力

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See also: カ, 九, 丸, and ㄌ
力 U+529B, 力
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-529B
← 劚
[U+529A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 劜 →
[U+529C]
⼒ U+2F12, ⼒
KANGXI RADICAL POWER
← ⼑
[U+2F11] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼓ →
[U+2F13]
力 U+F98A, 力
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98A
← 黎
[U+F989] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 曆 →
[U+F98B]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
2 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

See images of
Radical 19 力

力 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大尸 (KS), four-corner 40027, composition ⿻𠃌丿)

  1. Kangxi radical #19, ⼒.

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

See also[edit]

  • カ (Japanese katakana)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2288
  • Dae Jaweon: page 327, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 364, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+529B

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 力
alternative forms 𠠲
⿻力丶
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 力
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (力) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
勒 *rɯːɡ
肋 *rɯːɡ
扐 *rɯːɡ
仂 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
艻 *rɯːɡ
朸 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
玏 *rɯːɡ
泐 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
阞 *rɯːɡ
竻 *rɯːɡ
力 *rɯɡ
屴 *rɯɡ
鳨 *rɯɡ

Pictogram (象形) – alternative interpretation, either an arm bending out from the side of the body, or a wooden plough.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) + *-k (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Burmese အား (a:, “strength; force”); Proto-Loloish *ra² (“strength”), whence Nuosu ꊋ (we); Panyi Bai [script needed] (ɣɯ̱⁴², “strength”); Central Bai hhep (“strength”). A causative derivative is 飭 (OC rhək) (Shcuessler, 2007).

Schuessler (2007) also suggests an etymological connection with 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • lì - literary;
  • sā̤ - vernacular.
Note:
  • la̍t - vernacular;
  • le̍k/lia̍k - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 力
Mandarin Beijing /li⁵¹/
Harbin /li⁵³/
Tianjin /li⁵³/
Jinan /li²¹/
Qingdao /li⁴²/
Zhengzhou /li²⁴/
Xi'an /li²¹/
Xining /l̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /li¹³/
Lanzhou /li¹³/
Ürümqi /li²¹³/
Wuhan /ni²¹³/
Chengdu /ni³¹/
Guiyang /ni²¹/
Kunming /li³¹/
Nanjing /liʔ⁵/
Hefei /liəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /liəʔ²/
Pingyao /liʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /liəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /liɪʔ¹/
Suzhou /liəʔ³/
Hangzhou /liəʔ²/
Wenzhou /lei²¹³/
Hui Shexian /li²²/
Tunxi /li¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /li²⁴/
Xiangtan /ni²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /liʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /lit̚⁵/
Taoyuan /lit̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /lek̚²/
Nanning /lek̚²²/
Hong Kong /lik̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lik̚⁵/
/lat̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /liʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /li⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /lak̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /lek̚⁵/
/lak̚³/
Rime
Character 力
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 蒸 (134)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 林直切
Baxter lik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lik̚/
Li
Rong 		/liək̚/
Wang
Li 		/lĭək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/li̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lik6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 力
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ lik ›
Old
Chinese 		/*k.rək/
English strength

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 力
Reading # 1/1
No. 7854
Phonetic
component 		力
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		力
Old
Chinese 		/*rɯɡ/

Definitions[edit]

力

  1. physical strength; physical power; energy
    她個子雖小但力大驚人。 [MSC, trad.]
    她个子虽小但力大惊人。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā gèzǐ suī xiǎo dàn lì dà jīngrén. [Pinyin]
    For a small woman she has surprising strength.
  2. force; strength; power
    汽力  ―  qìlì  ―  steam power
    藥力／药力  ―  yàolì  ―  efficacy of a drug
    力量  ―  lìliàng  ―  power
    攻擊力／攻击力  ―  gōngjīlì  ―  firepower
  3. (physics) force
    這個力的方向與位移相同。 [MSC, trad.]
    这个力的方向与位移相同。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè ge lì de fāngxiàng yǔ wèiyí xiāngtóng. [Pinyin]
    This force is the same direction as the displacement.
  4. ability; capability
    能力  ―  nénglì  ―  ability
    他對古董很有鑑賞力。 [MSC, trad.]
    他对古董很有鉴赏力。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā duì gǔdǒng hěn yǒu jiànshǎng lì. [Pinyin]
    He has an eye for antiques.
  5. power and influence; might
  6. (literary) to make an effort; to strive; to endeavor; to work hard
  7. with all one's might; doing all in one's power
    力爭／力争  ―  lìzhēng  ―  to work hard for
    力挽狂瀾／力挽狂澜  ―  lìwǎnkuánglán  ―  to do one's utmost to save a desperate situation
  8. a surname: Li

Synonyms[edit]

  • (physical strength):
  • (ability):
  • (function):
  • (to make an effort):

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (力):
  • → Japanese: 力(りき) (riki)
  • → Korean: 력(力) (ryeok), 역(力) (yeok)
  • → Vietnamese: lực (力)

Others:

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji[edit]

力

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. power, force, strength

Readings[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
力
ちから
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tikara. Compound of Old Japanese elements 霊 (chi, “power, life force, essence”) +‎ 柄 (kara, “source, origin”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

力(ちから) • (chikara) 

  1. strength; power; force
  2. (physics) force
  3. ability; capacity
  4. effort
  5. (tarot): Strength
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Proper noun[edit]

力(ちから) • (Chikara) 

  1. a male given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
力
りき
Grade: 1
goon

From Middle Chinese 力 (lik). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern Cantonese reading lik6.

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

力(りき) • (riki) 

  1. power, strength
    力(りき)学(がく)、力(りき)士(し)、二馬(にば)力(りき)
    rikigaku, rikishi, nibariki
    “power studies” (dynamics), “strength person” (sumo wrestler), two horsepower

Noun[edit]

力(りき) • (riki) 

  1. physical strength
  2. (Buddhism) capability, especially mystical power
  3. (Buddhism) the suchness of ability, one of the Ten Suchnesses in Mahayana Buddhism
  4. short for 力者 (rikisha): a strong person
  5. (archaic) short for 車力 (shariki), 力車 (rikisha): a rickshaw
  6. (archaic) a rickshaw operator's wages
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
力
りょく
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 力 (lì), but apparently from a different source dialect or at a different time than 力 (lik). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare reconstructed Middle Chinese reading /li̯ək/ or Korean reading ryeok.

Only found in compounds and idioms in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

力(りょく) • (ryoku) 

  1. strength, power
    力(りょく)争(そう)、権(けん)力(りょく)
    ryokusō, kenryoku
    “strength struggle” (a hard fight), “right power” (authority)
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

References[edit]

  1. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 力 (MC lik). Perhaps more specifically from Late Middle Chinese 力 (LMC *liə̌k).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 륵〮 (Yale: lúk)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

力 (eumhun 힘 력 (him ryeok), South Korea 힘 역 (him yeok))

  1. Hanja form? of 력/역 (“power; force”). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

力: Hán Việt readings: lực (林(lâm)直(trực)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
力: Nôm readings: sức[1][3][4], lực[2][3], sực[3][4], sựt[3][4], rực[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of lực (“physical force”).
  2. Nôm form of sức (“strength; power”).

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
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