Impalement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Impalement is a term that refers to situations in which objects are driven through the body, causing deep stabbing wounds. It can refer either to accidental events or to deliberate wounding used as a method of torture or execution. A further use of the term is found in stage magic, where illusions such as Impaled simulate accidental or deliberate impalement.
In medicine, impalement injuries are a major surgical challenge. Such injuries have been noted in accidents where people have fallen onto spiked objects, such as railings, or in automobile accidents.
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[edit] Torture and execution
Impalement as a method of torture and execution involves a person being pierced with a long stake. The penetration could be through the sides, through the rectum, through the vagina, or through the mouth. This method leads to a painful death; sometimes taking days. The stake would often be planted in the ground, leaving the impaled person suspended to die.
In some forms of impalement, the stake would be inserted so as to avoid immediate death, and would function as a plug to prevent blood loss, thus extending the person's agony for as many as three days.[1] After suitable preparation of the victim, including public torture and rape, the victim was stripped and an incision was made in the groin between the genitals and rectum. A stout pole with a blunt end was inserted. The blunt end would push vital organs to the side where a sharp end would pierce them, hastening death. A conveniently suitable branch was often used.
The pole would often come out of the body at the top of the sternum and be placed against the lower jaw so that the victim would not slide farther down the pole. Often, the victim was hoisted into the air after partial impalement. Gravity and the victim's own struggles would cause them to slide down the pole. Death could take many days.
[edit] History
The use of impalement as a form of execution in civilizations of the Ancient Near East, is evidenced by carvings and statues from the ancient Near East. According to Ancient Greek historian Herodotus (3.159), Darius I impaled 3,000 Babylonians when he took Babylon: their execution is also recorded in the Behistun inscription. In ancient Rome, the term "crucifixion" could also refer to impalement. Ancient authors also report the use of "crucifixion" (which may have meant impalement as well) in Carthage, where it was used for extreme cases of treachery and failure on the battlefield, usually combined with other forms of torture.
Impalement was frequently practiced in Asia and Europe throughout the Middle Ages. Vlad the Impaler, who learned the method of killing by impalement while staying in Constantinople[citation needed], the capital of the Ottoman Empire, as a prisoner, and Ivan the Terrible have passed into legend as major users of the method. From the 14th to 18th century, impalement was a traditional method of execution for high treason in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Impalement was used in Sweden during the 17th century, particularly as a death penalty for members of the resistance in the former Danish provinces[citation needed], the Scanian lands (the so called "Snapphane)", where the stake was inserted between the spine and the skin of the victim. In that way, it could take four to five days before the victim died.
In Malay Adat law, the traditional punishment for adultery before the modern age was that of impalement, known in Malay as Hukum Sula. A pole was inserted through the anus and pushed up to pierce the heart or lungs of the condemned, the pole thereupon being hoisted and inserted into the ground.
The Zulu of South Africa used impalement (ukujoja) as a form of punishment for soldiers who had failed in the execution of their duty, people accused of witchcraft or who had exhibited cowardice.[2]
The Araucanian chief Caupolican suffered this death as a prisoner during the Spanish colonization of Chile. The method used was to make him sit on a stake while his wife was forced to watch.[3]
Athanasios Diakos a Greek military commander during the Greek War of Independence was impaled by the Ottoman army.
[edit] References
- ^ Aiolos. "Turkish Culture: The Art of Impalement." e-grammes.gr, 7 April 2006.
- ^ Bourquin, S. "the Zulu Military Organization and the Challenge of 1879." The South African Military History Society, Military History Journal, Volume 4, Number 4 (Last Modified on 9 December 2007).
- ^ de Vivar, Jerónimo. "Crónicas de Los Reinos de Chile, Ficha Capítulo CXXXVI." artehistoria.
