Immunomodulator

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An immunomodulator is a drug used for its effect on the immune system. There are two types of such drugs based on their effects:

immunosuppressants (eg. thalidomide, lenalidomide)
immunostimulators

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MeSH Immunomodulators

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v • d • e Major drug groups

Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism (A)	stomach acid (Antacids, H₂ antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors) • Antiemetics • Laxatives • Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives • Anti-obesity drugs • Anti-diabetics • Vitamins • Dietary minerals

Blood and blood forming organs (B)	Antithrombotics (Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, Thrombolytics) • Antihemorrhagics

Cardiovascular system (C)	cardiac therapy/antianginals (Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulant) Antihypertensives • Diuretics • Vasodilators • Beta blockers • Calcium channel blockers • renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors) Antihyperlipidemics (Statins, Fibrates, Bile acid sequestrants)

Skin (D)	Emollients • Cicatrizant • Antipruritics • Antipsoriatic • Medicated dressings

Reproductive system (G)	Hormonal contraception • Fertility agents • SERMs • Sex hormones

Endocrine system (H)	Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones • Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids) • Sex hormones • Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agent

Infections and infestations (J, P)	Antibiotics • Antifungals • Antimycobacterial (Tuberculosis treatment, Leprostatic agent) • Antivirals • Vaccines • Antiparasitic (Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics)

Malignant disease (L01-L02)	Anticancer agents (Antimetabolite, Alkylating, Spindle poison, Antineoplastic, Topoisomerase inhibitor)

Immune disease (L03-L04)	Immunomodulators (Immunostimulators, Immunosuppressants)

Muscles, bones, and joints (M)	Anabolic steroids • Anti-inflammatories (NSAID) • Antirheumatics • Corticosteroids • Muscle relaxants • Bisphosphonate

Brain and nervous system (N)	Anesthetics (General, Local) • Analgesics • Antimigraines • Anticonvulsants • Mood stabilizers • Antiparkinson drug Psycholeptic (Anxiolytics, Antipsychotics, Hypnotics/Sedatives) • Psychoanaleptic (Antidepressants, Stimulants/Psychostimulants)

Respiratory system (R)	Decongestants • Bronchodilators • Cough medicine • H₁ antagonists

Sensory organs (S)	Ophthalmologicalss • Otologicals • Ophthalmological preparations • Otological preparations

Other ATC (V)	Antidotes • Contrast media • Radiopharmaceuticals • Dressing

v • d • e Immunomodulators – immunostimulants (L03)

Colony stimulating factors	G-CSF (Filgrastim/Pegfilgrastim, Lenograstim) · GM-CSF (Molgramostim, Sargramostim) · SCF (Ancestim)

Interferons	alpha: Interferon alpha natural · Interferon alfa-2a/Peginterferon alfa-2a · Interferon alfa-2b/Peginterferon alfa-2b · Interferon alfa-n1 · Interferon alfacon-1 beta: Interferon beta natural · Interferon beta-1a · Interferon beta-1b Interferon gamma

Interleukins	Aldesleukin · Oprelvekin

Other cytokines and endogenous immunostimulants	Female sex steroids · Pegademase · Poly ICLC · Immunocyanin · Tasonermin · Histamine dihydrochloride · Prolactin · Growth hormone · Vitamin D

Exogenous	Lentinan · Roquinimex · BCG vaccine · Pidotimod · Poly I:C · Thymopentin · Melanoma vaccine · Glatiramer acetate

v • d • e

Immunomodulators – Immunosuppressants – Immunosuppressive drugs (L04)

Intracellular
(signal initiation)

Antimetabolites	purine synthesis inhibitor: Azathioprine · Mycophenolic acid pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor: Leflunomide · Teriflunomide antifolate: Methotrexate

Macrolides/ other IL-2 inhibitors	FKBP/Cyclophilin/Calcineurin: Tacrolimus · Ciclosporin · Pimecrolimus Abetimus · Gusperimus

TNF-α inhibitor	Thalidomide

Extracellular

Antibodies

Monoclonal

Serum target (noncellular)	Complement component 5 (Eculizumab) · TNFs (Infliximab, Adalimumab, Certolizumab pegol, Afelimomab, Golimumab, Nerelimomab) · Interleukin 5 (Mepolizumab) · Immunoglobulin E (Omalizumab) Interferon (Faralimomab) IL-6 (Elsilimomab) IL-12 and IL-13 (Ustekinumab)

Cellular target	CD3 (Muromonab-CD3, Otelixizumab, Teplizumab, Visilizumab) · CD4 (Clenoliximab, Keliximab, Zanolimumab) · CD11a (Efalizumab) · CD18 (Erlizumab) · CD20 (Ocrelizumab, Pascolizumab) · CD23 (Lumiliximab) · CD40 (Teneliximab, Toralizumab) · CD62L/L-selectin (Aselizumab) · CD80 (Galiximab) · CD147/Basigin (Gavilimomab, Ziralimumab) · CD154 (Ruplizumab) BLyS (Belimumab) · CTLA-4 (Ipilimumab, Tremelimumab) · CAT (Bertilimumab, Lerdelimumab, Metelimumab) · Integrin (Natalizumab) · Interleukin-6 receptor (Tocilizumab) · LFA-1 (Odulimomab) IL-2 receptor/CD25 (Basiliximab, Daclizumab, Inolimomab) T-lymphocyte (Zolimomab aritox)

Unsorted	Atlizumab, Atorolimumab, Cedelizumab, Dorlimomab aritox, Dorlixizumab, Fontolizumab, Gantenerumab, Gomiliximab, Lebrilizumab, Maslimomab, Morolimumab, Pexelizumab, Reslizumab, Rovelizumab, Siplizumab, Talizumab, Telimomab aritox, Vapaliximab, Vepalimomab