Stitchbird

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"Hihi" redirects here. For other uses, see Hihi (disambiguation).

Stitchbird
Male in typical 'tail cocked' stance
Female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Notiomystidae
Driskell et al., 2007
Genus: Notiomystis
Richmond, 1908
Species:
N. cincta
Binomial name
Notiomystis cincta
(Du Bus, 1839)
  Islands and sanctuaries where stitchbirds are present

The stitchbird or hihi (Notiomystis cincta) is a honeyeater-like bird endemic to the North Island and adjacent offshore islands of New Zealand. Its evolutionary relationships have long puzzled ornithologists, but it is now classed as the only member of its own family, the Notiomystidae. It is rare, being extirpated everywhere except Little Barrier Island, but has been reintroduced to two other island sanctuaries and four locations on the North Island mainland.[2] Current population estimations for mature individuals in the wild are 2,500–3,400.[3]

In addition to hihi, the stitchbird is also known by a number of other Māori names, including: tihi, ihi, tihe, kotihe, tiora, tiheora, tioro, kotihe-wera (male only), hihi-paka (male only), hihi-matakiore (female only), mata-kiore (female only), tihe-kiore (female only).[4]

Taxonomy and systematics[edit]

The stitchbird was originally described as a member of the primarily Australian and New Guinean honeyeater family Meliphagidae. It had remained classified as such until recently. Genetic analysis shows that it is not closely related to the honeyeaters and their allies and that its closest living relatives are within the endemic New Zealand Callaeidae.[5][6][7] In 2007 a new passerine family was erected to contain the stitchbird, the Notiomystidae.[6][8]

Description[edit]

The stitchbird is a small honeyeater-like bird. Males have a dark velvety cap and short white ear-tufts, which can be raised somewhat away from the head. A yellow band across the chest separates the black head from the rest of the body, which is grey. Females and juveniles are duller than males, lacking the black head and yellow chest band. The bill is rather thin and somewhat curved, and the tongue is long with a brush at the end for collecting nectar. Thin whiskers project out and slightly forward from the base of the bill.

Stitchbirds are very active and call frequently. Their most common call, a tzit tzit sound, is believed to be the source of their common name, as Buller noted that it "has a fanciful resemblance to the word stitch".[9] They also have a high-pitched whistle and an alarm call which is a nasal pek like a bellbird. Males give a piercing three-note whistle (often heard in spring) and a variety of other calls not given by the female.

Behavior and ecology[edit]

Research has suggested that they face interspecific competition from the tūī and New Zealand bellbird, and will feed from lower-quality food sources when these species are present. The stitchbird rarely lands on the ground and seldom visits flowers on the large canopy trees favoured by the tūī and bellbird (this may simply be because of the competition from the more aggressive, larger birds).

Their main food is nectar, but the stitchbird's diet covers over twenty species of native flowers and thirty species of fruit and many species of introduced plants. Important natural nectar sources are haekaro, matata, pūriri, rata and toropapa. Preferred fruits include Coprosma species, five finger, pate, tree fuchsia and raukawa.

The stitchbird also supplements its diet with small insects.

Breeding[edit]

The stitchbird nests in cavities high up in old trees.[10] They are the only bird species that mates face to face,[11] in comparison to the more conventional copulation style for birds where the male mounts the female's back.[12] Stitchbird have some of the highest levels of extra-pair paternity of any bird with up to 79% of the chicks in the nest sired by other males, possibly as a result of forced copulations.[13]

Status and conservation[edit]

The stitchbird was relatively common early in the European colonisation of New Zealand, and began to decline relatively quickly afterwards, being extinct on the mainland and many offshore islands by 1885. The last sighting on the mainland was in the Tararua Range in the 1880s.[14] The exact cause of the decline is unknown, but is thought to be pressure from introduced species, especially black rats, and introduced avian diseases. Only a small population on Little Barrier Island survived. Starting in the 1980s the New Zealand Wildlife Service (now Department of Conservation) translocated numbers of individuals from Hauturu to other island sanctuaries to create separate populations. These islands were part of New Zealand's network of offshore reserves which have been cleared of introduced species and which protect other rare species including the kākāpō and takahē.

The world population is unknown; estimates for the size of the remnant population on Hauturu (Little Barrier Island) range from 600 to 6000 adult birds.[15] There are also translocated populations on Tiritiri Matangi Island, Kapiti Island, Zealandia, Maungatautari, Bushy Park and Lake Rotokare.[2] Attempts to establish populations on Hen Island, Cuvier Island and Mokoia Island and the Waitākere Ranges failed.[16] Reintroduction to these new sites has created genetic bottlenecks that have reduced genetic diversity in the newly founded populations and led to inbreeding.[17]

The Tiritiri Matangi population is one of the most successful reintroduced populations with relatively fast population growth and now stable at around 150 individuals.[18] Despite this, high levels of hatching failure (around 30% of all eggs fail to hatch) occur due to inbreeding.[19] Only the Little Barrier Island population (Te Hauturu-o-Toi) is self-sufficient and does not require intervention for the population to survive.[17] This species is classified as Vulnerable (D2) by the IUCN[1] because of its very small range and number of populations.

Reintroduction[edit]

In 2005, 60 stitchbirds were released into Zealandia (wildlife sanctuary) in Wellington and in October that year, three stitchbird chicks hatched there, the first time for more than 120 years that a stitchbird chick had been born on the mainland. The hatchings were described as a significant conservation milestone by sanctuary staff,[14] and in early 2019 Zealandia banded their 1000th hihi chick although the adult population is believed to remain at about 100 birds.[20]

In autumn 2007, 59 adult birds from the Tiritiri Matangi population were released in Cascade Kauri Park, in the Waitākere Ranges near Auckland[21][22] and by the end of the year the first chicks had fledged there.[21]

In 2017, 40 birds were released into the Lake Rotokare Scenic Reserve in Taranaki, with 17 chicks raised.[23] A further 30 were released in 2018.[23]

Gallery[edit]

  • Male Hihi
    Male Hihi
  • Female in typical 'tail cocked' stance
    Female in typical 'tail cocked' stance
  • Hihi chicks in nest
    Hihi chicks in nest
  • Face-to-face hihi mating
    Face-to-face hihi mating
  • The extinct North Island subspecies
    The extinct North Island subspecies

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Notiomystis cincta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704154A118814893. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704154A118814893.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Adams (2019).
  3. ^ "Redlist - Stitchbird".
  4. ^ Low, Matthew Richard (2004). "The Behavioural Ecology of Forced Copulation in the New Zealand Stitchbird (Hihi)" (PDF). Massey Research Online.
  5. ^ Barker et al. 2004
  6. ^ a b Driskell et al. 2007
  7. ^ Ewen et al., 2006
  8. ^ Gregory, A. 2008
  9. ^ Buller 1888, p. 102
  10. ^ Rasch, 1985
  11. ^ Anderson, 1993
  12. ^ Ewen & Armstrong 2002
  13. ^ Brekke, Patricia (2013). "Evolution of extreme-mating behaviour: Patterns of extrapair paternity in a species with forced extrapair copulation". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 67 (6): 963–972. doi:10.1007/s00265-013-1522-9. S2CID 17937763.
  14. ^ a b KWS 2005
  15. ^ Hihi/Stichbird (Notiomystis cincta) recovery plan 2004–2009
  16. ^ Castro (2016).
  17. ^ a b Brekke, Patricia (2011). "High genetic diversity in the remnant island population of hihi and the genetic consequences of re-introduction" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 20 (1): 29–45. Bibcode:2011MolEc..20...29B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04923.x. PMID 21073589. S2CID 25508833.
  18. ^ Thorogood, Rose (2013). "The value of long-term ecological research: integrating knowledge for conservation of hihi on Tiritiri Matangi Island". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 37: 298–306.
  19. ^ Brekke, Patricia (2010). "Sensitive males: inbreeding depression in an endangered bird". Proc. R. Soc. B. 277 (1700): 3677–3684. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1144. PMC 2982255. PMID 20591862.
  20. ^ "1000th hihi hatched at ZEALANDIA".
  21. ^ a b Gregory, 2007
  22. ^ BLI, 2007a
  23. ^ a b Martin, Robyn (16 April 2018). "Hihi breed in Taranaki for first time in 130 years". Radio New Zealand. Retrieved 30 May 2019.

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Notiomystis cincta.
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