development of the ultra culture with the formation of the Wisła Sharks and Cracovia Jude Gang groups, the former often regarded in Poland as the first full-fledged ultras group. With intimidating and non-stop chanting, they've made their presence felt in the stands. Modern hooligans try to be inconspicuous when they enter the stadium; usually not wearing team colours, to avoid detection by the police and PZPN officials.

Spain

Spanish ultraism is generally agreed to have come from Italian and English ultraism and hooliganism at the 1982 World Cup held in Spain. Held only seven years after the death of Franco, the World Cup was an opportunity for Spain to join the world of modern international football. Spanish ultraism is particularly known for its dramatic and polarized distinction across two ideological cleavages: fascism and (regional) nationalism. The vast majority of ultra groups identify as either fascist or anti-fascist, and either separatist or nationalist.

The Netherlands

In The Netherlands, most professional football teams have an ultras group. the first ultras groups in the Netherlands were formed in the 1970s by fans of Feyenoord they called themselves S.C.F. Hooligans. After S.C.F. Hooligans were formed many other ultras groups started forming such as AFC Ajax (F-side) FC Utrecht (Bunnikside) ADO Den Haag (north side) De Graafschap (Brigata Tifosi) FC Twente (Vak-P) FC Groningen (Z-Side).

Belgium

Most clubs in Belgium have an ultra-group, such as Sporting Charleroi (Storm Ultras 2001), Sint-Truidense V.V. (Brigada Hesbania), KRC Genk (Drughi Genk), RSC Anderlecht (Mauves Army 2003) Standard Liège (Ultras Inferno 1996)

Luxembourg

Several clubs in Luxembourg have an ultras group, such as FC Differdange 03 (UD45), Jeunesse Esch (Ultras Esch), Avenir Beggen (Ultras Beggen), Luxembourg national football team (M-Block)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

People in Bosnia and Herzegovina are known for their national ultras group BHFanaticos. Also, they have a few ultras that are connected to football clubs Manijaci, Horde zla, Lešinari, Red Army, Škripari, Ultras Mostar and many more.

Cyprus

Gate-9 (Greek:Θύρα 9) is a Cypriot fans' group that supports the football team People's Athletic Club Omonia 1948 and all the sport departments of AC Omonia except football. Omonia supporters are traditionally left wing. A 2009 gallop poll estimated that three out of four Omonia fans vote for the Progressive Party of Working People, the communist party of Cyprus. While the group retains its left wing beliefs, in recent years it has been openly critical of the party's involvement in the club's administrative decisions. The party has denied accusations that it influences club decisions. Gate-9 members are associated with communist beliefs and have been noted for waving banners bearing Che Guevara's portrait, and other communist symbols. The group is also involved in humanitarian work for refugees in Cyprus. The group, besides Nicosia, has fan clubs in Limassol, Athens, Thessaloniki, Larnaka, Paphos, and London.

There are also ultras groups affiliated with the APOEL FC and the Anorthosis Famagusta FC.

Malta

Although small in size, Malta has some notable ultras groups. The main ultras groups in Malta are Birkirkara Ultras 1997, Ultras Beltin 999, and Paola Boys Hibs Ultras, Sliema Ultras Blue Gladiators as well as the Maltese national football team ultras group, the South End Core.

Ukraine

Stadium	Club	Name
Chernihiv Stadium	Desna Chernihiv	– Ultras Desna

Romania

Romania's ultras only finds itself in the traditional teams like Steaua București,Dinamo București and Rapid București; but there are some small ultras groups which support their local club. The biggest ultras groups are: Peluza Nord FCSB, Peluza Sud Steaua, Peluza Cătălin Hîldan, Peluza Sud Dinamo, Peluza Nord Rapid, Peluza Sud Timisoara, t2 Rapid, Peluza Şepcile Roşii and Peluza Nord Hunedoara. There are also some honourable mentions like Peluza Marină Farul, Peluza Sud Craiova, Peluza Dron and Peluza Nord Galați.

Turkey

The three big clubs of Turkey, namely Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray, have dedicated and passionate fanbases. The ultras of these clubs are Çarşı, Genç Fenerbahçeliler and UltrAslan, respectively.

Bulgaria

The most famous ultras in Bulgaria are Sector G (CSKA Sofia), Sector B (Levski Sofia), Bultras (Botev Plovdiv), Green Fighters (Neftochimic Burgas), Moryatsi (Cherno More Varna) and Lauta Army (Lokomotiv Plovdiv).

Africa

Algeria

Stadium	Club	Name
Douera Sportpark Stadium	MC Alger	– Ultras the Twelfth Player 2011 – Ultras Green Corsairs 2012 – Ultra' Amore E Mentalita 2019
Stade 20 Août 1955, Skikda	JSM Skikda	– Ultras Ouled Russicada 2015 – Ultras Guardie Nere – Ultras Capitano – Marinai 21
Mohamed Hamlaoui Stadium, Constantine	CS Constantine	– Ultras Green Army 2012 – Ultra' Iqbal 2023
April 13, 1958 Stadium, Saida	MC Saida	– Ultras Méga Boys 2007
20 August 1955 Stadium (Algiers),	CR Belouizdad	– Ultras Fanatic Reds 09
Stade 8 Mai 1945, Setif	ES Setif	– Ultras Inferno 10 – Les Fidèles 1958
Stade du 5 Juillet,	USM Alger	– Les Unionistes Algérois – Alger Offender – El Assima – Les Originaires d'Alger
Ahmed Zabana Stadium, Oran	MC Oran	– Ultras Red Castle 2011 – Ultras Leones Rey 2009 – Forza Mouloudia
Maghrebi Unity Stadium	MO Bejaia	– Ultras Granchio 09 – Ultras Saldae Kings 2011 – Ultras Free Men 16 – La Banda Berberista – Bejaia Offender
May 19, 1956 Stadium	USM Annaba	– Les indepandants de bone 12 – Ultras Sparta Rosso 15
1 November 1954 Stadium (Tizi Ouzou)	JS Kabylie	– Ultras Kabylie Boys 09 – Ultras The Leader 2013 – Ultras Samba Boys 2011
20 August 1955 Stadium (Algiers), Algiers	NA Hussein Dey	– Ultra Dey Boys 09 – Ultras Crazy Capital 14
Mohamed Boumezrag Stadium, Chlef	ASO Chlef	– Ultras Polina 10 – Ultras Asnam Boys 1437 – Groupe Djawarih 2014 – Group Armata Rosso 2019
1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna),	CA Batna	– Ultra' Autochtones 2024 – Ultras Furia Roja 2013
Stade Imam Lyes, Médéa	O Medea	– Ultra' Olympic Medea – Titteri Ragazzi 2024
February 24, 1956 Stadium, Sidi Bel Abbès	USM Bel Abbès	– Ultras Scorpion Trop Puissant – Ultras Verde Veteranos
1 November 1954 Stadium (Algiers)	USM El Harrach	– Ultra' Combattiva
20 August 1955 Stadium, Bordj Bou Arréridj	CA Bordj Bou Arréridj	– Ultras Commandos 2008 – Ultras Monstros 18
El Alia Sports Complex	US Biskra	– Ultras Vescera
Touhami Zoubir Khelifi Stadium	AS Aïn M'lila	– Red Scorpion – RossoNero
Stade Akid Lotfi	WA Tlemcen	– Ultras Kop 13
Stade 20 Août 1955 (Béchar)	JS Saoura	– Ultras Giallo Verde
Stade Messaoud Zougar	MC El Eulma	– Ultras Vikings 2009 – Ultras Red Army 2013
Maghrebi Unity Stadium	JSM Bejaia	– Ultras Gouraya United – Ultras Marins
1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna),	MSP Batna	– Les Genies – Ultras Guida Nascosta – I Prescelti
Ismaïl Makhlouf Stadium	RC Arbaâ	– Ultras Blue Vichingo – Ultras Tauras Blue
Stade Tahar Zoughari	RC Relizane	–Ultras Mina Men
Amar Hamam Stadium	USM Khenchela	– Ultras Mascula 13 – Casa Nera – Ciskaoua
Stade Mokhtar Abdelatif	Amal Bou Saâda	– Ultras Ouled el Khadra
Habib Bouakeul Stadium	ASM Oran	– Ultras Verde Lupo
Stade Mohamed Reggaz	WA Boufarik	– La Fiamma
Stade Ben Abdelmalek	MO Constantine	– Ultras Libertados
Rouibah Hocine Stadium	JS Djijel	– Ultras Green Gunners – Ultras Free Fans – Ouled el Corniche
Brakni Brothers Stadium	USM Blida	– Ultras Green Killers 2014 – Les Blidéens – Green Rose
Stade Souidani Boujemaa	ES Guelma	– Black Solidier
Omar Oucief Stadium	CR Témouchent	– Ultras Red Wolves
Ahmed Kaïd Stadium	JSM Tiaret	– Ultras Cavalier Blue – Ultras Blue Eagles
Stade Amar Benjamaa	ES Collo	– Ultras Los Marinos 23
Stade Mohamed Bensaïd	ES Mostaganem	– Ultras Verde Marinero 12
Stade Mohamed Bensaïd	WA Mostaganem	– El Widadyoun 1945
Stade de l'Unité Africaine	GC Mascara	– Ultras Green Storm 2008 – Born To Support
Stade Zerdani Hassouna	US Chaouia	– Ultras Giallo Boys
Mohamed Benhaddad Stadium	RC Kouba	– Ultras Green Fans – Ultras Raed 2015
1 November 1954 stadium	US Souf	- Group Quicksand 2023
13 February Stadium	CR Béni Thour	– Ultras Crazy Fans – Les vrais 30
Salah Takdjerad Stadium	JS Bordj Ménaïel	- Pure Blood 2023
1 November 1954 stadium	Olympique Akbou	- Ultras Brawers
11 December 1961 Stadium	HB Chelghoum Laïd	- Ragazzi Verde
Mohamed Belkebir Stadium	SKAF Khemis Miliana	- Cardellino Scuola
Mohamed Mouaz Stadium	ESM Koléa	- Ultras Etoile Verde
Ahmed Khalfa Stadium	WR M'Sila	- Ouled el hodna
Mila Stadium	CB Mila	- Ultras Salerno 2011
Abderrahmane Allag Stadium	CRB Aïn Fakroun	- Oussalit Boys
El Milia Stadium	CRB EL Milia	- Les Fidèles 2017

Morocco

Stadium	Club	Name
Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium	Association Sportive des FAR	– Ultras Askary 2005 – Black Army 2006
Stade Mohamed V	Wydad Casablanca	– Ultras Winners 2005
Stade Mohamed V	Raja CA	– Ultras Green Boys 2005 – Ultras Eagles 2006
Ibn Batouta Stadium	Ittihad Riadi Tanger	– Ultra Hercules 2007
Complexe sportif de Fès	Maghreb de Fès	– Ultras Fatal Tigers 2006
Complexe sportif de Fès	Wydad de Fès	– Ultras Bianco Nero 2008
Complexe sportif de Phosphate	Olympique Club de Khouribga	– Ultras Green Ghost 2007
Stade Municipal (Kenitra)	Kenitra athletic club	– Ultras Helala Boys 2007
Stade Adrar	Hassania Agadir	– Ultras Imazighen 2006 – Ultras Supras Rebels 46
Stade Saniat Rmel	Moghreb Tetouan	– Ultras Los Matadores 2005 – Ultras Siempre Paloma 2006
Stade Municipal de Berkane	RS Berkane	– Ultras Orange Boys 07
Stade Mimoun Al Arsi	Chabab Rif Al Hoceima	– Ultras Rif Boys 2010 – Ultras Los Rifeños 2012
Stade El Massira	Olympic Safi	– Ultras Shark 2006
Stade du 18 novembre	Ittihad Khemisset	– Ultras Cavaliers Family 2009
Stade de Marrakech	Kawkab Marrakech	– Ultras Crazy Boys 2006
Honneur Stadium	MC Oujda	– Ultras Brigade Wajda 2007
Honneur Stadium	USM Oujda	– Ultras Pioneers 10
Stade Boubker Ammar	AS Salé	– Ultras Red Pirates 06 – Ultras Pirates 07 – Ultras Fanatics 09
Stade Municipal De Khénifra	Chabab Atlas Khénifra	– Ultras Zayan Boys 2008 – Ultras Révoltés 2012
Stade D'honneur De Meknès	COD Meknès	– Ultras Red Men 2008 – Ultras Vulcano Rosso 2010
Stade El Abdi	Difaâ Hassani El Jadidi	– Ultras Cap Soleil 2007
Stade Municipal (Oued Zem))	Rapide Oued Zem	– Ultras Martyrs 2007
Berrechid Municipal Stadium	Youssoufia Berrechid	– Ultras Liberta 13
Stade d'honneur de Beni Mellal	Raja Beni Mellal	– Ultras Star Boys 2007
Complexe Bernoussi	CR Bernoussi	– Ultras Imbrator 2012
Stade de Settat	RS Settat	– Ultras Masked 2008
Stade Tiznit	Amal Tiznit	– Ultras Risings 2008
Stade de Tan-Tan	NS Tantan	– Ultras 2Tan Boys 2008
Stade du 16 Novembre	Chabab Houara	– Ultras Giallo Pizzi 2009
Stade Municipal d'Aït Melloul	USM Aït Melloul	– Ultras Swassa Boys 2011
Stade du Errachidia	US Errachidia	– Ultras Sand Men 2012

The Curva Sud in a RCA vs OCS match in 2022

The history of Moroccan ultras can be traced back to the early 2000s, with the formation of the first ultras group, Ultras Tanger, in 2003. However, the first ultras group that still exists today is Ultras Askary Rabat, which was founded in 22/10/2005 to support AS FAR. That same year, Ultras Green Boys was founded to support Raja Casablanca and Ultras Winners was founded to support Wydad Casablanca. The Moroccan ultras movement quickly gained momentum and popularity, with other notable groups such as Ultras Eagles (also supporting Raja Casablanca), being formed in 2006. Moroccan ultras groups are heavily influenced by European ultras movements, and are known for their passionate and dedicated support of their favorite football clubs. They are also known for their elaborate displays of choreographed support, including banners, flags, flares, and coordinated chants. Despite facing challenges, such as financial costs and loss of members, Moroccan ultras groups remain an important part of the country's football culture, known for their intense rivalries and unwavering support of their clubs.

Egypt

The clubs in Egypt became a major political force during the uprising against Mubarak in 2011, but were known for long-standing animosity with the police. When 38 members of the Ultras Devils were arrested in "Shebeen al-Kom" for "belonging to an illegal group" plus additional violent offences, it was seen as a crackdown on the organisations by authorities.

In 2013, the Associated Press stated that the Egyptian Ultras network was one of the most organised movements in Egypt after the Muslim Brotherhood.

Stadium	Club	Name
Cairo International Stadium	Al Ahly SC	– Ultras Ahlawy – Ultras Devils
Cairo International Stadium	Zamalek SC	– Ultras White Knights (UWK)
Port Said Stadium	Al-Masry SC	– Ultras Green Eagles
Suez Stadium	Suez Montakhab	– Ultras Suez Fedyan
Ghazl El Mahalla Stadium	Ghazl El Mahalla SC	– Ultras Whales 2008
Ismailia Stadium	Ismaily SC	– Ultras Yellow Dragons – Ultras Rebels
Alexandria Stadium	Al Ittihad Alexandria Club	– Ultras Green Magic
El Mansoura Stadium	El Mansoura SC	– Ultras Orange Dragons
Aswan Stadium	Aswan SC	– Ultras Nile Crocodile
El Minya Stadium	El Minya SC	– Ultras Red Camels
Tanta Stadium	Tanta SC	– Ultras 300
Damanhour Stadium	Ala'ab Damanhour SC	- Ultras Blue Anaconda
Zagazig University Stadium	Sharkia SC	– Ultras Green Horses – Ultras Green Pirates – Sons of Oraby
Shebin Stadium	Gomhoriat Shebin SC	– Ultras Balck Horses
El Mahalla Stadium	Baladiyat El Mahalla SC	– Ultras Red Tigers 2011

Tunisia

Stadium	Club	Name
Stade Olympique de Radès	ES Tunis	Curva Sud Tunis – Ultras Lemkachkhines 2002 – Zapatista Esperanza 2007 – Fedayn Esperantistes 2009 – Matadors 2008
Stade Olympique de Radès	Club Africain	Curva Nord Tunis – African Winners 1995 – Leaders Clubistes 2003 – North Vandals 2007 – Dodgers Clubistes 2007
Stade Taïeb Mhiri	CS Sfaxien	Curva Nord Sfax – Black & White Fighters 2003 – Raged Boys 2007 – Ultras Sfaxiens 2007
Stade Olympique de Sousse	ES Sahel	Curva Nord Sousse – Brigade Rouge 2001 – Ultras Fanatics 2003 – Ultras Saheliano 2007
Stade 15 October	CA Bizertin	Curva Nord Bizerte – Ultras Big Boss 2010 – Ultras Marines 2005 – Bizertinos Juniors 2009 – Drughi Cabiste 2009
Stade Hedi Ennaifer	Stade Tunisien	– Ultras Bardo Boys 2002 – Kaotic Group 2007
Stade Abdelaziz Chtioui	AS Marsa	– Vikings Marsois 2011
Stade Mustapha Ben Jannet	US Monastir	– Ultras Monastir 2009 – Spartiates 2008 – Power Marines 2003
Stade Olympique de Gabes	Stade Gabésien	Curva Sud Gabes – Verde Vikings 2011 – Sparta Verde 2009 – Mafiosa Boys 2010 – Tramps Gabes 2009
Stade Olympique de Gabes	Avenir sportif de Gabès	Curva Nord Gabes – Ultras Eagles Gabes 2009 – Ultras Samurai 2009 – Ultras Rosso Nero 2012
Stade Hamda Elaoueni	Jeunesse sportive kairouanaise	– Green Warriors 2008 – Los Magicos Green Stars 2011
Salle couverte Taoufik-Bouhima	Étoile sportive de Radès	– Ultras Radessien 2010
Salle couverte de Téboulba	Aigle sportif de Téboulba	– Ultras Viking Teboulba 2009
Stade municipal de Kasserine	Avenir sportif de Kasserine	– Ultras Fraxus 2011
Stade de Houmt Souk	Association sportive de Djerba	– Ultras Green Boys 2007 – Ultras Island Boys 2011 – Ultras Reckless 2013
Stade Olympique de Radès	Équipe de Tunisie de football	– Carthago Boys 2012

Libya

Stadium	Club	Name
The Tripoli International Stadium	Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli)	– Ultras Teha Boys 2010
The Tripoli International Stadium	Al Ahli SC (Tripoli)	– Ultras Flame Boys 2010 – Ultras Green Monsters 2016
The Tripoli International Stadium	Al-Madina SC	– Hawatuh Boys 2023
Martyrs of February Stadium	Al-Ahly SC (Benghazi)	– Ultras Jazzara 2010
Martyrs of February Stadium	Al-Nasr SC (Benghazi)	– Ultras Carboniera 2013
Martyrs of February Stadium	Al Tahaddy SC	– Ultras Panthers Boys 2018
Misurata Stadium	Asswehly SC	– Ultras Misurata Knights 2010
Misurata Stadium	Alittihad Misurata SC	– Ultras Misurata Ghosts 2018
Al Bayda Stadium	Al Akhdar SC	– Ultras Dour 2018
Al Khums Stadium	Al Khums SC	– Ultras Hera Boys 2018 – Ultras Alreyas Boys 2023
Sorman Stadium	Rafik Sorman	– Ultras Rofa Warriors 2018
10 June Stadium	Al Ta'awon SC	– Ultras Sa7ara 2018
Al marj Stadium	Al-Morouj SC	– Ultras Crimson Snakes 2019
Derna Stadium	Darnes SC	– Tribuna Ragazzi 2020
Jumayl Stadium	Al-Mustaqbal (football club)	– Ultras Fighters 2021
Tobruk Stadium	Al-Suqoor Club	– Ultras Dean Boys 2022
Zaawia Stadium	Olympic Azzaweya	– Ultras Blue Castle 2023
Zuwara Stadium	Aljazeera SC	– Ultras Yellow Army 2023

Sudan

Stadium	Club	Name
Al-Merrikh Stadium	Al-Merrikh SC	–Ultras Jawareh 2008 –Ultras Olympus Mons 13
Al-Hilal Stadium	Al-Hilal SC	– Ultras Blue Lions 2008

Rwanda

stadium	club	name
Amahoro Stadium	Rayon Sports F.C.	The blues of Rwanda
Amahoro Stadium	APR F.C.	zone 5
Umuganda Stadium	Etincelles F.C.	Etincelles F.C. fans

Lesotho

stadium	club	name
Hlotse Stadium	Linare FC	ULTRAS LINARES
Pitso Ground	Matlama FC	Ultras Matlama

South Africa

stadium	club	name
Orlando Stadium	Orlando Pirates F.C.	The Sea Robbers
Amakhosi Stadium	Kaizer Chiefs F.C.	Amakhosi
Cape Town Stadium	Cape Town City F.C. (2016)	Ultras Blue Eagels
Free State Stadium	Bloemfontein Celtic F.C.	Unity Supporters
Cape Town Stadium	Cape Town Spurs F.C.	Urban Warriors

Asia

Bangladesh

Stadium	Team	Name	Notes
Bashundhara Kings Arena	Bashundhara Kings	Bashundhara Kings Ultras	First ever registered fan Ultras in Bangladesh. It was founded in 2021.
Bangabandhu National Stadium	Bangladesh	Bangladeshi Football Ultras	First ever national team ultras in Bangladesh.

China

Stadium	Club	Name
Workers' Stadium	Beijing Guoan FC	The Royal Army (Chinese: 御林军)

India

Stadium	Club	Name
Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium	Thrissur Magic FC	Magic Brigade
Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan	Mohun Bagan Super Giant	Mariners De Xtreme

Palestine

Stadium	Club	Name
Dura International Stadium	Shabab Al-Khalil SC	–Ultras Khalele 2011
Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium	Hilal Al-Quds Club	– Group Hilaly

Jordan

Stadium	Club	Name
Amman International Stadium	Al-Faisaly SC	–Ultras Al Faisaly 2013
King Abdullah II Stadium	Al-Wehdat SC	– Wehdaty Group 2012 –Ultras Green Knights 2018

Iraq

Stadium	Club	Name
Al-Shaab Stadium	Al-Shorta SC	–Ultras Green Harp 2012
Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya Stadium	Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya	– Ultras Blue Hawk 2012
Sulaymaniyah Stadium	Sulaymaniya SC	–Ultras Sulaimaniy
Franso Hariri Stadium	Erbil SC	– Ultras Qalla
Al-Zawra'a Stadium	Al-Zawraa	–Ultras The Kings

Saudi Arabia

Stadium	Club	Name
King Abdullah	Al-Ittihad	–Ultras Golden Tigers 2011
King Fahd	Al Hilal	– Ultras Blue Wave 2011
KSU Stadium	Al Nassr	–Ultras Al Aalami 2011
King Abdullah	Al Ahli	– Ultras Al Malaki 2011

Syria

Stadium	Club	Name
Al-Assad Stadium	Tishreen SC	–Ultras Eagles 2009
Al-Baath Stadium	Jableh SC	– Ultras Blue Boys 2017
Khalid ibn al-Walid Stadium	Al-Karamah SC	–Ultras Blue Sun
Deir ez-Zor Municipal Stadium	Al-Fotuwa SC	–Ultras Blue Blood
Al-Jalaa Stadium	Al-Wahda SC (Syria)	– Ultras Orange Pliiji
Al-Assad Stadium	Hutteen SC	–Ultras Blues
Bassel al-Assad Stadium	Al-Sahel SC (Syria)	–Ultras Pirates 2017

United Arab Emirates

Stadium	Club	Name
Za'abeel Stadium	Al Wasl SC	Ultras Junoon

United Arab Emirates

Al-Wasl SC

Ultras Junoon is an Emirati group that was founded in 2010 by the fans of Al-Wasl Club. This club is considered to have one of the largest fan bases in the Emirates, and Al-Wasl Club fans are considered the first club that came up with the idea of Ultras in the Gulf region. It is mentioned that Al Wasl fans were the main reason for increasing excitement in the region and increasing the viewership of the league in the Emirates, in particular. The Ultras Junoon have a great ability to preserve the history of this club, and they are close to making any decision in the interest of this club.

Cambodia

The ultras scene in Cambodia began on October 28, 2018, with the formation of Ultras Cambodia, a group dedicated to supporting the Cambodia national football team. Following this, club-specific ultras groups also emerged. Visakha FC supporters formed Ultras Visakha. and Ultras Svay Rieng, was established to support Svay Rieng FC.

The (Death Note) Tifo Made by (Ultras Junoon 2010 )

Malaysia

In Malaysia, the ultras scene is characterized by the presence of "Ultras Malaya," the largest supporter club dedicated to the Malaysia national football team. "Ultras Malaya" founded in 2007 but only made their first appearances during the 2008 Merdeka Tournament when Malaysia beat Nepal 4-0.

"Ultras Malaya" boasts a diverse membership with fans from different ethnic backgrounds, states, and clubs across Malaysia. The group represents fans from all 14 states and other subdivisions within Malaysia. One of the most significant rivalries in Southeast Asian football is between "Ultras Malaya" and the fans of the Indonesia national football team. This rivalry is famously known as the "Nusantara derby" and has witnessed several intense clashes before, during, and after matches between the two nations, both on and off the field.

"Ultras Malaya" witnessed a gradual increase in its membership over the years, reaching its zenith during the AFF Suzuki Cup in 2014, when the number of members soared into the tens of thousands, although exact figures are not confirmed.

As time passed, UM07, the parent organization of "Ultras Malaya," expanded its reach by establishing subsidiary groups at the state and club levels across Malaysia. These subsidiary supporter groups are passionate in their support for both their local clubs and the national team. Here are some of the main ultras and supporters groups associated with specific states and clubs:

• Johor Darul Ta'zim FC: "Boys of Straits" (Super League, formed in 2010)
• Kedah Darul Aman FC: "Ultras Kedah 09" (Super League, founded on December 29, 2009)
• Kelantan FC: "Gate H Boys" (M3 League, established in 2010)
• Kuala Lumpur City FC: "Kuala Lumpur Ultras/Cityboys" (Super League, founded on February 28, 2011)
• Melaka United: "Ultras Taming Sari" (Super League, established on January 11, 2011)
• Negeri Sembilan FC: "Ultras Nogori 9" (Super League, formed on May 15, 2010)
• Penang FC: "Ultras Panthers" (Super League, emerged in 2011)
• Perak FC: "Silver State Ultras/The Supporters" (Premier League, established in April 2009)
• Perlis FA: "Brigate Gialloblu Perlis" (Club Dissolved, formed around 2010 or 2011)
• Sabah FC: "North Borneo Ultras" (Super League, founded on April 5, 2011)
• Sarawak FA/Sarawak United: "GB13" (M3 League, established in 2011)
• Selangor FC: "UltraSel Curva" (Super League, formed in 2010)

• Sri Pahang FC: "Elephant Army" (Super League, founded on February 3, 2010)

• Terengganu FC: "Ultras Tranung" (Super League, established in 2010)

• Kuching City FC: "Ultras IL Gatto" (Super League, established in 2020)

Within "Ultras Malaya," the role of the Capo is crucial in leading the chanting and energizing the crowd inside the stadium. One of the most well-known Capos of "Ultras Malaya" is Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad, also known as Lekir Haji Ahmad. His leadership and coordination skills have contributed to the vibrant and passionate atmosphere during Malaysia's football matches, making him a respected figure among the ultras community.

Japan

The ultras scene in Japan began in 1992 with the formation of "Ultra Nippon," a group dedicated to supporting the Japan national football team. This movement quickly gained momentum, spreading across the country and leading to the creation of ultras groups for various club teams. Nagoya Grampus supporters formed "Ultras Nagoya," while Vegalta Sendai saw the establishment of "Ultras Vegalta Sendai." Urawa Red Diamonds are supported by the "Urawa Boys," and Gamba Osaka fans are organized under the name "Gamba Ultras." Cerezo Osaka also saw the formation of a group, known as "Cerezo Ultras,"

Lebanon

The ultras scene was introduced to Lebanon in February 2018, with Nejmeh's "Ultras Supernova" and White ultras for racing Beirut 2019. Their rivals Ansar quickly followed with their own ultras group, "I Tifosi", one month later. Ahed formed their own ultras group, called "Ultras Yellow Inferno", the same year. Prior to the Arab Club Champions Cup game between Nejmeh and Al-Ahly of Egypt, played on 13 August 2018, seven "Ultras Supernova" fans were arrested by the Egyptian national security because of the negative connotations the word "Ultras" has in Egypt. The fans have been returned to Lebanon by request of the Lebanese Ambassador to Cairo.

India

East Bengal ultras

The 3D Blue Tiger tifo displayed by Blue Pilgrims in June 2018

The ultras scene in India was introduced by East Bengal Ultras, the ultras group of East Bengal FC, in 2013, and since then it grew slowly, as ultras groups of various clubs started to form and display of "Tifo's" and "Pyro" shows became very much a part of the ultras scene in Indian football.

Blue Pilgrims is an organised group of football fans who support the India national football men's team, women's team, and all the other age – group national teams at every home and away game, formed by a group of football fans of several club fan bases of football clubs from India. Founded in 2017 before the commencement of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup, which was held in India, the group based their name on the nickname of the national team, the "Blue Tigers". They consider travelling with the national teams, to wherever the teams play, as their pilgrimage. They often display flags, banners, and tifos in support of the national team.

Stadium	Club	Name
Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata	East Bengal FC	– East Bengal Ultras
Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata	East Bengal FC	– East Bengal the Real Power
Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata	Mohun Bagan AC	– Mariners Dé Xtreme
Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata	Mohun Bagan AC	– Mariners' Base Camp
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi	Kerala Blasters FC	– Manjappada
Sree Kanteerava Stadium, Bengalore	Bengaluru FC	– West Block Blues
Mumbai Football Arena, Mumbai	Mumbai City FC	– West Coast Brigade
G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium, Hyderabad	Hyderabad FC	– Deccan Legion
Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium, Guwahati	NorthEast United FC	Highlander Brigade

Iran

Persepolis ultras of this association were registered by the club's fans association in 2014, and the place of these fans was registered at the 36th position Their place is in Azadi Stadium. Persepolis ultras are nicknamed the Red Army in Asia. They have a close competition with their long-time rival, Esteghlal, and they support their team with doza bombs and fabric designs.

Oceania

Australia

Melbourne Victory FC supporters at the 2007 A-League Grand Final

Stadium	Club	Name
Coopers Stadium, Adelaide	Adelaide United FC	– Red Army
Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane	Brisbane Roar FC	– The Den
Industree Group Stadium, Gosford	Central Coast Mariners FC	– Yellow Army
Campbelltown Sports Stadium, Sydney	Macarthur FC	– The Bullpen
AAMI Park, Melbourne	Melbourne Victory FC	– North Terrace
AAMI Park, Melbourne	Melbourne City FC	– South End Melbourne/Bay 12
McDonald Jones Stadium, Newcastle	Newcastle Jets FC	– Squadron Novocastria
HBF Park, Perth	Perth Glory FC	– Shed End Perth
Allianz Stadium, Sydney	Sydney FC	– The Cove
CommBank Stadium, Parramatta	Western Sydney Wanderers FC	– Red and Black Bloc
AAMI Park, Melbourne	Western United FC	– Western Service Crew

New Zealand

Stadium	Club	Name
Go Media Stadium, Auckland	Auckland FC	– The Port
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington	Wellington Phoenix	– Yellow Fever

North America

Canada

Stadium	Club	Name
Stade Saputo	CF Montréal	– Brigade Montréal – 132 Crew – Suppras MTL – Bolos Crew
BMO Field	Toronto FC	– Block 114 – Inebratti
Wanderers Grounds	HFX Wanderers FC	– Block 108 Ultras
Tim Hortons Field	Forge FC	- Barton St. Battalion
BC Place Stadium	Whitecaps FC	- South Siders

United States

Stadium	Club	Name
Audi Field	D.C. United	– District Ultras
PayPal Park	San Jose Earthquakes	– San Jose Ultras
Red Bull Arena	New York Red Bulls	– Torcida 96
Subaru Park	Philadelphia Union	– Sons of Ben
Lumen Field	Seattle Sounders FC	– Emerald City Supporters
Dignity Health Sports Park	Los Angeles Galaxy	– Ghosts Ultras Galaxy
Providence Park	Portland Timbers	– Timbers Army
BMO Stadium	Los Angeles Football Club	– The 3252
Children's Mercy Park	Sporting Kansas City	– Fountain City Ultras
Yankee Stadium	New York City Football Club	– Ultras NYC – Los Templados
TQL Stadium	FC Cincinnati	– Incline Collective
Keyworth Stadium	Detroit City FC	– Northern Guard Supporters

Honduras

stadium	club	name
Estadio Nacional Chelato Uclés	Club Deportivo Olimpia	Ultra Fiel
Estadio Nacional Chelato Uclés	F.C. Motagua	ultras motagua
Estadio General Francisco Morazán	Real C.D. España	brigadas
Estadio Yankel Rosenthal	C.D. Marathón	furia verde

Nicaragua

stadium	club	name
Estadio Cacique Diriangén	Diriangén FC	Barra Cacique
Estadio Independencia	Real Estelí FC	Barra Kamikaze
Estadio Olímpico del IND Managua	C.D. Walter Ferretti	La Inigualable Banda Del ‘87
Estadio Carlos Fonseca	Matagalpa FC	Ultra 12 septentrion
Estadio Municipal de Sébaco	Club Sport Sebaco	Barra Brava
Estadio Alejandro Ramos	ART Municipal Jalapa	Barras Muchas
Estadio Glorias del Beisbol Segoviano	Deportivo Ocotal	tu barra ultra fiels

Costa Rica

stadium	club	name
Estadio Alejandro Morera Soto	Liga Deportiva Alajuelense	LA 12
Estadio Eladio Rosabal Cordero	C.S. Herediano	La Garra Herediana
Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá	Deportivo Saprissa	La Ultra Morada

Panama

stadium	club	name
Estadio Armando Dely Valdés	C.D. Árabe Unido	BARRA ATLANTICA
Estadio Maracaná (Panama)	C.D. Plaza Amador	Barra Plazina
Cancha de Entrenamiento Luis Tapia	Sporting San Miguelito	La Barra Académica
Estadio Agustín Sánchez	C.A. Independiente de La Chorrera	ultra roja chicas ultras

See also

• Curva
• Hooligan
• List of association football rivalries
• List of hooligan firms
• Torcida organizada

Further reading

• Nicola Guerra (2014). "Il discorso e la lingua speciale del calcio, una definizione inclusiva. I meccanismi di creazione dei neologismi e le dinamiche di contatto e interferenza" Annals of the University of Craiova Guerra, Nicola (January 2013). "Dalla strada alla letteratura, le spericolate e propizie vicende del forestierismo A.C.A.B.. Il contatto linguistico tra italiano e inglese nelle sottoculture Skinhead e Ultras". Analele Universităţii Din Craiova, Seria Ştiinţe Filologice Linguistică Nr. 1-2.
• Guerra, Nicola (2011). "Meccanismi e significati linguistici di un'identità contemporanea: analisi dello spazio linguistico di una tifoseria ultras di calico". Annals of the University of Craiova.
• Guerra, Nicola; Imperi, Valentina; Vardanega, Claudia (25 September 2010). "I Poeti della Curva: Un'analisi sociolinguistica degli striscioni allo stadio". Aracne Editrice.
• Prof. Dr. Gunter A. Pilz: "International Conference on Ultras. Overview of the Ultra culture phenomenon in the Council of Europe member states in 2009" (PDF). (195 KB) Leibniz University Hanover, 18 January 2010.
• Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (2008). "Words and actions: Italian ultras and neo-fascism" Social Identities, vol. 14 (4), pp. 473 – 490
• Testa, A. (2009) "UltraS: an Emerging Social Movement", Review of European Studies, vol. 1 (2), 54–63
• Testa, A. (2010). Contested Meanings: the Italian Media and the UltraS. Review of European Studies, vol 2(1), 15–24
• Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (in press; November 2010). Football, Fascism and Fandom: The UltraS of Italian Football, A&C (Bloomsbury), London, Black Publishers.
• "Violence Threats to Italian Iconic Landmarks and Stadiums". 5 March 2017.TAL Global Corporation.

External links

• Media related to Ultras at Wikimedia Commons