List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Comparative analysis of forex reserves held by top 20 countries as of June 2024

Foreign exchange reserves, also called Forex reserves, in a strict sense, are foreign-currency deposits held by nationals and monetary authorities. However, in popular usage and in the list below, it also includes gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and IMF reserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available and also arguably more meaningful.[1]

These foreign-currency deposits are the financial assets of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different reserve currencies (e.g., the U.S. dollar, the euro, the pound sterling, the Japanese yen, the Indian rupee, and the Swiss franc) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g., the local currency issued and the various bank reserves deposited with the Central bank by the government or financial institutions). Before the end of the gold standard, gold was the preferred reserve currency.

List[edit]

  • All the figures below are in U.S.$ equivalents as different countries report data in different currencies.
  • The exchange rate of the currencies as well the as gold price of the reported date is considered while calculating U.S.$ equivalents.
  • Not all countries keep gold as reserves to avoid physical storage costs & the risks associated with it, hence there are no values in excluding gold column.
  • Sorting the data in desirable column would provide rankings.
Countries UN Geoscheme Forex reserves including gold Forex reserves excluding gold Ref.
Continent Sub-regions Millions US$ equivalent Date Change Millions US$ equivalent Date Change
 China Asia East Asia 3,225,817 1 Apr 2024 Decrease 28,957 3,113,850 1 Apr 2024 Increase 4,15 [2]
 Japan Asia East Asia 1,290,606 5 Apr 2024 Increase 9,122 1,230,377 5 Apr 2024 Increase 4,598 [3]
 Switzerland Europe Western Europe 868,632 28 Mar 2024 Increase 1,127 800,164 28 Mar 2024 Decrease 198 [4]
 India Asia South Asia 646,670 24 May 2024 Decrease 2,000 589,920 24 May 2024 Decrease 1,957 [5]
 Russia Europe Eastern Europe 603,700 17 May 2024 Increase 5,300 427,804 17 May 2024 Increase 5,300 [6]
 Taiwan Asia East Asia 568,107 3 Apr 2024 Decrease 132 563,720 3 Apr 2024 Decrease 17 [7]
 Saudi Arabia Asia West Asia 455,205 7 Apr 2024 Increase 23,642 454,772 7 Apr 2024 Increase 23,973 [8]
 Hong Kong Asia East Asia 425,153 1 Apr 2024 Increase 2,126 425,126 1 Apr 2024 Increase 137 [9]
 South Korea Asia East Asia 419,360 3 Apr 2024 Increase 3,580 419,360 3 Apr 2024 Steady [10]
 Mexico Americas Central America 364,192 20 Mar 2024 Increase 3425 291,108 20 Mar 2024 Decrease 439 [11]
 Singapore Asia Southeast Asia 357,345 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 4,465 347,083 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 356 [12]
 Brazil Americas South America 352,705 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 2,361 344,173 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 361 [13]
 Germany Europe Western Europe 339,800 31 Mar 2024 Increase 19,247 100,135 31 Mar 2024 Decrease 734 [14]
 United States Americas Northern America 242,681 15 Mar 2024 Decrease 1,422 231,640 15 Mar 2024 Decrease 41 [15]
 France Europe Western Europe 240,677 1 Mar 2024 Increase 2,400 120,745 1 Mar 2024 Increase 33 [16]
 Thailand Asia Southeast Asia 223,769 15 Mar 2024 Increase 1,391 218,308 15 Mar 2024 Decrease 26 [17]
 Israel Asia West Asia 208,109 30 Apr 2024 Decrease 5,632 208,109 30 Apr 2024 Decrease 5,632 [18]
 Poland Europe Eastern Europe 206,097 30 Apr 2024 Increase 3,600 179,055 30 Apr 2024 Increase 2,092 [19]
 United Kingdom Europe Northern Europe 183,952 5 Mar 2024 Increase 26,610 163,520 5 Mar 2024 Decrease 43 [20]
 United Arab Emirates Asia West Asia 151,600 1 Mar 2024 Increase 3,540 146,400 1 Mar 2024 Increase 34 [21]
 Czech Republic Europe Eastern Europe 144,996 1 Mar 2024 Increase 2,007 144,996 1 Mar 2024 Steady [22]
 Indonesia Asia Southeast Asia 149,915 1 Mar 2024 Increase 3,515 149,915 1 Mar 2024 Steady [23]
 Turkey Asia West Asia 128,490 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 3,391 79,060 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 129 [24]
 Netherlands Europe Western Europe 125,451 1 Mar 2024 Increase 212 125,451 1 Mar 2024 Steady [25]
 Canada Americas Northern America 116,251 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 45 116,251 1 Mar 2024 Steady [26]
 Philippines Asia Southeast Asia 104,033 1 Mar 2024 Increase 2,039 93,502 1 Mar 2024 Increase 1,845 [27]
 Malaysia Asia Southeast Asia 102,241 1 Mar 2024 Increase 10,659 99,652 1 Mar 2024 Steady [28]
 Iraq Asia West Asia 100,000 25 Mar 2024 Decrease 15,000 100,000 25 Mar 2024 Steady [29]
 Spain Europe Southern Europe 94,341 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 5,485 94,341 1 Mar 2024 Steady [30]
 Vietnam Asia Southeast Asia 93,342 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 1,241 93,342 1 Mar 2024 Steady [31]
 Belgium Europe Western Europe 82,000 1 Mar 2024 Increase 14,200 67,200 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 79 [32]
 Denmark Europe Northern Europe 80,058 1 Mar 2024 Increase 1,261 75,660 1 Mar 2024 Increase 126 [33]
 Romania Europe Eastern Europe 77,364 31 Mar 2024 Decrease 7,498 69,866 31 Mar 2024 Increase 7,809 [34]
 Peru Americas South America 73,483 1 Mar 2024 Increase 201 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [35]
 Norway Europe Northern Europe 71,901 1 Mar 2024 Increase 330 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [36]
 Libya Africa North Africa 70,524 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 238 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [37]
 Italy Europe Southern Europe 247,748 30 Apr 2024 Increase 8,882 77,727 30 Apr 2024 Increase 183 [38]
 Algeria Africa North Africa 68,028 1 Mar 2024 Increase 1,880 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [39]
 Qatar Asia West Asia 64,560 1 Mar 2024 Increase 8,931 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [40]
 Sweden Europe Northern Europe 59,568 23 Mar 2024 Decrease 842 51,602 23 Mar 2024 Decrease 147 [41]
 Colombia Americas South America 57,269 8 Mar 2024 Increase 124 Gold reserve not maintained 8 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [42]
 Australia Oceania Australasia 53,883 7 Mar 2024 Increase 604 45,816 7 Mar 2024 Decrease 48 [43]
 Portugal Europe Southern Europe 53,710 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 7,800 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [44]
 South Africa Africa Southern Africa 53,473 7 Mar 2024 Increase 504 45,293 7 Mar 2024 Increase 49 [45]
 Kuwait Asia West Asia 46,420 1 Mar 2024 Increase 1,112 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [46]
 Chile Americas South America 42,527 1 Mar 2024 Increase 2,373 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [47]
 Ukraine Europe Eastern Europe 40,507 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 1,212 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [48]
 Hungary Europe Eastern Europe 41,344 1 Mar 2024 Increase 4,749 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [49]
 Bulgaria Europe Eastern Europe 35,395 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 692 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [50]
 Egypt Africa North Africa 35,310 1 Mar 2024 Increase 3,161 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [51]
 Nigeria Africa West Africa 34,980 1 Mar 2024 Increase 465 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [52]
 Austria Europe Western Europe 34,856 1 Mar 2024 Increase 954 34,671 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 187 [53]
 Kazakhstan Asia Central Asia 34,500 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 938 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [54]
 Uzbekistan Asia Central Asia 32,195 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 950 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [55]
 Morocco Africa North Africa 32,037 1 Mar 2024 Increase 213 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [56]
 New Zealand Oceania Australasia 31,712 1 Mar 2024 Increase 1,916 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [57]
 Croatia Europe Southern Europe 26,935 1 May 2024 Increase 159 Gold reserve not maintained 1 May 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [58]
 Bangladesh Asia South Asia 25,365 31 May 2024 Increase 134 Gold reserve not maintained 31 May 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [59]
 Serbia Europe Southern Europe 24,468 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 667 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [60]
 Iran Asia West Asia 24,300 1 Mar 2024 Increase 1,641 23,600 1 Mar 2024 Steady [61]
 Macau Asia East Asia 24,283 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 1,566 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [62]
 Guatemala Americas Central America 21,390 1 Mar 2024 Increase 1300 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [63]
 Argentina Americas South America 20,846 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 2,090 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [64]
 Turkmenistan Asia Central Asia 20,600 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 45 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [65]
 Cambodia Asia Southeast Asia 18,496 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 67 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [66]
 Jordan Asia West Asia 18,765 1 Mar 2024 Increase 187 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [67]
 Nepal Asia South Asia 18,400 11 Mar 2024 Increase 1,857 Gold reserve not maintained 11 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [68]
 Oman Asia West Asia 16,163 1 Mar 2024 Increase 548 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [69]
 Uruguay Americas South America 15,449 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 1.176 15,441 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 11 [70]
 Lebanon Asia West Asia 14,738 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 692 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [71]
 Dominican Republic Americas Caribbean 14,371 1 Mar 2024 Increase 1,145 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [72]
 Angola Africa Central Africa 14,200 15 Mar 2024 Decrease 40 Gold reserve not maintained 15 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [73]
 Costa Rica Americas Central America 13,200 1 Mar 2024 Increase 320 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [74]
 Ireland Europe Northern Europe 12,599 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 130 11,874 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 2 [75]
 Azerbaijan Asia West Asia 11,650 1 Mar 2024 Increase 142 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [76]
 Ivory Coast Africa West Africa 9,800 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 18 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [77]
 Paraguay Americas South America 9,707 1 Mar 2024 Increase 805 9,168 1 Mar 2024 Increase 7 [78]
 Pakistan Asia South Asia 9,127 1 May 2024 Increase 19 Gold reserve not maintained 1 May 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [79]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Southern Europe 8,711 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 391 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [80]
 Tunisia Africa North Africa 8,623 21 Mar 2024 Increase 539 Gold reserve not maintained 21 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [81]
 North Korea Asia East Asia 8,072 1 Mar 2024 Increase 73 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [82]
 Finland Europe Northern Europe 7,995 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 22 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [83]
 Slovakia Europe Eastern Europe 7,650 1 Mar 2024 Increase 441 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [84]
 Honduras Americas Central America 7,390 21 Mar 2024 Decrease 580 Gold reserve not maintained 21 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [85]
 Tanzania Africa Southern Africa 7,022 22 Mar 2024 Increase 600 Gold reserve not maintained 22 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [86]
 Iceland Europe Northern Europe 6,847 15 Mar 2024 Increase 24 6,668 15 Mar 2024 Increase 9 [87]
 Myanmar Asia Southeast Asia 6,700 1 Mar 2024 Increase 800 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [88]
 Moldova Europe Eastern Europe 6,390 11 Mar 2024 Decrease 600 Gold reserve not maintained 11 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [89]
 Afghanistan Asia South Asia 6,228 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 60 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [90]
 Panama Americas Central America 6,143 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 200 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [91]
 Venezuela Americas South America 5,908 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 776 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [92]
 Trinidad and Tobago Americas Caribbean 5,800 18 Mar 2024 Decrease 44 Gold reserve not maintained 18 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [93]
 Albania Europe Southern Europe 5,700 1 Mar 2024 Increase 400 5,467 1 Mar 2024 Increase 47 [94]
 Mauritius Africa Southern Africa 5,591 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 196 5,497 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 27 [95]
 Bahrain Asia West Asia 5,500 25 Mar 2024 Increase 128 Gold reserve not maintained 25 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [96]
 Sri Lanka Asia South Asia 5,430 31 Apr 2024 Increase 400 Gold reserve not maintained 31 Apr 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [97]
 Georgia Europe Eastern Europe 5,224 25 Mar 2024 Increase 90 Gold reserve not maintained 25 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [98]
 Mongolia Asia East Asia 5,120 20 Mar 2024 Increase 500 Gold reserve not maintained 20 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [99]
 Botswana Africa Southern Africa 5,080 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 267 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [100]
 Jamaica Americas Caribbean 4,921 5 Mar 2024 Increase 300 Gold reserve not maintained 5 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [101]
 Lithuania Europe Northern Europe 4,900 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 440 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [102]
 Vatican City Europe Southern Europe 4,339 1 Mar 2024 Increase 950 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [103]
 Armenia Asia West Asia 4,298 25 Mar 2024 Increase 600 Gold reserve not maintained 25 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [104]
 Nicaragua Americas Central America 3,980 1 Mar 2024 Increase 1,100 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [105]
 Greece Europe Southern Europe 3,926 1 Mar 2024 Increase 107 3,869 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 8 [106]
 Latvia Europe Northern Europe 3,913 1 Mar 2024 Increase 13 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [107]
 Uganda Africa East Africa 3,700 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 259 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [108]
 Andorra Europe Southern Europe 3,689 20 Mar 2024 Increase 11 Gold reserve not maintained 20 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [109]
 Brunei Asia West Asia 3,664 1 Mar 2024 Increase 107 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [110]
 Cameroon Africa East Africa 3,459 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 180 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [111]
 Ethiopia Africa East Africa 3,430 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 170 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [112]
 Ghana Africa West Africa 3,368 1 Mar 2024 Increase 452 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [113]
 Ecuador Americas South America 3,305 1 Mar 2024 Increase 747 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [114]
 Belarus Europe Eastern Europe 3,296 1 Mar 2024 Increase 146 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [115]
 Kyrgyzstan Asia Central Asia 2,976 1 Mar 2024 Increase 193 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [116]
 Slovenia Europe Eastern Europe 2,519 1 Mar 2024 Increase 062 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [117]
 El Salvador Americas Central America 2,510 1 Mar 2024 Increase 39 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [118]
 Cuba Americas Caribbean 2,500 15 Mar 2024 Decrease 10,391 Gold reserve not maintained 15 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [119]
 Kenya Africa East Africa 2,490 5 Mar 2024 Increase 1,073 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [120]
 Papua New Guinea Oceania Melanesia 2,339 1 Mar 2024 Increase 500 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [121]
 Haiti Americas Caribbean 2,296 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 1,256 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [122]
 Estonia Europe Northern Europe 2,065 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 145 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [123]
 Namibia Africa Southern Africa 2,019 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 25 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [124]
 Bahamas Americas Caribbean 1,758 1 Mar 2024 Increase 85 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [125]
 Bolivia Americas South America 1,769 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 471 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [126]
 Madagascar Africa Southern Africa 1,620 19 Mar 2024 Increase 127 Gold reserve not maintained 19 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [127]
 Montenegro Europe Southern Europe 1,558 1 Mar 2024 Increase 26 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [128]
 Mauritania Africa Southern Africa 1,493 1 Mar 2024 Increase 37 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [129]
 Tajikistan Asia Central Asia 1,482 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 19 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [130]
 Rwanda Africa East Africa 1,458 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 7 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [131]
 Zambia Africa Southern Africa 1,433 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 16 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [132]
 Guinea Africa West Africa 1,425 15 Mar 2024 Increase 33 Gold reserve not maintained 15 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [133]
 Gabon Africa Central Africa 1,377 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 90 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [134]
 Cyprus Asia West Asia 1,271 1 Mar 2024 Increase 200 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [135]
 Luxembourg Europe Western Europe 1,119 5 Mar 2024 Decrease 34 Gold reserve not maintained 5 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [136]
 Laos Asia Southeast Asia 1,099 1 Mar 2024 Increase 23 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [137]
 Curaçao Americas Caribbean 1,080 20 Mar 2024 Increase 30 Gold reserve not maintained 20 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [138]
 Fiji Oceania Melanesia 1,065 5 Mar 2024 Increase 22 Gold reserve not maintained 5 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [139]
 Niger Africa West Africa 1,053 1 Mar 2024 Increase 24 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [140]
 Aruba Americas Caribbean 1,017 15 Mar 2024 Increase 30 Gold reserve not maintained 15 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [141]
 Bhutan Asia South Asia 972 10 Mar 2024 Decrease 3 Gold reserve not maintained 10 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [142]
 Kosovo Europe Southern Europe 950 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 15 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [143]
 Malta Europe Southern Europe 937 20 Mar 2024 Increase 9 Gold reserve not maintained 20 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [144]
 Lesotho Africa Southern Africa 785 1 Mar 2024 Increase 11 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [145]
 Barbados Americas Caribbean 770 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 2 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [146]
 Cape Verde Africa West Africa 712 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 25 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [147]
 San Marino Europe Southern Europe 716 1 Mar 2024 Increase 243 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [148]
 Gambia Africa West Africa 698 1 Mar 2024 Increase 6 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [149]
 Palestine Asia West Asia 671 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 12 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [150]
 Timor-Leste Asia Southeast Asia 654 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 2 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [151]
 Suriname Americas South America 647 8 Mar 2024 Increase 30 Gold reserve not maintained 8 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [152]
 Sierra Leone Africa West Africa 624 2 Mar 2024 Decrease 2 Gold reserve not maintained 2 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [153]
 Mali Africa Southern Africa 604 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 19 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [154]
 Maldives Asia South Asia 588 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 180 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [155]
 Guyana Americas South America 553 10 Mar 2024 Decrease 20 Gold reserve not maintained 10 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [156]
 Solomon Islands Oceania Melanesia 551 8 Mar 2024 Increase 24 Gold reserve not maintained 8 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [157]
 Seychelles Africa Southern Africa 546 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 19 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [158]
 Vanuatu Oceania Melanesia 509 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 2 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [159]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Africa Southern Africa 505 14 Mar 2024 Decrease 160 Gold reserve not maintained 14 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [160]
 Djibouti Africa East Africa 504 1 Mar 2024 Increase 3 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [161]
 Malawi Africa East Africa 488 1 Mar 2024 Increase 17 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [162]
 Eswatini Africa Southern Africa 467 1 Mar 2024 Increase 27 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [163]
 Republic of the Congo Africa Central Africa 443 1 Mar 2024 Increase 20 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [164]
 Syria Asia West Asia 401 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 16 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [165]
 Federated States of Micronesia Oceania Micronesia 395 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 2 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [166]
 Central African Republic Africa Central Africa 375 1 Mar 2024 Increase 14 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [167]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Americas Caribbean 365 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 14 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [168]
 Liberia Africa West Africa 342 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 7 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [169]
 Guinea-Bissau Africa West Africa 329 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 3 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [170]
 Antigua and Barbuda Americas Caribbean 285 1 Mar 2024 Increase 6 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [171]
 Belize Americas Central America 281 1 Mar 2024 Increase 4 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [172]
 Saint Lucia Americas Caribbean 258 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 2 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [173]
 Yemen Asia West Asia 250 1 Mar 2024 Increase 5 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [174]
 Grenada Americas Caribbean 247 1 Mar 2024 Increase 11 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [175]
 Tonga Oceania Polynesia 226 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 3 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [176]
 Togo Africa West Africa 208 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 7 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [177]
 Comoros Africa East Africa 197 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 5 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [178]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Americas Caribbean 192 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 1 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [179]
 Eritrea Africa East Africa 189 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 2 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [180]
 Samoa Oceania Polynesia 188 1 Mar 2024 Increase 3 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [181]
 São Tomé and Príncipe Africa Central Africa 186 1 Mar 2024 Increase 2 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [182]
 Sudan Africa East Africa 172 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 5 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [183]
 Dominica Americas Caribbean 168 1 Mar 2024 Increase 6 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [184]
 Senegal Africa West Africa 164 1 Mar 2024 Increase 12 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [185]
 Zimbabwe Africa Southern Africa 159 1 Mar 2024 Increase 8 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [186]
 Chad Africa Central Africa 143 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 4 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [187]
 Burundi Africa Central Africa 105 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 6 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [188]
 South Sudan Africa East Africa 80 2 Mar 2024 Increase 7 Gold reserve not maintained 2 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [189]
 Benin Africa West Africa 69 1 Mar 2024 Increase 9 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [190]
 Montserrat Americas Caribbean 54 1 Mar 2024 Increase 5 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [191]
 Equatorial Guinea Africa Central Africa 46 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 2 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [192]
 Burkina Faso Africa West Africa 42 1 Mar 2024 Decrease 3 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [193]
 Somalia Africa East Africa 37 1 Mar 2024 Increase 5 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [194]
 Kiribati Oceania Micronesia 8 1 Mar 2024 Increase 2 Gold reserve not maintained 1 Mar 2024 Gold reserve not maintained [195]

Timeline of the top 5 countries[edit]

The five countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves almost all have reserves of at least 500 billion USD and higher and have maintained such an amount for at least a week. At present there are only six countries whose reserves are at such a figure; this includes China, Japan, Switzerland, India, Russia and Taiwan. Saudi Arabia formerly included on the list until March 2020; its reserves were severely depleted by the low oil price during the economic fallout of from the global outbreak of coronavirus disease, its ongoing oil price war with Russia and competition from US shale oil.[196] Here is the combined foreign reserves timeline for China, Japan, Switzerland, India, Russia.[197]

1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
  •   Switzerland
  •   China
  •   India
  •   Japan
  •   Russia
Historical forex reserves (including gold) of top 5 countries (Source: World Bank[198])
  • China - China has the largest reserve since last 14 years.[199][200] The main composition of Chinese forex reserves is approximately two-thirds USD and one-fifth Euros with the rest made up of Japanese Yen and the British Pound. China was the second country to reach $500 billion and the first to reach $1 trillion in reserves. China is also the only country that reached net reserves of $2 trillion and $3 trillion. Chinese forex reserve reached over $3.993 trillion and possibly reached $4 trillion before July 2014 but there was no official figures to confirm it.
  • Japan - Japanese has the second largest reserves in the world. Japan was the first country to reach $500 billion in reserves and had the highest forex reserves in the world until they were surpassed by China in 2006. They have remained in second place since 2006 and above $1 trillion since 2008, being the second country to surpass $1 trillion.[201]
  • Switzerland - Swiss has the third largest reserves in the world. Switzerland became the fifth country to reach $500 Billion in 2014 after Saudi Arabia and the third country to reach $1 trillion at the end of 2020. Swiss reserves are compiled in Swiss francs. Since the Financial crisis of 2007-2008, the Swiss franc has significantly appreciated against other currencies due to Switzerland's traditional perceived safety which has attracted speculative foreign capital; due to the inflows of investment income by Swiss firms, and due to the large surplus in the trade of goods. In order to protect the real economy from the sudden speculative appreciation of the currency, the Swiss National Bank began intervening in the currency markets, first with an explicit target of a maximum exchange rate against the euro of 1.20CHF/EUR until 2015,[202] and then through implicit interventions. However, the resilience of the export sector and the continued inflows of capital, has meant that the Swiss Franc has kept appreciating.[203] As a result of this, the SNB has been unable to dispose of its large accumulated foreign exchange reserves since their sale would lead to an even greater appreciation of the currency.
  • India- India has the world's fourth largest reserves. On 4 June 2021 reserves exceeded $600 billion for the first time and they became the fifth country after Switzerland to do so.[204] During the 1991 Indian economic crisis country only had $5 billion of reserves left which led to subsequent economic liberalisation.[205] Since then the reserves have seen a 127 times increase over 30 years. In April 2024, Foreign-exchange reserves of India hit a fresh all-time high of $642.63 including 803.58 tons of gold reserves. Out of which 403.7 tons of golds is held with Bank of England and Bank for International Settlements, and rest is held domestically. It is done to provide a sense of security and to ensure diversification of risk by spreading gold holdings across multiple location.[206] In May 2024, India decided to move all of its gold holding with the Bank of England to its domestic vaults, the first batch of 100 metric tonnes of its gold was moved back to India on 31 May 2024. This decision was primally taken due to west's unexpected sections during Ukraine war on roughly $300 billion worth of Russian gold kept in various European countries, which caused a sense of insecurity within the Indian government & economy experts.[207]
  • Russia - Russia has the world's fifth largest reserves; They have reached a level of $600 billion on 21 May 2021. They were the third country to reach $500 billion.[208] The first fall in reserves was due to the Great Recession, the second fall in 2015 was due to falling oil prices.

Currency composition of foreign exchange reserves[edit]

IMF releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. As of Q4 2016, there are 146 reporters, consisting of IMF member countries, a number of non-member countries/economies, and other entities holding foreign exchange reserves. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include renminbi (RMB).[209] Monetary gold is not covered in COFER but included in reserved assets, a broader scope than that of COFER.[210]

World-Wide Foreign Exchange Reserves by Currency
Currency composition of foreign exchange reserves (COFER) (billions US$)[209]
Foreign currency reserves
United StatesUSD European UnionEUR JapanJPY United KingdomGBP CanadaCAD ChinaRMB AustraliaAUD SwitzerlandCHF Other
Currencies		 Unallocated
reserves		 Total
Time Period
 2019 Q1 6,727.09 2,208.79 584.63 495.70 208.64 212.26 181.95 15.27 263.50 712.93 11,610.77
Q2 6,752.28 2,264.88 611.87 497.41 209.85 212.80 186.71 15.53 270.56 715.88 11,737.76
Q3 6,728.85 2,212.74 612.75 492.22 205.44 213.83 182.48 16.20 262.92 729.40 11,656.82
Q4 6,674.83 2,279.30 631.00 511.51 206.71 215.81 187.18 17.36 281.50 749.55 11,824.74
2020 Q1 6,794.91 2,197.30 624.97 486.08 195.13 221.48 170.16 16.05 255.53 770.32 11,731.94
Q2 6,902.01 2,272.44 643.70 504.36 215.47 233.68 190.34 17.22 278.67 754.11 12,011.98
Q3 6,927.16 2,359.61 668.19 523.64 231.10 247.44 199.51 19.30 283.16 787.44 12,246.56
Q4 6,990.97 2,526.41 715.35 561.39 246.57 271.60 216.87 20.74 314.63 841.14 12,705.67
2021 Q1 6,971.79 2,404.80 686.30 554.28 250.01 293.32 214.89 19.44 335.82 851.50 12,582.14
Q2 7,070.33 2,458.88 672.20 560.90 270.01 314.81 218.44 23.13 357.57 865.83 12,812.12
Q3 7,087.77 2,462.44 681.42 561.66 264.29 320.15 214.26 23.77 354.77 860.67 12,831.20
Q4 7,087.14 2,486.88 671.77 576.22 286.93 336.10 218.02 24.51 362.96 886.73 12,937.27
2022 Q1 6,868.97 2,328.35 626.44 569.45 286.02 330.03 221.91 29.48 387.80 858.65 12,507.09
Q2 6,645.02 2,187.63 572.65 538.73 275.75 308.22 209.14 27.63 358.62 858.26 11,981.65
Q3 6,426.89 2,086.40 560.11 489.95 260.92 281.12 204.78 24.78 358.59 841.74 11,535.29
Q4 6,460.21 2,252.06 608.17 543.11 262.62 287.81 217.08 25.31 383.64 877.79 11,917.81
2023 Q1 6,630.89 2,186.33 610.39 605.02 270.60 287.12 221.62 28.26 389.07 877.53 12,029.03
Q2 6,641.89 2,207.25 597.15 533.64 278.51 272.99 219.70 21.26 403.72 887.06 12,055.26
Q3 6,497.94 2,150.47 598.73 530.36 274.36 260.12 222.35 20.30 426.63 920.27 11,901.53
Q4 6,687.11 2,287.57 652.90 553.91 295.25 261.73 241.78 26.38 442.77 883.06 12,332.46

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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