Languages of Svalbard

Languages of Svalbard
Polar bear warning sign in Norwegian, Svalbard
Official	Norwegian
Immigrant	Russian, Mandarin, Polish
Foreign	English
Signed	Norwegian Sign Language
Keyboard layout	Norwegian QWERTY

Svalbard has a population of approximately 2,395 people as of 2011. Approximately 70% of the people are Norwegians; the remaining 30% are Russian and Ukrainian. The official language of Svalbard is Norwegian. Russian is used in the Russian settlements.

The annual population growth is −0.02%, but as may be seen from the following chart, the ex-Soviet population has atrophied, while the Norwegians have been increasing.

Population of Svalbard

Year	Total	Norwegian	Russian	Polish
1990	3,544	1,125	2,407	12
1995	2,906	1,218	1,679	9
2000	2,376	1,475	893	8
2005	2,400	1,645	747	8

Warning sign in English in Ny-Alesund; English is used as a lingua franca by non-Norwegians in Svalbard.

Norwegian

Norwegian is the official, and main language, of the archipelago. The weekly Svalbardposten is published in it.

Mainly Norwegian-speaking settlements include Longyearbyen, the capital, Ny-Ålesund and Sveagruva.

Polish

Polish Polar Station is located at Hornsund.

Russian

An example of the use of Russian on a monument at Barentsburg

Mainly Russian-speaking settlements include Barentsburg.

Some Russian is spoken in Svalbard's capital, Longyearbyen, and appears in some signage.

Abandoned communities which spoke Russian include Grumant until 1961, and Pyramiden until 2000.

Chinese

The Arctic Yellow River Station was established in 2003, by the People's Republic of China.

Dutch

Smeerenburg was Dutch-speaking until about 1660. The name itself is Dutch for "blubber town". There was also a Dutch whaling station on Ytre Norskøya and several other locations in Svalbard as well.

The Netherlands still retains a research station at Ny-Ålesund.

Danish

The Danes were also present at Smeerenburg from 1619–23, 1625 and 1631. They also built a seasonal settlement in Kobbefjorden, which they occupied for a quarter century (1631–58).

English

English was spoken from the many whaling settlements established in Svalbard from 1611 to 1670.

French

French was spoken at the whaling settlement in Hamburgbukta, which was occupied from 1633 to 1638. France now maintains a research station at Ny-Ålesund.

Other languages

At present, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and South Korea all maintain research stations at Ny-Ålesund, although not all are inhabited year-round.

Former and extinct languages

The history of Russenorsk or Russonorsk (Norwegian for "Russo-Norwegian") is mainly limited to the 18th and 19th centuries. The Russian Revolution of 1917 brought about an end to its use; it is reported that the last Norwegian–Russian trade occurred in 1923, marking the last use of Russenorsk.

Russenorsk was a pidgin language combining elements of Russian and Norwegian, created by traders and whalers from northern Norway and the Russian Kola peninsula. Another name for the language was Moja på tvoja that parodied a perverted Russian phrase, meaning something like "I can speak in your language" (from the Russian words моя (moya) "my", по (po) here used to mean "in" твоя (tvoya) "your")

Swedish

Swedish and Norwegian are mutually comprehensible to a considerable degree.

Pyramiden, which later became Soviet, was founded by a Swedish company in 1910.