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A '''split washer''' is a ring split at one point and bent into a helical shape. This allows the washer to exert a spring force between the bolt or screw head and the substrate, helping to prevent the bolt from turning and loosening due to vibration. Spring washers are used to apply a pre-load or flexible quality to a bolted joint.
A '''split washer''' is a ring split at one point and bent into a helical shape. This allows the washer to exert a spring force between the bolt or screw head and the substrate, helping to prevent the bolt from turning and loosening due to vibration. Spring washers are used to apply a pre-load or flexible quality to a bolted joint.


A '''toothed lock washer''', also known as a ''star washer'', has teeth or prongs which extend radially inward and/or outward. This maintains tension and opposes any loosening influence on the fastener. The flexed teeth absorb shock, vibration and slipping.
A '''toothed lock washer''', also known as a ''star washer'', has teeth or prongs which extend radially inward and/or outward.

''Internal tooth washers'' have the teeth pointing inward. They are used when the finished appearance requires that the teeth be hidden under the head of the screw, or to avoid the teeth scratching or snagging. Also used with screws with smaller heads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Specifications for Internal Tooth Lock Washers ASME B18.21.1-1999 |url=http://www.aspenfasteners.com/v/vspfiles/files/docs/internal_tooth_lockwasher_specification.pdf}}</ref> ''External tooth washers'' have teeth pointing radially outward. They are used when finished appearance is less crucial as it provides the greatest torsional resistance and therefore locking efficiency because the teeth are on the largest radius.<ref>{{cite web |title=Specifications for External Tooth Lock Washers ASME B18.21.1-1999 |url=http://www.aspenfasteners.com/v/vspfiles/files/docs/external_tooth_lockwasher_specification.pdf}}</ref> ''Combination tooth washers'' have teeth on both sides. They are used when a larger bearing surface is required. It is also often used when there is an over-sized hole.<ref>{{cite web |title=Specifications for Internal/External Tooth Lock Washers ASME B18.21.1-1999 |url=http://www.aspenfasteners.com/v/vspfiles/files/docs/internal_external_tooth_lockwasher_specification.pdf}}</ref> ''Countersunk external tooth washers'' are used with Flat Countersunk or Oval Countersunk Screws with angles of 82 or 100 degrees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Specifications for Countersunk External Tooth Lock Washers ASME B18.21.1-1999 |url=http://www.aspenfasteners.com/v/vspfiles/files/docs/countersunk_external_tooth_lockwasher_specification.pdf}}</ref>


===Gaskets===
===Gaskets===

Revision as of 16:36, 13 October 2010

Assorted washers: flat, split, star and insulated

A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped) with a hole (typically in the middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a screw or nut. Other uses are as a spacer, spring (belleville washer, wave washer), wear pad, preload indicating device, locking device, and to reduce vibration (rubber washer). Washers usually have an outer diameter (OD) about twice the length of their inner diameter (ID).

Washers are usually metal or plastic. High quality bolted joints require hardened steel washers to prevent the loss of pre-load due to Brinelling after the torque is applied.

Rubber or fiber gaskets used in taps (or faucets, or valves) to stop the flow of water are sometimes referred to colloquially as washers; but, while they may look similar, washers and gaskets are usually designed for different functions and made differently.

Washers are also important for preventing galvanic corrosion, particularly by insulating steel screws from aluminum surfaces.

Types

Washers can be categorised into three types; plain washers, which spread a load, and prevent damage to the surface being fixed, or provide some sort of insulation such as electrical; spring washers, which have axial flexibility and are used to prevent fastening loosening due to vibrations; and locking washers which prevent fastening loosening by preventing unscrewing rotation of the fastening device; locking washers as usually also spring washers. The term washer is also often used for disc shaped devices used as grommets.

Plain washers

A plain washer (or 'flat washer') is a flat annulus or ring, often of metal, used to spread the load of a screwed fastening. Additionally a plain washer may be used when the hole is a larger diameter than the fixing nut.[1][2]

A spherical washer is part of a self-aligning nut; it is a washer with one radiused surface, which is designed to be used in conjunction with a mating nut in order to correct for up to several degrees of misalignment between parts.

An anchor plate or wall washer is a large plate or washer connected to a tie rod or bolt. Anchor plates are used on exterior walls of masonry buildings, for structural reinforcement. Being visible, many anchor plates are made in a style that is decorative.[3]

A flange nut is a nut with an integral fixed washer.

A torque washer is used in woodworking in combination with a carriage bolt; it has a square hole in the center where the carriage bolt square fits into. Teeth or prongs on the washer bite into the wood preventing the bolt from spinning freely when a nut is being tightened.[4]

Spring and locking washers

Belleville washers, also known as a cupped spring washer or conical washer, has a slight conical shape, which provides an axial force when deformed.

Wave washers have a "wave" in the axial direction, which provides spring pressure when compressed. Wave washers, of comparable size, do not produce as much force as Belleville washers.

A split washer is a ring split at one point and bent into a helical shape. This allows the washer to exert a spring force between the bolt or screw head and the substrate, helping to prevent the bolt from turning and loosening due to vibration. Spring washers are used to apply a pre-load or flexible quality to a bolted joint.

A toothed lock washer, also known as a star washer, has teeth or prongs which extend radially inward and/or outward.

Gaskets

The term washer is often applied to various gasket types such as those used to seal the control valve in taps. Crush washers, made of a soft metal such as aluminium or copper and used to seal fluid or gas connections such as found in an internal combustion engine.

A shoulder washer is a plain washer type with integral cylindrical sleeve; they are used to keep separate different metal types, and a seals.[5] They term is also used for electrically insulating grommets.[6]

Specialised types

A Keps nut or K-lock nut is a nut with an integral free spinning washer, assembly is easier because the washer is captive.

A top hat washer is a shoulder washer type used in plumbing for tap fitting.


  • Plain (left) and Split (right) washers
    Plain (left) and Split (right) washers
  • Belleville or conical washer
    Belleville or conical washer
  • Wave washer
    Wave washer

Materials

Common materials include steel, stainless steel, and plastic. Hardened washers are steel washers that have been heat treated. Other materials include aluminum, aramids, bimetals, bronze, brass, ceramics, copper, felt, fibers, hastelloy, iron, leather, mica, Inconel, Monel, rubber, silicon bronze, and titanium.[7]

Standard metric flat washers sizes

Nominal screw
sizes M (mm) 		Screw pitch
thread P (mm) 		Internal (Inside) diameter
hole d1 (mm) 		External (Outside) diameter
d2 (mm) 		thickness
H (mm)
1st
choice		 2nd
choice		 coarse fine
1 0.25 1.1 3 0.3
1.2 0.25 1.3 3.5 0.3
1.4 0.3 1.5 4 0.3
1.6 0.35 1.7 4 0.3
1.7 1.8 4.5 0.3
1.8 0.35
2 0.4 2.2 5 0.3
2.5 0.45 2.7 6 0.5
2.6 2.8 7 0.5
3 0.5 3.2 7 0.5
3.5 0.6 3.7 8 0.5
4 0.7 4.3 9 0.8
5 0.8 5.3 10 1
6 1 0.75 6.4 12 1.6
7 1 7.4 14 1.6
8 1.25 1 8.4 16 1.6
10 1.5 1.25 or 1 10.5 20 2
12 1.75 1.5 or 1.25 13 24 2.5
14 2 1.5 15 28 2.5
16 2 1.5 17 30 3
18 2.5 2 or 1.5 19 34 3
20 2.5 2 or 1.5 21 37 3
22 2.5 2 or 1.5 23 39 3
24 3 2 25 44 4
27 3 2 28 50 4
30 3.5 2 31 56 4
33 3.5 2 34 60 5
36 4 3 37 66 5
39 4 3 40 72 6
42 4.5 3 43 78 7
45 4.5 3 46 85 7
48 5 3 50 92 8
52 5 4 54 98 8
56 5.5 4 58 105 9
60 5.5 4 62 110 9
64 6 4 66 115 9
68 70 120 10
72 74 125 10
76 78 135 10
80 82 140 12
85 87 145 12
90 93 160 12
100 104 175 14

See also

References

  1. ^ Paul Green (2007). The Mechanical Engineering Drawing Desk Reference: Creating and Understanding ISO Standard Technical Drawings. Lulu.com / CreateSpace. Washers, p.205.
  2. ^ Nikolas Davies; Erkki Jokiniemi (2008). Dictionary of architecture and building construction. Architectural Press. Flat Washer, p.153.
  3. ^ Bucher, Ward (1996). Dictionary of Building Preservation. Preservation Press. p. 576.
  4. ^ John Holloway (2010). Illustrated Theatre Production Guide. Focal Press. p. 202.
  5. ^ Brad Fox; Peter VanderWeyde (2008). Alloy boat corrosion: how to prevent it. Ripple Industries Pty Ltd. p. 16.
  6. ^ "Fluorescent light". Popular Science. 186 (6). Bonnier Corporation: 117–118. June 1965. ISSN 0161-7370.
  7. ^ About Washer Materials, archived from the original on 2010-01-29, retrieved 2010-01-29.
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