Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Difference between revisions
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|[[Herbert C. Brown]]<br>[[Georg Wittig]] |
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|"for their development of the use of [[boron]]- and [[phosphorus]]-containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis" |
|"for their development of the use of [[boron]]- and [[phosphorus]]-containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis" |
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== References == |
== References == |
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* The Nobel Foundation (2005). [http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/index.html The Nobel Prize in Chemistry]. Retrieved [[December 14]], [[2005]]. |
* The Nobel Foundation (2005). [http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/index.html The Nobel Prize in Chemistry]. Retrieved [[December 14]], [[2005]]. |
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Revision as of 03:26, 28 August 2007
This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. The prize is awarded every year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Year | Name | Country | Topics |
---|---|---|---|
1901 | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | Netherlands | "for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" |
1902 | Hermann Emil Fischer | German Empire | "for his work on sugar and purine syntheses" |
1903 | Svante August Arrhenius | Sweden | "for his electrolytic theory of dissociation" |
1904 | Sir William Ramsay | United Kingdom | "for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" |
1905 | Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer | German Empire | "for his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" |
1906 | Henri Moissan | France | "for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the electric furnace named after him" |
1907 | Eduard Buchner | German Empire | "for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" |
1908 | Ernest Rutherford | New Zealand United Kingdom |
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" |
1909 | Wilhelm Ostwald | German Empire | "his work on catalysis and for his investigations into chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" |
1910 | Otto Wallach | German Empire | "for his work in the field of alicyclic compounds" |
1911 | Maria Sklodowska-Curie | Poland | "for her discovery of radium and polonium " |
1912 | Victor Grignard | France | "for his the discovery of the Grignard reagent" |
Paul Sabatier | France | "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds" | |
1913 | Alfred Werner | Switzerland | "for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules" |
1914 | Theodore William Richards | United States | "for his determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of elements" |
1915 | Richard Martin Willstätter | German Empire | "for his research on plant pigments" |
1916–17 | No awards due to World War I | ||
1918 | Fritz Haber | German Empire | "for his synthesis of ammonia" |
1920 | Walther Hermann Nernst | Weimar Republic (Germany) | "for his work in thermochemistry" |
1921 | Frederick Soddy | United Kingdom | "for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into isotopes" |
1922 | Francis William Aston | United Kingdom | "for his discovery of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his whole-number rule" |
1923 | Fritz Pregl | Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" |
1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Weimar Republic (Germany) | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and the methods used" |
1926 | Theodor Svedberg | Sweden | "for his work on disperse systems" |
1927 | Heinrich Otto Wieland | Weimar Republic (Germany) | "for his investigations of the bile acids and related substances" |
1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Weimar Republic (Germany) | "for his research into sterols and their connection with vitamins" |
1929 | Arthur Harden Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin |
United Kingdom Weimar Republic (Germany) |
"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" |
1930 | Hans Fischer | Weimar Republic (Germany) | "for his research into haemin and chlorophyll" |
1931 | Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius | Weimar Republic (Germany) Weimar Republic (Germany) |
"for their contributions to chemical high pressure methods" |
1932 | Irving Langmuir | United States | "for his work in surface chemistry" |
1934 | Harold Clayton Urey | United States | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" |
1935 | Frédéric Joliot Irene Joliot-Curie |
France France |
"for their synthesis of new radioactive elements" |
1936 | Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye | Netherlands | "for his work on molecular structure through investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" |
1937 | Walter Norman Haworth | United Kingdom | "for his work on carbohydrates and vitamin C" |
Paul Karrer | Switzerland | "for his work on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | |
1938 | Richard Kuhn | Nazi Germany | "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" |
1939 | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt | Nazi Germany | "for his work on sex hormones" |
Lavoslav Ružička | Switzerland | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" | |
1940–42 | No awards due to World War II | ||
1943 | George de Hevesy | Hungary | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers to study chemical processes" |
1944 | Otto Hahn | Nazi Germany | "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" |
1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Finland | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" |
1946 | James Batcheller Sumner | United States | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" |
John Howard Northrop Wendell Meredith Stanley |
United States United States |
"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" | |
1947 | Sir Robert Robinson | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on plant products, especially the alkaloids" |
1948 | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius | Sweden | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis" |
1949 | William Francis Giauque | United States | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics" |
1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels Kurt Alder |
West Germany West Germany |
"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis. Diels-Alder reaction." |
1951 | Edwin Mattison McMillan Glenn Theodore Seaborg |
United States United States |
"for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" |
1952 | Archer John Porter Martin Richard Laurence Millington Synge |
United Kingdom United Kingdom |
"for their invention of partition chromatography" |
1953 | Hermann Staudinger | West Germany | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" |
1954 | Linus Carl Pauling | United States | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond" |
1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud | United States | "for his work on sulphur compounds, especially the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" |
1956 | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов) |
United Kingdom Soviet Union |
"for their research into the mechanism of chemical reactions" |
1957 | Sir Alexander Todd | United Kingdom | "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" |
1958 | Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially insulin" |
1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovský | Czechoslovakia | "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" |
1960 | Willard Frank Libby | United States | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination" |
1961 | Melvin Calvin | United States | "for his research on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" |
1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz John Cowdery Kendrew |
United Kingdom United Kingdom |
"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" |
1963 | Karl Ziegler Giulio Natta |
West Germany Italy |
"for their discoveries relating to high polymers" |
1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | United Kingdom | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" |
1965 | Robert Burns Woodward | United States | "for his achievements in organic synthesis" |
1966 | Robert Sanderson Mulliken | United States | "for his work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules" |
1967 | Manfred Eigen Ronald George Wreyford Norrish George Porter |
West Germany United Kingdom United Kingdom |
"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions" |
1968 | Lars Onsager | United States Norway |
"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name" |
1969 | Derek Harold Richard Barton Odd Hassel |
United Kingdom Norway |
"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation" |
1970 | Luis F. Leloir | Argentina | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" |
1971 | Gerhard Herzberg | Canada | "for his contributions to electronic structure and the geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" |
1972 | Christian B. Anfinsen | United States | "for his work on ribonuclease" |
Stanford Moore William H. Stein |
United States United States |
"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the ribonuclease molecule" | |
1973 | Ernst Otto Fischer Geoffrey Wilkinson |
West Germany United Kingdom |
"for their work on the chemistry of organometallic compounds" |
1974 | Paul J. Flory | United States | "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" |
1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | United Kingdom Australia |
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" |
Vladimir Prelog | Switzerland | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" | |
1976 | William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. | United States | "for his studies on the structure of boranes" |
1977 | Ilya Prigogine | Belgium | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics" |
1978 | Peter D. Mitchell | United Kingdom | "for his formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" |
1979 | Herbert C. Brown Georg Wittig |
United Kingdom, 1936: United States[1] West Germany |
"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis" |
1980 | Paul Berg | United States | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" |
Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger |
United States United Kingdom |
"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" | |
1981 | Kenichi Fukui (福井謙一) Roald Hoffmann |
Japan United States |
"for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions" |
1982 | Aaron Klug | United Kingdom South Africa |
"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" |
1983 | Henry Taube | United States | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions" |
1984 | Robert Bruce Merrifield | United States | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" |
1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman Jerome Karle |
United States United States |
"for their achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" |
1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee (李遠哲) John C. Polanyi |
United States Taiwan United States Canada |
"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" |
1987 | Donald J. Cram Jean-Marie Lehn Charles J. Pedersen |
United States France United States |
"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" |
1988 | Johann Deisenhofer Robert Huber Hartmut Michel |
West Germany West Germany West Germany |
"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" |
1989 | Sidney Altman Thomas R. Cech |
Canada United States United States |
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" |
1990 | Elias James Corey | United States | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" |
1991 | Richard R. Ernst | Switzerland | "for his contributions to the development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" |
1992 | Rudolph A. Marcus | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" |
1993 | Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith |
United States Canada |
"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" |
1994 | George A. Olah | United States | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" |
1995 | Paul J. Crutzen Mario J. Molina F. Sherwood Rowland |
Netherlands Mexico United States |
"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, in particular ozone depletion" |
1996 | Robert Curl Sir Harold Kroto Richard Smalley |
United States United Kingdom United States |
"for their discovery of fullerenes" |
1997 | Paul D. Boyer John E. Walker |
United States United Kingdom |
"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate" |
Jens C. Skou | Denmark | "for his discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+/K+-ATPase" | |
1998 | Walter Kohn | United States | "for his development of the density functional theory" |
John A. Pople | United Kingdom | "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" | |
1999 | Ahmed H. Zewail (أحمد زويل) | Egypt United States |
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" |
2000 | Alan J. Heeger Alan G MacDiarmid Hideki Shirakawa (白川英樹) |
United States New Zealand United States Japan |
"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" |
2001 | William S. Knowles Ryoji Noyori (野依良治) |
United States Japan |
"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" |
K. Barry Sharpless | United States | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" see Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation | |
2002 | Kurt Wüthrich John B. Fenn Koichi Tanaka (田中耕一) |
Switzerland United States Japan |
"for their development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules" |
2003 | Peter Agre Roderick MacKinnon |
United States United States |
"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes" |
2004 | Aaron Ciechanover Avram Hershko Irwin Rose |
Israel Israel United States |
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" |
2005 | Robert Grubbs Richard Schrock Yves Chauvin |
United States United States France |
"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" |
2006 | Roger D. Kornberg | United States | "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" |
References
- ^ "Herbert C. Brown". NNDB. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
- The Nobel Foundation (2005). The Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Retrieved December 14, 2005.
See also
External links
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