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List of proxy wars

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This is a list of proxy wars. Major powers have been highlighted in bold. A proxy war is defined as "a war fought between groups of smaller countries that each represent the interests of other larger powers, and may have help and support from these".

Pre-World War I proxy wars[edit]

War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Sicilian Expedition 415–413 BC Athens
In support of:
Segesta
Supported by:
Delian League
Sparta Corinth
In support of:
Syracuse
Supported by:

Peloponnesian League

Spartan-Corinthian-Syracusian victory
Egyptian–Ottoman War 1839–1841 Egypt-aligned powers:
Egypt
France France
Spain Spain
Allied powers:
United Kingdom British Empire
Austrian Empire Austrian Empire
Russian Empire Russian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire

Compromise
Uruguayan Civil War 1839–1851 Colorados
Unitarian Party
 Empire of Brazil
Italian Legion
France France
 Great Britain
Blancos
 Argentine Confederation
Colorado victory
First Samoan Civil War 1886–1894 Samoa Tamasese
German Empire German Empire
Samoa Mata'afans

Supported by:
United States United States

Stalemate
Second Samoan Civil War 1898–1899 Samoa Mata'afans
German Empire German Empire
Samoa Samoa
United Kingdom United Kingdom
United States United States
Stalemate
Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 1902–1903 United Kingdom United Kingdom[1]
 German Empire[1]
Italy Italy[1]

Supported by:
Spain Spain
Mexico Mexico
Belgium Belgium
Netherlands Netherlands

Venezuela Venezuela[1]

Supported by:
Argentina Argentina

United States United States[1]

Compromise
Somaliland campaign 1910–1920 Dervish State

Supported by:
 Ottoman Empire
 German Empire
 Ethiopian Empire (1913–1916)

 British Empire[2]
 Ethiopian Empire[2]

Supported by:
 Italian Empire[2]
Sultanate of Hobyo[2]

Collapse of the Dervish State

Inter-war period proxy wars[edit]

War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Finnish Civil War 1918[3][4]  Finland[3][4]

White Guard[3][4]


Supported by:
 Germany[3][4]
Red Guards[3][4]
Supported by:
 Russian SFSR[3][4]
Finnish Whites victory

[3][4]

Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 1918–1920  Czechoslovakia
Romania Kingdom of Romania
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
 First Czechoslovak Republic
 France
Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Hungary
 Kingdom of Italy
Hungarian Democratic Republic
Hungarian Republic of Councils
Slovak Soviet Republic

Supported by:
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian SFSR[5][6]

Hungarian defeat
Turkish War of Independence 1919–1923  Greece
 France[7][8]
 Armenia
 United Kingdom[7]
Ottoman Empire Istanbul Government[9]
 Italy[10]
 Georgia
Ankara Government
Supported by:
 Russian SFSR[11]
 Italy (alleged)[10]
 Azerbaijan SSR
Turkish victory[12][13][14]
Chinese Civil War 1927–1937, 1945–1950[15][16] KMT
NRA[15][16]
Supported by:
 Weimar Republic (1929–33)[15]
 Nazi Germany (1933–37)[16]
CPC[15][16]
PLA[15][16]
Supported by:
 Soviet Union[15][16]
Communist victory on the mainland and then diplomatic field in 1971, Taiwan Strait stalemate[15][16]
Chaco War 1932–1935  Bolivia
Supported by:
Standard Oil (alleged)[17]
 Paraguay
Supported by:
 Argentina[18][19][20][21]
Royal Dutch Shell (alleged)[17]
Paraguayan victory
Spanish Civil War 1936–1939[22][23] Spain Nationalists
Supported by:
 Italy

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany
 Portugal

Second Spanish Republic Republicans
Supported by:
Soviet Union Soviet Union
 Mexico[24]

France France (1936)[25]

Nationalist victory

Cold War proxy wars[edit]

War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Chinese Civil War 1944–1949[26] CPC
PLA[15][16]
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
KMT
NRA
Supported by:
 United States
Communist victory on the mainland and then diplomatic field in 1971, Taiwan Strait stalemate
Iran crisis of 1946 1945–1946 Azerbaijan People's Republic
Republic of Mahabad

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

Iran Imperial State of Iran

Supported by:
 United States

Iranian victory
Greek Civil War 1946–1949[27][28] Greek communists (Democratic Army of Greece, National Liberation Front, Greek People's Liberation Army, Communist Party of Greece)[27][28]
Supported by:
People's Socialist Republic of Albania Albania[27]
 Bulgaria[27]
 Yugoslavia[27]
 Greece[27][28]
Supported by:
 United Kingdom[27][28]
 United States
Kingdom of Greece victory
First Indochina War 1946–1954[29][30] Cambodia Khmer Issarak[31]
Laos Pathet Lao[32]
North Vietnam Viet Minh[29][30]
Supported by:
 China[29]
 Soviet Union[29]
 Polish People's Republic[33]
 East Germany[34][page needed][35]
 France[29][30]
South Vietnam State of Vietnam (1949–1954)[29][30]
Cambodia Cambodia (1953–1954)
 Laos (1953–1954)
Supported by:
 United States[29]
DR Vietnam-allied victory[29][30]
Paraguayan Civil War 1947 Liberal Party
Febrerista Revolutionary Concentration
Paraguayan Communist Party

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

Paraguay Paraguayan Government
Paraguay Military of Paraguay
Colorado Party

Supported by:
 United States
 Argentina

Government/Military and Colorado Party victory
Malayan Emergency 1948–1960 Communist forces:
Malayan Communist Party

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[36]
China People's Republic of China[37][38][39]
 Indonesia[38][39]
 North Vietnam[40][41][42]

Anti-communist forces:
Commonwealth of Nations

Supported by:
 United States


 Thailand (Thai–Malay border)

Commonwealth military victory
Korean War 1950–1953[43][44][45][46][47][48]  North Korea[43][44][45][46][47][48]
 China[43][44][45][47][48]

Supported by:
 Bulgaria
 Czechoslovakia[49]
 Hungary
 Poland
 Romania[47]
 Soviet Union[43][47]
Mongolia
 South Korea[43][44][45][48]
 United Nations[44][45][48]
 United States[43][44][45][46][48]
Supported by:
 Australia[44][45][46]
 Belgium[44][45]
 Bolivia[45]
 Canada[44][45][46]
 Colombia[44]
Commonwealth of Nations[50]
Cuba Cuba[45]
 Denmark[51]
 Ethiopia[44][45]
 France[44][45][46]
 Greece[44]
 India (Medical support)[46]
 Israel[52]
 Italy[53]
 Luxembourg[44]
 Netherlands[44]
 Taiwan[44]
 New Zealand[44][46]
 Norway[54]
 Philippines[44]
 South Africa[44][45]
 Spain[55]
 Sweden[56]
  Switzerland[57]
 Thailand[44][45]
 Turkey[44][45][46]
 United Kingdom[44][46]
Stalemate[43][44][48]
Mau Mau Uprising 1952–1960 Kenya Land and Freedom Army[note 1]

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

 United Kingdom

Supported by:
 US

British victory
Second Indochina War (Vietnam War) 1953–1975[59][60][61][62][63]  North Vietnam[59][60][61][62][63][64]
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam Viet Cong and PRG[59][60][61][62][63][64]
Laos Pathet Lao
GRUNK (1970–1975)
Khmer Rouge
 China[59][62][63][64]
 Soviet Union[59][62][63][64]
 North Korea[65]
Supported by:
 Bulgaria[64][66]
 Cuba[64][66][67][68]
 Czechoslovakia[64][66]
 East Germany[64][66]
 Hungary[64][66]
 Poland[64][66]
 Romania[64][66]
 Sweden[69][70]
 South Vietnam[59][60][61][62][63][64]
 United States[59][60][61][62][63][64]
 South Korea[59][62][64]
 Australia[59][62][64]
 New Zealand[59][62]
 Laos[64]
Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970)
Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
 Thailand[59][62][64]
 Philippines[62][64]
Supported by:
 Brazil[64]
 Malaysia[64]
 Taiwan[64]
North Vietnamese and Viet Cong/PRG victory[59]
First Taiwan Strait Crisis 1954–1955 China People's Republic of China
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
Taiwan Republic of China
United States United States
Stalemate
First Sudanese Civil War 1955–1972  United Kingdom (1955–1956)
 Egypt (1955–1956)
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
(1955–1956)
Sudan Republic of the Sudan
(1956–1969)
Sudan Democratic Republic of the Sudan
(1969–1972)

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[71]

Southern Sudan Liberation Movement

Equatorial Corps (1955–1963)


Supported by:
 Ethiopia[72]
 Uganda[73]
 Israel[72][73][74]

Stalemate
Suez Crisis 1956–1957[75] Egypt Egypt[75]
Supported by:
 Soviet Union[75]
 United States
 West Germany
 Italy
 China
 France[75]
 Israel[75]
 United Kingdom[75]

Territory unchanged. French and UK power in area weakened[75]
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1958 China People's Republic of China
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
Taiwan Republic of China
United States United States
Stalemate
1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Lebanon Lebanese Opposition:

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
Egypt Egypt

Lebanon Lebanese Government
 United States
President Camille Chamoun steps down and Major General Fouad Chehab is elected to succeed him
1959 Tibetan uprising 1959–1962[76]  People's Republic of China  Tibet

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[77]
 United States[78]
 Republic of India
Nepal Kingdom of Nepal[79]
 United Nations[80]
 Taiwan

Uprising suppressed
Central American crisis 1960–1996[81] EGP[81]
FAR[81]
ORPA
PGT[81]
URNG[81]
FSLN

FMLN (CRM)
Nicaragua Nicaragua[82] (1979–90)


Supported by
 Soviet Union[83]
 Cuba[84]
 Mexico[85]
 Libya[86][87]
 Romania (before 1989)
Zapatista Army of National Liberation
 Sweden[88][89]
 Costa Rica
 Bulgaria[90]
 China[91]

 Guatemala[81]
ESA[81]
White Hand[81]
and other paramilitary groups[81]

Nicaragua Somoza government

Contras (1981–90)
El Salvador Salvadoran military government


Supported by
 United States[81][92]
 Saudi Arabia
 Honduras
 Chile
 Argentina
 Panama
 Israel[93]
 Taiwan[94]
Congo Crisis 1960–1965 1960–62:

Democratic Republic of the Congo Stanleyville government


1964–65:
Simba and Kwilu rebels


Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 China
 Cuba
Egypt Egypt
Algeria FLN
Algeria Algeria
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo
Tanzania Tanzania
Burundi

1960–63:

 Katanga
 South Kasai


1964–65:
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo

Supported by:
 United States
 Belgium[97]
France France
 Rhodesia and Nyasaland
 South Africa

The Congo established as an independent unitary state under the authoritarian presidency of Mobutu Sese Seko
Portuguese Colonial War 1960–1974[98]  Portugal[98]

Supported by:
 South Africa
 Rhodesia
 Malawi[99]
 Spain

FLEC[98]
FNLA[98]
FRELIMO[98]
MPLA[98]
PAIGC[98]
UNITA[98]
Supported by:
 China[98]
 Cuba[98]
 France[98]
 Soviet Union[98]
 United States[98]
 Zaire
 Algeria
 Tanzania
 Zambia
 Tunisia
 Senegal
 Guinea
Republic of the Congo Congo-Brazzaville
Libya Libya
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
Bulgaria Bulgaria
Liberia Liberia
Egypt Egypt
 India
 Brazil
End of the Portuguese Empire[66]
First Iraqi–Kurdish War 1961–1970 Republic of Iraq
Ba'athist Iraq

Supported by:
Syria[100]

KDP

Supported by:
Iran Iran
 Israel[101]

Stalemate
Eritrean War of Independence 1961–1974 ELF
Supported by:
Libya Libya[102][103][104]
(until 1977)
 Cuba[102][105]
(until 1974)
 Syria[106][107]
 Iraq[108][109]
 Tunisia[110][111][112]
 Saudi Arabia[113][114]
 Somalia[115]
 Sudan[116]
Ethiopia Ethiopian Empire (until 1974)
Supported by:
 United States (until 1974)
Stalemate
1974–1991 Ethiopia Derg (1974–1987)
Ethiopia PDRE (1987–1991)
Supported by:
 Cuba[117][118][119][120] (1974–1989)[dubiousdiscuss]
 Soviet Union[117][121][122][123] (1974–1990)
 South Yemen[124]
EPLF
TPLF

Supported by:
 China[125][126]
 Sudan[116]
Libya Libya[102][103][104]
(1977–1991)
 United States
(May 1991)[127]
 Somalia[115]
 Syria[106][107]

EPLF victory
North Yemen Civil War 1962–1970  Yemen Arab Republic
Egypt[128]

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

Kingdom of Yemen
 Saudi Arabia[128]

Supported by:
 Jordan[129]
 United Kingdom[129]
 United States

Republican victory
Dhofar Rebellion 1962–1976 DLF (1962–1968)
PFLOAG (1968–1974)
NDFLOAG (1969–1971)
PFLO (1974–1976)

Supported by:
 China[130]
 Soviet Union[130]
South Yemen[130]
 East Germany

 Oman[130]

Supported by:
Iran Iran[130]
 Abu Dhabi[130]
 Saudi Arabia[130]
 United Kingdom[130]
 Jordan[130]
 Egypt[130]
 Pakistan[130]
 UAE[130]
 United States

Omani government victory
Sarawak Communist Insurgency 1962–1990 Communist forces:
North Kalimantan Communist Party[131]
  • Sarawak People's Guerilla Force (SPGF)[132]
  • North Kalimantan People's Army (NKPA)[132]

 Indonesia (1962–65) (troops aid)
Other support:
Brunei People's Party

  • North Kalimantan National Army (NKNA)

Supported by:
 China[132]
 Soviet Union

Anti-communist forces:
 United Kingdom[133]

 Malaysia

Supported by:
 Australia
 Brunei
 New Zealand
 United States


 Indonesia (after 1965) (Indo-Malay border)

Stalemate
Aden Emergency 1963–1967 NLF
FLOSY

Supported by
Egypt Egypt
Yemen Yemen Arab Republic
 Soviet Union

 United Kingdom

Supported by
 United States

NLF victory
Rhodesian Bush War 1964–1979 ZANLA (ZANU)
Mozambique FRELIMO[134] (until 25 June 1975)
Mozambique Mozambique (from 25 June 1975)

Supported by:
 China[135]
 Libya
 Tanzania[136]


ZIPRA (ZAPU)[137]
MK (ANC)[137]


Supported by:
 Soviet Union[135]
 Zambia
 Cuba[135]
 East Germany[135]


FROLIZI

Rhodesia Rhodesia
(until 1 June 1979)

Zimbabwe Rhodesia Zimbabwe Rhodesia
(from 1 June 1979)


Supported by:
South Africa South Africa
Portugal Portugal
(until 1974)

Stalemate
Dominican Civil War 1965 Dominican Republic Constitutionalists
Dominican Republic Dominican Revolutionary Party[138]

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Cuba

 Dominican Republic
 United States
Inter-American Peace Force
Loyalist victory
Chadian Civil War 1965–1979 FROLINAT
Chad GUNT
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

 Chad
 France

Supported by:
 United States

Communist insurgency in Thailand 1965–1983 Communist Party of Thailand
Thai United Patriotic Front
Pathet Lao[140][141]
Khmer Rouge (until 1978)[140]
Malayan Communist Party[142]

Supported by:
 North Vietnam (until 1976)
 Vietnam (from 1976)
 China (from 1971)

 North Korea[141]
 Soviet Union

 Thailand

 Taiwan (until July 1967)

 United States[140]


Supported by:
 South Korea[140]

Thai government victory
Bolivian Campaign 1966–1967 Ejército de Liberación Nacional
 Cuba

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

 Bolivia
 United States
Bolivian government victory
Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) 1966–1969  North Korea

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 China

South Korea
 United States
South Korean–American victory
South African Border War 1966–1990 African nationalist forces:

PLAN (SWAPO)
SWANU


Supported by:
Cuba[144]
MPLA[145]
 Soviet Union[146]
 China[147]
 Yugoslavia[148][149]
 Bulgaria[150][151]
 Tanzania[152][153]
 Zambia[154]
 Libya[155]
 Kenya[156]
 Algeria[157]
 Guyana[158]
 Brazil
 Mexico

Anti-communist forces:

 South Africa

Supported by:
UNITA[159]
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Portugal (until 1975)

Stalemate
Nigerian Civil War 1967–1970  Nigeria

Supported by:
 United Kingdom
 Soviet Union
 United States
 Canada
 Sudan
 Chad
 Niger
 Syria
 Saudi Arabia
 Algeria[160]
Bulgaria Bulgaria[161]

 Biafra

Supported by:
 South Africa
Portugal Portugal[162]
 France
 Spain[163][164]
 Tanzania[165][166][167]
Gabon Gabon
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast
 Zambia
 Rhodesia
 Haiti

 Israel

Nigerian victory
Years of Lead 1968–1982 Far-left terrorist groups:
Red Brigades
Front Line
October 22 Group
PAC
Continuous Struggle
PO-AO

Supported by:
 Soviet Union (alleged)

Italy Italian Government

Supported by:
 United States


Far-right terrorist groups:
National Vanguard
Black Order
NAR
Third Position
Supported by:
 United States (alleged)

Far-left and far-right terrorist groups dismantled
Communist insurgency in Malaysia 1968–1989 Communist forces:
Malayan Communist Party[142]

Supported by:
 China[37][168]
 Soviet Union[168]

Anti-communist forces:
 Malaysia[169]
 Thailand[170][171]

Supported by:
 United Kingdom[172]
 Australia
 New Zealand[172]
 United States

Peace agreement reached
Operation Condor 1968–1989 Left-wing governments and opponents to the military juntas in South America.

Supported by:
 Poland
 Spain

 Chile
 Argentina
 Brazil
 Bolivia
 Paraguay
 Uruguay

Supported by:
 United States
 Peru
 Ecuador
 Colombia
 Venezuela

Al-Wadiah War 1969  South Yemen

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

 Saudi Arabia

Supported by:
United States United States

Saudi victory
Bangladesh Liberation War 1971  Pakistan

Supported by:
 United States
 China
 France
 United Kingdom
 Turkey
 Iran
 Jordan

 Bangladesh

 India


Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Israel

Indian–Bangladeshi victory
Yemenite War of 1972 1972  South Yemen
National Democratic Front

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Cuba
 East Germany
 Czechoslovakia
 Libya

 North Yemen

Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia
 Jordan
United States United States
 Republic of China
 United Kingdom
 West Germany

Cairo Agreement
Angolan Civil War 1974–2002 Angola MPLA
SWAPO
MK
Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[173] (until 1991)
 Cuba
 Tanzania[174]
Mozambique Mozambique[175]
 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic[176]
 Polish People's Republic (until 1989)
 Yugoslavia
 People's Republic of Bulgaria[177] (until 1989)
 Guyana[158]
 Portugal[178]
 Romania (until 1989)
 India[176]
 North Korea
 Brazil
 Mexico

UNITA
FNLA
FLEC

Supported by:
 United States[179]
 People's Republic of China[179]
 South Africa
 Zambia[180]
 Morocco[181]
 Zaire
 Egypt
 France
 Belgium
 Burkina Faso (from 1987)
 Israel
 United Kingdom
 Rhodesia (until 1979)
 South Korea

MPLA victory
Ethiopian Civil War 1974–1991 People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[124][117][121][122][123][182][183]
 North Korea
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya
 South Yemen[124]
 Tanzania
 East Germany (until 1990)[124][182][183]
 Bulgaria
 Cuba (1987–1991)[184]

Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front

Supported by:
 United States
 United Kingdom
 China
 West Germany (until 1990)
 Germany (from 1990)
 Saudi Arabia
 Israel
 North Yemen

EPLF/TPLF rebel victory
Lebanese Civil War 1975–1990 Lebanon LNM (until 1982)
Lebanon Jammoul (from 1982)
Palestine Liberation Organization PLO

Supported by:
 Iraq
 Libya
 Algeria


Amal Movement


Hezbollah
(from 1985)
 Iran (From 1980, mainly IRGC and Artesh paramilitary units)


Supported by:
 North Korea


Islamic Unification Movement (from 1982)


 Syria

LF
AFL (until 1977)
SLA (from 1976)
 Israel (from 1978)

Tigers Militia (until 1980)


Marada Brigades (left LF in 1978; aligned with Syria)


 Lebanon
 United Nations UNIFIL (from 1978)
Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984)
 United States
 France


Arab Deterrent Force (1976–1987)
 Syria (1976, and from 1983)


Neutral Parties: Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Kurdistan Region Kurds

Stalemate
Indonesian occupation of East Timor 1975–1999  East Timor (CNRM, later CNRT)

Supported by:
 Portugal
 Soviet Union (until 1991)
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya
Free Aceh Movement
 China

 Indonesia

Supported by:
 United States
 Australia
 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Israel[185]

Shaba I 1977 Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)

Supported by:
Angola Angola
 Cuba
 Soviet Union

 Zaire
Supported by:
 United States[186]
 China[187]
 Sudan[187]
 Morocco
 Egypt
 France
 Belgium
Zairian victory
Ogaden War 1977–1978 Ethiopia

Supported by:
 Cuba
 Soviet Union
 South Yemen
 North Korea
 East Germany

Somalia Somalia
WSLF

Supported by:
 China
 Egypt
Romania Socialist Republic of Romania

Ethiopian victory
Cambodian-Vietnamese War 1977–1991  Vietnam (VPA)
KUFNS
People's Republic of Kampuchea (KPRAF) (after 10 January 1979)
State of Cambodia (CPAF) (1989)

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Laos

Democratic Kampuchea (RAK)

Supported by:
 China


Post invasion:
CGDK:


Supported by:
 China
 United States (non-combat support)
 United Kingdom (non-combat support)


Spillover conflict:
 Thailand (border clashes)

Vietnamese/People's Republic of Kampuchea victory
Mozambican Civil War 1977–1992 Mozambique FRELIMO

Supported by:
 Malawi[99]
 Zimbabwe (from 1980)
 Tanzania
 Soviet Union (until 1991)
 Bulgaria
 Cuba
 Brazil

RENAMO

Supported by:
 Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
 South Africa[188]
 Malawi[99]
 United States
 Rhodesia

Stalemate
Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 1977–1997 Bangladesh Bangladesh Shanti Bahini


Supported by:
 India[189][190]

Stalemate
Shaba II 1978 Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)

Supported by
Angola Angola
 Cuba (alleged)
 Soviet Union (alleged)

 Zaire

Supported by:
 France
 Belgium
 United States

Zairian victory; mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups
Uganda–Tanzania War 1978–1979  Tanzania
Uganda UNLA
Mozambique Mozambique[191]
 Uganda
 Libya
State of Palestine PLO[191][192]
Tanzanian victory
NDF Rebellion 1978–1982 NDF

Supported by:
 South Yemen
 Libya
 Soviet Union

 North Yemen

Islamic Front


Supported by:
 United States
 Saudi Arabia
 Taiwan

Government victory
Chadian–Libyan War 1978–1987 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya

Chad Chadian rebels


Supported by:
 Soviet Union

Chad Chad

 France
 Zaire[194]


Supported by:
 United States[195]
 Egypt[193]
 Sudan[193]

Ceasefire
  • Libyan victory (first phase)
  • Chadian-French victory (second phase)
Yemenite War of 1979 1979  South Yemen

National Democratic Front


Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Cuba
 East Germany
 Czechoslovakia
 Libya

 North Yemen

Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia
 Jordan
United States United States
 Taiwan
 Iraq
 Egypt

Stalemate
Soviet–Afghan War 1979–1989 Soviet Union Soviet Union

Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan


Supported by:
 India[196][197]
 East Germany

Sunni Mujahideen:

Supported by:
 Pakistan[198]
 United States[199][200][201][202]
 United Kingdom[201][203][204]
 China[205]
 Saudi Arabia[200][201][206][207]
 West Germany[208][209]
 United Kingdom[209]
 Turkey[210]
 Egypt[211]
 France[209]
 Israel[212]
 Japan[212]
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya


Shia Mujahedeen:


Supported by:
 Iran[198]


Small Maoist groups:


Supported by:
 Sri Lanka
 United Arab Emirates
 Jordan
 Malaysia

Mujahideen victory
Sino-Vietnamese War 1979  Vietnam

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Laos

 People's Republic of China Stalemate
Ethiopian–Somali Border War 1982 Ethiopia

Somali rebels
Supported by:
 Cuba[213]
 South Yemen[213]
 North Korea[213]

Somalia Somalia

Supported by:
 United States[213][214]

Stalemate
Sri Lankan Civil War 1983–2009 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

Supported by:
 Libya
 India (until 1987)[215][216][217][218]

 Sri Lanka
 Maldives
 India

Supported by:
 Pakistan

Sri Lankan Government victory
Thai–Laotian Border War 1987–1988  Laos
 Vietnam

Supported by
Soviet Union Soviet Union

 Thailand

Supported by
United States United States

Stalemate
Afghan Civil War 1989–1992 Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

Supported by
Soviet Union Soviet Union (until 1991)

Mujahideen

Supported by
United States United States
 Pakistan
 China[219]
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia

Afghan mujahideen victory

Modern proxy wars[edit]

War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Angolan Civil War 1974–2002 UNITA
FNLA
FLEC

Supported by:
 United States[179]
 People's Republic of China[179]
 Zambia[180]
 Morocco[181]
 Zaire (until 1997)
 Egypt
 France
 Belgium
 Burkina Faso (from 1987)
 Israel
 United Kingdom
 Pakistan
 South Korea

Angola MPLA
SWAPO
MK
FNLC

Supported by:
 Cuba
 Tanzania[174]
 Yugoslavia (until 1992)
 Guyana[158]
 Portugal[178]
 India[176]
 North Korea
 Kazakhstan (from 1996)[176]
 Slovakia (from 1993)[176]
 Brazil
 Russia
 Kyrgyzstan
 Mexico

MPLA victory
Indonesian occupation of East Timor 1975–1999  Indonesia

Supported by:
 United States
 Australia
 United Kingdom
 Canada[185]

 East Timor (CNRM, later CNRT)

Supported by:
 Portugal
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya
Free Aceh Movement
 Russia
 China

Insurgency in Laos 1975–2008 Laos Laos

Supported by:
Vietnam Vietnam
 North Vietnam (to 1976)
 Soviet Union (to 1978)

Hmong insurgents

Ethnic Liberation Organization of Laos
(1984–2008)
United Front for the Liberation of Laos (1980–2008)


Laos Royal Lao Democratic Government (1982)


Chao Fa (to 1984)
Lao National Liberation Front
Lao United Independence Front
Free Democratic Lao National Salvation Force
Cambodia National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (1979–1983: limited involv.)


Supported by:
China China (PRC) (to 1988)
[220]
Cambodia Democratic Kampuchea (to 1979)
Khmer Rouge (1980 to 1981)
Cambodia Party of Democratic Kampuchea (1981 to 1990)
Thailand Thailand (Rightists: early to mid-1980s) (Hmong: to 1990)
United States United States (Hmong: 1990)
Neo Hom (support, 1981–2008)[221][222]
Laos Royal Lao Government in Exile
Various Hmong exiles

Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 1977–1997 Bangladesh Bangladesh Shanti Bahini

Supported by:
 India[189][190]

Stalemate
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 1988–2024  Armenia
 Nagorno-Karabakh
Supported by:
 Russia[223][224]
 Greece[225]
 Azerbaijan
Supported by:
 Pakistan[226][227]
 Kyrgyzstan[228]
 Turkey[229][230][231]
 Israel[232][233][234]
 Ukraine[235]
Azerbaijani victory
Afghan Civil War 1989–1992 Mujahideen

Supported by
 United States
 Pakistan
 China
 Saudi Arabia

Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

Supported by
Russia Russia

Afghan mujahideen victory
Transnistria War 1990–1992  Moldova

Supported by:
 Romania

 Transnistria

Supported by
Russia Russia
Ukraine Ukraine

Russo–Transnistrian victory
Georgian Civil War 1991–1993 Georgia (country) Gamsakhurdia's government Georgia (country) State Council

South Ossetian Separatists
Abkhazia Abkhaz separatists
Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
 Russia

  • Gamsakhurdia government expunged
  • Abkhazian and South Ossetian separatists gain control of most of their claims
  • State Council takes control of Georgia proper
  • Georgia joins the Commonwealth of Independent States
Yugoslav Wars 1991–2001 Slovenia Slovenia
 Bosnia
 NATO
Supported by:
 Turkey[236]
 Pakistan
 Iran[237]
 Saudi Arabia[236]

 Croatia
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
Supported by:
 Albania


National Liberation Army

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SFR Yugoslavia (before 1992)
 FR Yugoslavia (from 1992)
 Republika Srpska
AP Western Bosnia
Republic of Serbian Krajina
Supported by:
 Russia[238][239]
 Greece[240]

 Republic of Macedonia
Supported by:
 Ukraine[241][242][243](main arms supply)
 Bulgaria
 FR Yugoslavia

Breakup of Yugoslavia and the formation of independent successor states
Tajikistani Civil War 1992–1997 United Tajik Opposition

Afghanistan Islamic State of Afghanistan
Afghanistan Taliban factions2[245]
Supported by:
al-Qaeda[246]
Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP)
 Pakistan
 Iran

 Tajikistan

Supported by:
 Russia
 Uzbekistan[247]
 Kyrgyzstan

Stalemate
Second Afar insurgency 1995–2018 ARDUF
Supported by:
 Eritrea
RSADO
DMLEK
EPLF
ESF
SPDM
Supported by:
 Ethiopia
First Congo War 1996–1997  Zaire
UNITA[248]
Rwanda ALiR
Interahamwe
Supported by:
 France[249]
Democratic Republic of the Congo AFDL
Uganda Uganda
Rwanda Rwanda[250]

Supported by:
 United States[251]
Burundi Burundi[252]
 Angola[252]
Mai-Mai[250]
Bahunde[250]
Nande[250]
South Sudan SPLA[250]

Decisive AFDL victory
Nepalese Civil War 1996–2006 Nepal Kingdom of Nepal
Supported by:
 India
 United States
 European Union
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
Supported by:
 China
 North Korea
 India
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
Comprehensive Peace Accord
Second Republic of the Congo Civil War 1997–1999 Republic of the Congo Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (to October 1997)
Cocoye Militia
Ninja Militia
Nsiloulou Militia
 Democratic Republic of the Congo[253][254]

Supported by:
UNITA (alleged)[255]

Republic of the Congo Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (from October 1997)
Cobra Militia
Rwanda Rwandan Hutu Militia
 Angola
 Chad[254]

Supported by:
 France[256]
 Cuba (alleged)[255]
Mobutu Sese Seko Loyalists (alleged)[253]

Nguesso loyalist victory
Guinea-Bissau Civil War 1998–1999  Guinea-Bissau
 Senegal[257]
 Guinea[258]
Supported by:
 France[259]
 Portugal
Guinea-Bissau Military rebels
Supported by:
Casamance MFDC[258]
Ousting of President João Bernardo Vieira
First Ivorian Civil War 2002–2007  France
United Nations UNOIC
 Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast Young Patriots of Abidjan militia
Liberia Liberian mercenaries
Supported by:
 Russia[260]
 Bulgaria[261]
 Belarus
Stalemate
War in Darfur 2003–2020 SRF[note 2]

Supported by:
 South Sudan[264]
 Chad (2005–2010)
 Eritrea (until 2008)
Libya (until 2011)[265]
 United States
 Uganda (until 2015)[266]

Sudan Government of Sudan

Supported by:
 China
 Iran (until 2016)
 Russia

Iraqi insurgency 2011–2014  Iraq

 Iraqi Kurdistan


Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia
 United States

Shi'a factions:

Badr Brigades Soldiers of Heaven
Other militias


Supported by:
 Iran[268][269]

Stalemate
First Libyan Civil War 2011–2011 Anti-Gaddafi forces

Supported by:
 Qatar
NATO
 United States
 France
 United Kingdom
 Italy
 Sudan
 Canada
 Turkey
 Netherlands
 Spain
 United Arab Emirates
 Greece
 Romania
 Norway
 Denmark
 Portugal
 Belgium
 Tunisia
  Switzerland
 Moldova
 Sweden
 Jordan

Libya

Supported by:
 Belarus
 Algeria
 Zimbabwe
 Cuba
 Venezuela
PLO
 North Korea
 South Africa
 Nicaragua
 Bolivia
 Namibia
 Ecuador

Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon 2012–2017  Lebanon

Supported by:
 Australia[270]
 Canada[271]
 Cyprus[272]
 Czech Republic[273]
 France[274]
 Pakistan
 Germany[275]
 Italy[276]
 Jordan[277]
 Netherlands[278]
 Saudi Arabia[274]
 South Korea[279]
 Spain[280]
 Turkey[281]
 United Kingdom[282][283]
 United States[274]

Pro-Syrian government militias:

Supported by:
 Syria[292]
 Iran[293]
 Russia[294]


Other militias:

Lebanese government and pro-Syrian government victory
Second Libyan Civil War 2014–2020 Libya Libyan National Army
Supported by:
 Russia[298]
 Belarus[299]
 Egypt[300][301][302]
 Algeria[303]
 Greece
 United Arab Emirates[300]
 France[304]
 Saudi Arabia[302][305][306]
Libya Government of National Accord
Supported by:
 Sudan[307]
 Ukraine (alleged)[308]
 Russia (alleged)[308]
 Turkey[309]
 United States[310]
 United Kingdom[citation needed]
 Qatar[300]
Ceasefire

Ongoing proxy wars[edit]

War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Chinese Civil War[note 3] 1927–present (de jure)  Republic of China
Supported by:
 People's Republic of China
Supported by:
Ongoing
Xinjiang conflict 1931–present ETPRP
(1969–1989)
URFET
(1969–1989)

East Turkestan East Turkestan Independence movement


Supported by:
Soviet Union Soviet Union (1969–1989)[311][312]
Mongolia Mongolian People's Republic (1960–1989)
 United States
 Republic of China
 Turkey
 Canada[313][314]

 Republic of China (1931–1954)

People's Republic of China (1949–present)


 Iran[315]
 Russia
 North Korea
Ongoing
Israeli-Palestinian conflict 1948–present  Palestine

Supported by:
 Egypt (1948–78)
 Iraq
 Syria
 Cuba[316]
 Algeria
 Soviet Union[317] (until 1991)
 Lebanon
 Iran
 North Korea

 Israel

Supported by:
 United States
 United Kingdom
 France (until 1967)
 Germany[318]
 Canada[319]
 Australia[320]
 Egypt (since 1978)[321]

Ongoing
Balochistan conflict 1948–present Baloch separatist groups

Supported by:
 India
 Soviet Union (until 1988)
Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (until 1990)
 Iraq (1970s)[322]


Sectarian groups
Jundallah[323][324]
Jaish ul-Adl
Jundallah (Pakistan)
al-Qaeda
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi[322]
Sipah-e-Sahaba[322]

 Pakistan

Supported by:

 China[325]


 Iran[326]

Ongoing
Internal conflict in Myanmar 1948–present  Myanmar

Supported by:
 India
 China[327]
 Israel[328](formerly)[329]
 Russia[330]
 Philippines
 North Korea
 Yugoslavia (until 1988)

Opposition forces

ABSDF
Arakan Army
DKBA-5
KNU

KIO

MNDAA
SSAN
SSAS
TNLA
UWSP

...and others


Supported by:
 United States (1951–1953)
 Thailand
 China[331]
Taiwan Republic of China (1950–1961)[332]

Ongoing
Papua conflict 1962–present  Indonesia

Supported by:
 Australia[333][334][335]
 Fiji
 Papua New Guinea

Free Papua Movement


Supported by:
 Vanuatu
 Solomon Islands
 Tonga
 Senegal

Ongoing
Insurgency in Northeast India 1963–present ACF
ATTF
BKI
DHD (until 2013)
GNLA
HNLC
HuM
IRF
KCP
KLNLF
KLO
KYKL
MULTA
NDFB
NLFT
NSCN-IM
PLA
PREPAK
ULFA
UNLF
ZRA

Supported by:
 China
 Pakistan
 Arab League

 India
 Bhutan
 Bangladesh
 Burma

Supported by:
 United States
 Soviet Union (1963–1991)
 Russia
 Iran

Ongoing
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 1967–present  India

Supported by:
 Bangladesh
 Bhutan
   Nepal
 Sri Lanka
 Myanmar


Militias: (until 2011)[336]

Naxalites:

Supported by:
 Pakistan[343]
 China[344][345]
 North Korea[344][345]
 Mongolia
 Indonesia
 Afghanistan (until 2021)
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Uzbekistan
 Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan
 Algeria
 Bahrain
 Chad
 Comoros
 Djibouti
 Egypt
 Eritrea
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Kuwait
 Lebanon
 Libya
 Mali (from 2023)
 Mauritania
 Morocco
 Oman
 Qatar
 Palestine
 Saudi Arabia
 Somalia
 Somaliland
 Sudan
 Syria
 Tunisia
 United Arab Emirates
 Western Sahara
ULFA[346]
NSCN[346]
CPN (Maoist)
LTTE (until 2009)[346]
NPA[347]
PBSP[348]
CIC (until 1977)
CPN (Maoist) (2014)[349]
CCP (Maoist) (until 1976)

Ongoing
Civil conflict in the Philippines 1969–present Communist forces:
Communist Party

Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)[351]
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) (until 2014)
MRLO[352]
Ampatuan militias[353]


Supported by:
 Malaysia (to MNLF and MILF)[354][355]
 People's Republic of China (1969–1976,[356] alleged continued support[citation needed])
 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1980s–2011)[357][358](to MNLF and NPA)[359][360][361][362][363]
 North Korea[364][365]
 Vietnam (1980s)[360]

Anti-communist forces:
 Philippines

Supported by:
 United States[367]

Ongoing
Cabinda War 1975–present FLEC

Supported by:
 France[368]
 Zaire (until 1997)[369]
 Belgium[370]
World League for Freedom and Democracy[370]
 China (alleged)

 Angola

Supported by:
UNITA[371]
 Cuba
 East Germany (until 1989)
 Soviet Union (until 1989)[372][373]
 Brazil

Ongoing
Civil conflict in Turkey 1976–present TAK
TKP/ML-TİKKO
MKP-HKO-PHG
Maoist Party
Maoist Party Centre
THKO
Devrimci Yol
Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[374][375]
 China[376]
ASALA[377] (1970s–1988)
 Syria[374][378][379]
 Greece[380][381]
 Cyprus[374]
 Iran[374][382][383]
Iraq (until 2003)[384]
Libya (until 2011)[385]

 Turkey

Supported by:
 Turkic Council[377]

Ongoing
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 1979–present  Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates
 Bahrain
 Jordan
 Egypt
 Qatar (until 2017)
 Yemen (Hadi government)
 Kuwait
March 14 Alliance
 Morocco
Ba'athist Iraq Iraq (until 1989)
 Israel
 Syrian opposition

 Rojava
People's Mujahedin of Iran
National Council of Iran
Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
Jaish ul-Adl
Kurdistan Free Life Party
Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan
Ahvaz National Resistance
Tahrir al-Sham
Al-Nusra Front
State of Palestine Palestinian National Authority
ASLMA
Kurdistan Freedom Party
Naqshbandi Army
Free Iraqi Army
Sadrist Movement
Lebanese Forces
Future Movement
Libyan National Army

Supported by:
 Afghanistan (until 2021)
 Greece
 Azerbaijan
 Somalia
 Senegal
 Tajikistan
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Turkey (until 2017)
 Sudan (from 2015)
 Nigeria

 Iran
 Hezbollah
 Syria
 Iraq (from 2006)
 Yemen (Houthi government)
 Libya (until 2011)
 Lebanon
Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula
Liwa Fatemiyoun
 Houthi movement
Popular Mobilization Forces
Al-Ashtar Brigades
Al-Mukhtar Brigades
Hezbe Wahdat
Hamas
Husseiniyoun
Muslim Brotherhood
Liwa Zainebiyoun
Islamic Movement of Nigeria
Polisario Front
Taliban
March 8 Alliance
National Defence Forces
February 14 Youth Coalition
Government of National Accord

Supported by:
 China
 Gaza Strip
 Russia
 North Korea
 Sudan (until 2015)
 Venezuela
 Cuba
 Oman (allegedly)
 Turkey (from 2017)

Ongoing
Internal conflict in Peru 1980–present Shining Path


MRTA (until 1997)


Supported by:
 Cuba[386]
Libya[386] (until 2011)

Peru Peruvian Armed Forces

Peru Rondas Campesinas


Supported by:
 United States
 Soviet Union (until 1991)
 Russia
 Japan
 Colombia

Ongoing
Abkhaz–Georgian conflict 1989–present  Georgia  Abkhazia
Supported by:
 Russia
 Turkey[387]
Ongoing
Georgian–Ossetian conflict 1989–present  Georgia  South Ossetia
Supported by:
 Russia
Ongoing
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 1989–present  India

 Afghanistan


Supported by:
 United States
 Iran
 Russia

Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami

Lashkar-e-Taiba
Jaish-e-Mohammed
Hizbul Mujahideen
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Al-Badr
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
Supported by:
 Pakistan[388]
 China
Afghanistan Taliban[389]
 Saudi Arabia[390]
al-Qaeda[389]

Ongoing
Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 1995–present  Uganda

 DR Congo
United Nations UNF Intervention Brigade

Supported by:
 United States[391]

ADF

Supported by:
LRA[392]
 Sudan[393]

Ongoing
Syrian Civil War[394][395] 2011–present Syrian opposition
Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia
 Qatar[396]
 United States[396]
 Turkey
 Libya
 European Union
 Australia
 Egypt (2011–2013)
 France
 United Kingdom
 Jordan
 Italy
 Netherlands
 Canada
 Germany
 Syria
Supported by:
 Armenia[397]
 Iran[396]
 Russia[398][399][400]
 Iraq
 Pakistan[401][402]
 China[403][404]
 North Korea[405][406][407]
 Cuba[408]
 Venezuela[409][410][411][412]
 Algeria[413]
 Belarus[414]
 Angola[415]
 Egypt (from 2015)[416][417]
 United Arab Emirates

 Rojava
Supported by:
 United States
 France
 United Kingdom
 Iraqi Kurdistan[418]
CJTF-OIR

Ongoing
Yemeni Crisis (part of Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy conflicts) 2011–present Yemen Yemen (Hadi government)
Saudi Arabia Saudi-led coalition
Supported by:

 Somalia[419]
 United States[420]
 Eritrea[421]
 United Kingdom[422][423]
 France[424][425][426]
 Pakistan
 Canada[427]
 Italy[citation needed]
 Turkey[428]
 Germany[429][430][431][432]

Yemen Yemen (Supreme Political Council)
Supported by:

 Iran[433]
 Iraq
 North Korea[434]
 Russia[435]
 Syria[436]

Ongoing

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The name Kenya Land and Freedom Army is sometimes heard in connection with Mau Mau. KLFA is not simply another name for Mau Mau: it was the name that Dedan Kimathi used for a coordinating body which he tried to set up for Mau Mau. It was also the name of another militant group that sprang up briefly in the spring of 1960; the group was broken up during a brief operation from 26 March to 30 April.[58]
  2. ^ Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011.
  3. ^ Much of the civil war has eased off in 1949–50 with the Battle of Hainan Island took place in 1950, KMT insurgency in Burma and three crises in the Taiwan Strait occurred in 1954, 1958 and 1996. In effect, no peace treaty or armistice agreement is signed.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e "Venezuela Crisis of 1902". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d "Somaliland 1902–1903". The Soldier's Burden. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "The Finnish Civil War". Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Tepora, Tuomas (8 December 2014). "Finnish Civil War 1918". 1914-1918-Online. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  5. ^ Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1 January 1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472108060. Retrieved 10 December 2016 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1 January 1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472108060. Retrieved 10 December 2016 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ a b Payaslian, Simon (2007). The History of Armenia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4039-7467-9.
  8. ^ Robert Fisk: The Armenian hero whom Turkey would prefer to forget. The Independent. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  9. ^ Akçam, Taner (2006). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 339–342. ISBN 978-0-8050-8665-2.
  10. ^ a b "The place of the Turkish independence war in the American press (1918-1923)" (PDF). dergiler.ankara.edu.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2018.
  11. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
  12. ^ According to John R. Ferris, "Decisive Turkish victory in Anatolia... produced Britain's gravest strategic crisis between the 1918 Armistice and Munich, plus a seismic shift in British politics..." Erik Goldstein and Brian McKerche, Power and Stability: British Foreign Policy, 1865–1965, 2004 p. 139
  13. ^ A. Strahan claimed: "The internationalisation of Constantinople and the Straits under the aegis of the League of Nations, feasible in 1919, was out of the question after the complete and decisive Turkish victory over the Greeks". A. Strahan, Contemporary Review, 1922.
  14. ^ Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the World: a Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cummins, Joseph (2009). The War Chronicles, From Flintlocks to Machine Guns: A Global Reference of All the Major Modern Conflicts. Beverly, Massachusetts: Fair Winds Press. pp. 282–299. ISBN 978-1-59233-305-9.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cummins, Joseph (2011). History's Greatest Wars: The Epic Conflicts that Shaped the Modern World. Beverly, Massachusetts: Fair Winds Press. pp. 232–243. ISBN 978-1-59233-471-1.
  17. ^ a b "Para la mayoría de las voces, el conflicto entre Bolivia y Paraguay (1932–1935) tuvo su origen en el control del supuesto petróleo que pronto iría a fluír desde el desierto chaqueño en beneficio de la nación victoriosa."Archondo, Rafael. "La Guerra del Chaco: ¿hubo algún titiritero?". Población y Desarrollo. 34: 29.
  18. ^ Abente, Diego. 1988. Constraints and Opportunities: Prospects for Democratization in Paraguay. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs.
  19. ^ La ayuda argentina al Paraguay en la guerra del Chaco, Todo es Historia magazine, n° 206. julio de 1984, pág. 84 (in Spanish)
  20. ^ Atkins, G. Pope (1997) Encyclopedia of the Inter-American System. Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 71. ISBN 0313286000
  21. ^ Mora, Frank o. and Cooney, Jerry Wilson (2007) Paraguay and the United States: Distant Allies. University of Georgia Press, p. 84. ISBN 0820324671
  22. ^ Hugh Thomas, The Spanish civil war (2001).
  23. ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (10 November 2014). "Spanish Civil War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  24. ^ Thomas G.Powell, Mexico and the Spanish Civil War (1981).
  25. ^ Matthew D. Gallagher, "Leon Blum and the Spanish Civil War". Journal of Contemporary History 6.3 (1971): 56-64.
  26. ^ Suzanne Pepper, Civil War in China: The Political Struggle 1945–1949 (1999).
  27. ^ a b c d e f g "The Greek Civil War". ahistoryofgreece.com. Matt Barrett. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  28. ^ a b c d The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (18 July 2013). "Greek Civil War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h Disselkamp, Rachel. "First Indochina War". The Cold War Museum. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
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