Mirafra
| Mirafra | |
|---|---|
_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4596.jpg)
| |
| Bengal bush lark (Mirafra assamica) in Kolkata (West Bengal, India) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Alaudidae |
| Genus: | Mirafra Horsfield, 1821 |
| Type species | |
| Mirafra javanica[1] Horsfield, 1821
| |
| Diversity | |
| 24 species (but see text) | |
| |
| global range of genus[2] | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Mirafra is a genus of lark in the family Alaudidae. Some Mirafra species are called "larks", while others are called "bush larks". They are found from Africa through South Asia to Australia.
Taxonomy[edit]
The genus Mirafra was introduced in 1821 by the American naturalist Thomas Horsfield to accommodate a single species, Mirafra javanica the singing bush lark, which is therefore considered as the type species.[3][4] The derivation of the genus name is unknown.[5]
The phylogeny of larks (Alaudidae) was reviewed by Alström et al. (2013) who found that the following species form a well supported monophyletic group, which is the sister lineage to Heteromirafra.[6]
Extant species[edit]
The genus contains twenty-four species:[7]
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
,_crop.jpg) |
Mirafra fasciolata | Eastern clapper lark | southern Africa in Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho and South Africa. |
 |
Mirafra apiata | Cape clapper lark | southern Africa |
 |
Mirafra hypermetra | Red-winged lark | Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda |
 |
Mirafra africana | Rufous-naped lark | sub-Saharan Africa |
| Mirafra sharpii | Sharpe's lark | northwestern Somalia | |
,_crop.jpg) |
Mirafra rufocinnamomea | Flappet lark | Central Africa |
 |
Mirafra angolensis | Angola lark | southern and central Africa |
| Mirafra williamsi | Williams's lark | northern Kenya | |
.jpg) |
Mirafra passerina | Monotonous lark | southern Africa. |
 |
Mirafra cheniana | Melodious lark | South Africa (Eastern Cape, the Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and North West Province), Botswana and Zimbabwe |
_(12100175043)_(cropped).jpg) |
Mirafra javanica | Singing bush lark | Australia and much of Southeast Asia. |
.jpg) |
Mirafra microptera | Burmese bush lark | central Myanmar |
|
Mirafra assamica | Bengal bush lark | Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar and Nepal |
_(cropped).jpg) |
Mirafra erythrocephala | Indochinese bush lark | southeast Asia. |
 |
Mirafra erythroptera | Indian bush lark | Pakistan and northwestern, central and south-central India. |
.jpg) |
Mirafra affinis | Jerdon's bush lark | southeast India and Sri Lanka |
 |
Mirafra gilletti | Gillett's lark | Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia |
| Mirafra rufa | Rusty bush lark | Sahel region of north-central Africa. | |
 |
Mirafra collaris | Collared lark | eastern Ethiopia and Somalia to central Kenya |
| Mirafra ashi | Ash's lark | Somalia. | |
.jpg) |
Mirafra somalica | Somali lark | Somalia |
| Mirafra pulpa | Friedmann's lark | East Africa. | |
 |
Mirafra cordofanica | Kordofan lark | Mauritania and Senegal to Niger, eastern Chad, southern Sudan and northern South Sudan |
 |
Mirafra albicauda | White-tailed lark | western Chad, eastern Sudan, northeastern South Sudan, south-central Ethiopia, and from Uganda and western Kenya to central Tanzania |
Former species[edit]
Some authorities, either presently or formerly, recognize several additional species as belonging to the genus Mirafra, including:
- Short-clawed lark (as Mirafra chuana)[8]
- Dusky lark (as Mirafra nigricans)[9]
- Rufous-rumped lark (as Mirafra erythropygia or Mirafra nigricans erythropygia)[10]
- Indian desert finch-lark (as Mirafra phoenicuroides)[11]
- Rufous-tailed lark (as Mirafra phoenicura)[12]
- Madagascan lark (as Mirafra hova)[13]
- Sabota lark (as Mirafra sabota)[14]
- Bradfield's lark (as Mirafra naevia)[15]
- Pink-breasted lark (as Mirafra poecilosterna)[16]
- Foxy lark (as Mirafra alopex)[17]
- Masai fawn-coloured lark (as Mirafra intercedens)[18]
- Fawn-coloured lark (as Mirafra africanoides)[19]
- Karoo lark (as Mirafra albescens or Mirafra nivosa)[20]
- Red lark (as Mirafra burra)[21]
- Dune lark (as Mirafra erythrochlamys)[22]
- Barlow's lark (as Mirafra erythrochlamys barlowi)[23]
- Rudd's lark (as Mirafra ruddi)[24]
- Archer's lark (as Mirafra archeri)[25]
- Sidamo lark (as Mirafra sidamoensis)[26]
- Ngaundere sun lark (as Mirafra strümpelli)[27]
- Uele sun lark (as Mirafra bucolica)[28]
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mirafra.
- ^ "Alaudidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
- ^ Based on maps in the Handbook of the Birds of the World and the BirdLife Datazone
- ^ Horsfield, Thomas (1821). "Systematic arrangement and description of birds from the island of Java". Transactions of the Linnean Society. 13 (1): 133–200 [159].
- ^ Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1960). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 3.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Alström, Per; Barnes, Keith N.; Olsson, Urban; Barker, F. Keith; Bloomer, Paulette; Khan, Aleem Ahmed; Qureshi, Masood Ahmed; Guillaumet, Alban; Crochet, Pierre-Andre; Ryan, Peter G. (2013). "Multilocus phylogeny of the avian family Alaudidae (larks) reveals complex morphological evolution, non-monophyletic genera and hidden species diversity" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 1043–1056. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.005. PMID 23792153.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Nicators, reedling, larks". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
- ^ "Certhilauda chuana - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
- ^ "Pinarocorys nigricans - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
- ^ "Pinarocorys erythropygia - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
- ^ "Ammomanes deserti phoenicuroides - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^ "Ammomanes phoenicura - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
- ^ "Eremopterix hova - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
- ^ "Calendulauda sabota - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ^ "Calendulauda naevia - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ^ "Calendulauda poecilosterna - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ^ "Calendulauda alopex - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ^ "Calendulauda intercedens - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ^ "Calendulauda africanoides - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ^ "Calendulauda albescens - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
- ^ "Calendulauda burra - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
- ^ "Calendulauda erythrochlamys - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
- ^ "Calendulauda barlowi - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
- ^ "Heteromirafra ruddi - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ "Heteromirafra archeri - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ "Heteromirafra sidamoensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ "Galerida modesta struempelli - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
- ^ "Galerida modesta bucolica - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
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