Atropa belladonna: Difference between revisions
m add ref |
→Medicine: "prominence" - though not required - has been established. This info is verified by an independent reliable source. Threshold met. |
||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
The name ''belladonna'' originates from the historic use by women (''Bella Donna'' is [[Italian language|Italian]] for ''beautiful lady'') to [[mydriasis|dilate]] their [[pupil]]s; an extract of belladonna was used as [[eye drop]]s as part of their makeup preparations.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} The Belladonna toxin's [[atropine]] content had the effect of dilating the pupil, thus making their eyes supposedly more attractive.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} It is now known that atropine has [[anticholinergic]] activity - by blocking the ability of the [[iris (anatomy)|iris]] to constrict, [[mydriasis]] results.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Dilated pupils are considered more attractive because pupils normally dilate when a person is [[aroused]], thus making [[eye contact]] much more intense than it already is.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} It had the [[Adverse effect (medicine)|adverse effect]] of making their [[Visual perception|vision]] a little blurry and making their heart rates increase.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Prolonged usage was reputed to cause blindness.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} |
The name ''belladonna'' originates from the historic use by women (''Bella Donna'' is [[Italian language|Italian]] for ''beautiful lady'') to [[mydriasis|dilate]] their [[pupil]]s; an extract of belladonna was used as [[eye drop]]s as part of their makeup preparations.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} The Belladonna toxin's [[atropine]] content had the effect of dilating the pupil, thus making their eyes supposedly more attractive.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} It is now known that atropine has [[anticholinergic]] activity - by blocking the ability of the [[iris (anatomy)|iris]] to constrict, [[mydriasis]] results.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Dilated pupils are considered more attractive because pupils normally dilate when a person is [[aroused]], thus making [[eye contact]] much more intense than it already is.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} It had the [[Adverse effect (medicine)|adverse effect]] of making their [[Visual perception|vision]] a little blurry and making their heart rates increase.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Prolonged usage was reputed to cause blindness.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} |
||
=== |
===Medicine=== |
||
The plant is an important source of [[atropine]], which is an effective treatment for the effects of [[poisoning]] by [[cholinesterase inhibitor]]s such as [[Parathion]] and [[Malathion]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Atropine will also reverse the effects of poisoning by [[nerve agents]] designed for [[chemical warfare]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In Europe, the plant is specifically cultivated for this purpose.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} While atropine can treat the symptoms of poisoning from these [[organophosphate]] compounds, the antidote is the unrelated compound [[pralidoxime]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} |
The plant is an important source of [[atropine]], which is an effective treatment for the effects of [[poisoning]] by [[cholinesterase inhibitor]]s such as [[Parathion]] and [[Malathion]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Atropine will also reverse the effects of poisoning by [[nerve agents]] designed for [[chemical warfare]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In Europe, the plant is specifically cultivated for this purpose.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} While atropine can treat the symptoms of poisoning from these [[organophosphate]] compounds, the antidote is the unrelated compound [[pralidoxime]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} |
||
| Line 57: | Line 57: | ||
Belladonna (as Atropa Belladonna Extract) can also be found in some over-the-counter cold and flu medicines (in small amounts) due to its [[pseudoephedrine]]-like qualities of clearing up nasal and other passages where mucus forms.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} |
Belladonna (as Atropa Belladonna Extract) can also be found in some over-the-counter cold and flu medicines (in small amounts) due to its [[pseudoephedrine]]-like qualities of clearing up nasal and other passages where mucus forms.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} |
||
[[Donnatal]], or the generic Belladonna, is a FDA approved prescription pharmaceutical that contains "natural belladonna alkaloids ... combined with [[Phenobarbital]] to provide peripheral [[anticholinergic]]/antispasmodic action and mild sedation." It is indicated and FDA approved as "possibly effective" for the treatment of IBS, irritable bowel syndrome, acute enterocolitis and as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. <ref> http://www.donnatal.com/donnatal/pi_extentabs.asp</ref> The [[allopathic]], (modern) application for these ailments is similar to the traditional and naturopathic applications, although it is traditionally indicated for a wider range of ailments. <ref> http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/n/nighde05.html</ref> The mechanisms of the naturopathic applications, such as belladonna's antispasmodic properties are the same as the allopathic mechanisms. The use of [[Donnatal]], belladonna, is based on a significant history of safe application. <ref>http://www.donnatal.com/donnatal/consumers.asp</ref> |
[[Donnatal]], or the generic Belladonna, is a FDA approved prescription pharmaceutical that contains "natural belladonna alkaloids ... combined with [[Phenobarbital]] to provide peripheral [[anticholinergic]]/antispasmodic action and mild sedation." It is indicated and FDA approved as "possibly effective" for the treatment of IBS, irritable bowel syndrome, acute enterocolitis and as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. <ref> http://www.donnatal.com/donnatal/pi_extentabs.asp</ref> The [[allopathic]], (modern) application for these ailments is similar to the traditional and naturopathic applications, although it is traditionally indicated for a wider range of ailments. <ref> http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/n/nighde05.html</ref> The mechanisms of the naturopathic applications, such as belladonna's antispasmodic properties are the same as the allopathic mechanisms. The use of [[Donnatal]], belladonna, is based on a significant history of safe application. <ref>http://www.donnatal.com/donnatal/consumers.asp</ref> Belladonna is also used in the preparation of certain [[homeopathy|homeopathic remedies]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=mMl9vwVDxigC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=%22deadly+nightshade%22+homeopathy&source=web&ots=xEccdnf4ox&sig=uQu-JUHbXaEd9Ru5vJAPS9hkk0Y The Oxford Book of Health Foods] (OUP 2003, ISBN 0198504594)</ref> |
||
{{content}} |
|||
===Recreational drug=== |
===Recreational drug=== |
||
Revision as of 23:14, 23 February 2008
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2007) |
| Deadly nightshade | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | A. belladonna
|
| Binomial name | |
| Atropa belladonna | |
Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), also known as belladonna, dwale, Banewort, Devil's Cherries, Naughty Man's Cherries, Divale, Black Cherry, Devil's Herb, Great Morel, and Dwayberry, is a well-known perennial herbaceous plant, with leaves and berries that are highly toxic and hallucinogenic. It is in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which it shares with potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, jimsonweed, tobacco, goji, and chili peppers. In addition, Solanum nigrum is also called Deadly nightshade.
The Belladonna is native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and has become naturalized in parts of North America. It is not nearly as common in the wild as many field guides would suggest. This is because it is readily attacked by mint flea beetles Longitarsus waterhousei and has a low tolerance for direct sunlight. In areas where it has become naturalized it can often be found in shady, moist areas with a limestone-rich soil.
Description
The Belladonna has dull green leaves and bell-shaped flowers that are an unremarkable shade of purple, which yield black, shiny berries measuring approximately 1 cm in diameter. The yellow form (Atropa belladonna var. lutea) has pale yellow flowers and fruit. The berries are sweet, but most of their alkaloids are in the seed. It is an herbaceous plant, and can grow to be approximately five metres tall. The leaves have an oily, "poison ivy"-like feel.
When Belladonna is in its first stages of growing the star shaped base of the berries is barely visible.
Germination is often difficult due to the presence of germination inhibitors in the seeds. Belladonna is not common as a garden plant, and is considered a weed in some areas. Belladonna is a perennial branching herb growing to 5 metre tall, with 18 cm long ovate leaves. Belladonna contain the heaviest leaf in its angiosperm group. It is not a very hardy perennial and is sensitive to being transplanted. Germination requires several weeks in warm, moist, absolutely sterile soil, usually far from normal garden conditions.
Toxicity
Belladonna is one of the most toxic plants found in the Western hemisphere. Children have been poisoned by eating as few as three berries. Ingestion of a leaf of the Belladonna can be fatal to an adult. The root of the plant is generally the most toxic part, though this can vary from one specimen to another.[1] Belladonna leaves, if handled carelessly, can cause pus filled blisters.
All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids.[2] The berries pose the greatest danger to children because they look attractive and have a somewhat sweet taste.[3] Symptoms of belladonna poisoning are the same as those for atropine (a tropane alkaloid), and include dilated pupils, tachycardia, hallucinations, blurred vision, loss of balance, a feeling of flight, staggering, a sense of suffocation, paleness followed by a red rash, flushing, husky voice, extremely dry throat, constipation, urinary retention, and confusion.[citation needed] The skin can completely dry out and slough off. Fatal cases have a rapid pulse that turns feeble.[citation needed] The antidote for belladonna poisoning is physostigmine or pilocarpine, the same as for atropine.[4]
The reason for most of these symptoms is atropine's effect on the parasympathetic nervous system.[citation needed] Atropine competitively inhibits the action of acetylcholine (ACh) at the acetylcholine receptor in the nerve synapse, thereby preventing the parasympathetic nervous system from sending out electrical nerve impulses.[citation needed] Since the parasympathetic nervous system regulates non-volitional/subconscious activities (such as sweating, breathing, and heart rate) when it is prevented from sending out signals, the heartbeat and breathing become extremely irregular.[citation needed]
The Belladonna is toxic to many domestic animals and livestock; Belladonna poisoning can lead to colic, depression, weakness, and lack of coordination in horses, with fatalities reported even for small amounts from 1 to 10 pounds (0.5 to 5 kg).[citation needed] Many animals, such as rabbits, birds and deer, seem to eat the plant without suffering harmful effects, though dogs and cats are affected. [citation needed]
Uses
Cosmetics
The name belladonna originates from the historic use by women (Bella Donna is Italian for beautiful lady) to dilate their pupils; an extract of belladonna was used as eye drops as part of their makeup preparations.[citation needed] The Belladonna toxin's atropine content had the effect of dilating the pupil, thus making their eyes supposedly more attractive.[citation needed] It is now known that atropine has anticholinergic activity - by blocking the ability of the iris to constrict, mydriasis results.[citation needed] Dilated pupils are considered more attractive because pupils normally dilate when a person is aroused, thus making eye contact much more intense than it already is.[citation needed] It had the adverse effect of making their vision a little blurry and making their heart rates increase.[citation needed] Prolonged usage was reputed to cause blindness.[citation needed]
Medicine
The plant is an important source of atropine, which is an effective treatment for the effects of poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitors such as Parathion and Malathion.[citation needed] Atropine will also reverse the effects of poisoning by nerve agents designed for chemical warfare.[citation needed] In Europe, the plant is specifically cultivated for this purpose.[citation needed] While atropine can treat the symptoms of poisoning from these organophosphate compounds, the antidote is the unrelated compound pralidoxime.[citation needed]
Optometrists and ophthalmologists use atropine for pupil dilation in eye examinations, though the dose used is small.[citation needed] Atropine degrades slowly, typically wearing off in 2 to 3 days, so tropicamide and phenylephrine is generally preferred as a mydriatic.[citation needed] Atropine is contraindicated in patients predisposed to narrow angle glaucoma.[citation needed]
Belladonna (as Atropa Belladonna Extract) can also be found in some over-the-counter cold and flu medicines (in small amounts) due to its pseudoephedrine-like qualities of clearing up nasal and other passages where mucus forms.[citation needed]
Donnatal, or the generic Belladonna, is a FDA approved prescription pharmaceutical that contains "natural belladonna alkaloids ... combined with Phenobarbital to provide peripheral anticholinergic/antispasmodic action and mild sedation." It is indicated and FDA approved as "possibly effective" for the treatment of IBS, irritable bowel syndrome, acute enterocolitis and as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. [5] The allopathic, (modern) application for these ailments is similar to the traditional and naturopathic applications, although it is traditionally indicated for a wider range of ailments. [6] The mechanisms of the naturopathic applications, such as belladonna's antispasmodic properties are the same as the allopathic mechanisms. The use of Donnatal, belladonna, is based on a significant history of safe application. [7] Belladonna is also used in the preparation of certain homeopathic remedies.[8]
Recreational drug
Occasionally, the plant is used for recreational purposes: it is consumed in the form of either a tea or simply raw, which can produce vivid hallucinations, described by many as a 'living dream'.[citation needed] Upon consumption of this plant, the user will experience all the severe, adverse anticholinergic effects before hallucinating and continue to do so while hallucinating. Use for recreational purposes is considered dangerous because of the risk of accidental overdose.[citation needed]
It has been suggested by Alexander Kuklin's book How Do Witches Fly? that the aconitine in aconite (another toxic hallucinogen) can counter/reduce the toxic effects of atropine in belladonna, while combining their hallucinogenic effects, and that this combination of belladonna and aconite was used by witches in the Middle Ages.[citation needed]
Folklore
Stories claim that the devil has the exclusive rights to plant and harvest this plant. Hence, anyone eating it is visited and killed by the devil. Many also believed it was a temptation for greedy children as the berries seem to be offered on green, pentagram plates and look very appetizing.[citation needed]
Belladonna in the Media
Belladonna appears frequently in popular media, often by the name "Deadly Nightshade". For example, the 1998 fantasy movie "Practical Magic" had Sandra Bullock's character mixing it in a bottle of tequila to sedate the abusive boyfriend of Nicole Kidman's character, but an overdose kills him instead. The fictional character Sally in Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas uses Deadly Nightshade several times in the movie to get away from her master Doctor Finklestein. Belladonna features prominently in the 2007 movie Perfect Stranger starring Halle Berry and Bruce Willis. The character played by Nicki Aycox is killed by belladonna ingestion and is found to have had her pupils dilated with the substance.
In Louisa May Alcott's book "Little Women", Beth is told by the doctor to take some belladonna after the Hummels' baby dies of Scarlet Fever.
In Hukkle (2002) an old woman in a small Hungarian village produces a belladonna concoction that she sells to women to kill off their unloved and unproductive husbands.
Author and Alcoholics Anonymous co-founder Bill Wilson reports having undergone the "belladonna cure" while hospitalized for what would become his final encounter with alcohol in 1935.[9]
The British rock band Queen used the lyric "Well I've loved a million women in a belladonic haze" in their early song Keep Yourself Alive.
See also
External links
- botanical.com
- Belladonna in flying ointments
- Erowid - Belladonna Information (on recreational uses)
- Belladonna (on the plant itself and its uses in Paganism)
- "Compounds in deadly nightshade". USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|accessmonthday=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help)
References
- ^ Harrison's Principle's of Internal Medicine. (11th edition, page 842: "Antimuscarinic Compounds: fatalities have occurred from as little as 10 mg atropine, but doses of 500 mg have been non-fatal.Young children are particularly susceptible to poisoning with belladonna alkaloids.")
- ^ European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products
- ^ Grieve, Margaret (1971). Modern Herbal. Courier Dover Publications. p. 584. ISBN 0486227995.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Potter, Samuel O.L. (1893). A Handbook of Materia Medica Pharmacy and Therapeutics. London: P. Blakiston's. p. 53.
- ^ http://www.donnatal.com/donnatal/pi_extentabs.asp
- ^ http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/n/nighde05.html
- ^ http://www.donnatal.com/donnatal/consumers.asp
- ^ The Oxford Book of Health Foods (OUP 2003, ISBN 0198504594)
- ^ This so-called "Belladonna Therapy" is mentioned by Bill W. on page 7 of the Alcoholics Anonymous "Big Book," and is described in "AA - The Way It Began" by Bill Pittman, pages 164-166, 168)