Southeast Asian mancala: Difference between revisions
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'''Congkak''' ({{IPA-may|ˈtʃoŋkaʔ}}) or '''Congklak''' is a Malay version of the [[mancala]] game played with rules that are nearly identical. The |
'''Congkak''' ({{IPA-may|ˈtʃoŋkaʔ}}) or '''Congklak''' is a [[Malay people|Malay]] version of the [[mancala]] game played with rules that are nearly identical. The name Congkak is known in [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], [[Southern Thailand]], and some parts of [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]], while Congklak is the name known generally in [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indonesia, between myth and reality |last=Choy Lee |first=Khoon |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1976 |publisher=Nile and Mackenzie Ltd |location= |isbn=0860310191, 9780860310198 |page=203 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=X0wKAQAAIAAJ&q=dakon+java&dq=dakon+java&hl=en&ei=yntiTaihJMXUrQfX29XKAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCA |accessdate=February 21, 2011}}</ref> |
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The other known local names of the mancala game are ''Dakon'' or ''Dhakon'' ([[Java]]), ''Sungka'' ([[Philippines]]), ''Jogklak'' (interior of Java); ''Dentuman Lamban'' ([[Lampung]]); ''Mokaotan'', ''Maggaleceng'', or ''Aggalacang wan Nogarata'' ([[Sulawesi|Celebes]]); ''Naraj'' ([[Maldives]]); and ''Katra'' or ''Katraka'' ([[Madagascar]]). |
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[[File:YosriCongkak1.jpg|thumb|A swan-shaped Malaysian congkak in the National Museum of Malaysia.]] |
[[File:YosriCongkak1.jpg|thumb|A swan-shaped Malaysian congkak in the National Museum of Malaysia.]] |
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The congkak game is often played by girls and it has simple rules, which allows the boards to be widely variegated with more or less holes. Congkak boards are often made of teak or mahogany wood. These boards are often elaborately carved into various shapes such as [[naga]] or birds. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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Some |
Some believe that the word ''congkak'' originates from old [[Malay language|Malay]] "''[[:ms:congak|congak]]''", meaning "[[mental calculation]]".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Warisan kesenian Melaka|page=81|author=Omar Farouk Bajunid|isbn=978-9839963199|year= 1989|publisher=Asrama Za'aba, Universiti Malaya}}</ref> The word ''congkak'' can also means [[cowrie shells]] used in playing the game.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kamus Lengkap Indonesia Inggris |author=Alan M. Stevens |publisher=PT Mizan Publika |ISBN=9794333875, 9789794333877}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Revision as of 10:17, 22 February 2011
Congkak (Malay pronunciation: [ˈtʃoŋkaʔ]) or Congklak is a Malay version of the mancala game played with rules that are nearly identical. The name Congkak is known in Malaysia, Brunei, Southern Thailand, and some parts of Sumatra and Borneo, while Congklak is the name known generally in Indonesia.[1]
The other known local names of the mancala game are Dakon or Dhakon (Java), Sungka (Philippines), Jogklak (interior of Java); Dentuman Lamban (Lampung); Mokaotan, Maggaleceng, or Aggalacang wan Nogarata (Celebes); Naraj (Maldives); and Katra or Katraka (Madagascar).
The congkak game is often played by girls and it has simple rules, which allows the boards to be widely variegated with more or less holes. Congkak boards are often made of teak or mahogany wood. These boards are often elaborately carved into various shapes such as naga or birds.
Etymology
Some believe that the word congkak originates from old Malay "congak", meaning "mental calculation".[2] The word congkak can also means cowrie shells used in playing the game.[3]
History
The game of congkak traces back to ancient Egypt as among the world's oldest known games. The game is likely introduced to Southeast Asia by the Indian or Arab traders.[4]
In Malaysia, the game is believed to originate from the Malacca Sultanate.[5] In the early days, it was thought that this game was for the king and family and palace residents, however later it spread to the general population of the kingdom.[6] Beside the Malays, the Indian Peranakan also enjoy playing Congkak.[7]
Rules
The Congkak board has fourteen holes in two sets of seven (some has ten holes in two sets of five, some has eighteen holes in two sets of nine), plus two additional bigger store-holes for each player. Each player controls the seven holes on their side of the board, and their score is the number of seeds in their left-hand store. In Indonesia, the holes are called anak ("child"), while the larger store holes are called indung ("mother").[8]
A total of 98 pieces are used in the two sets of seven board version. In Southeast Asia, cowrie shells and tamanarind seeds are the most common.[9] Seven seeds are placed in each hole except for the players' store. The objective of the game is to capture more seeds than one's opponent.
Players take turns moving the seeds except in the first move which is performed simultaneously, beginnign with the hole closest to his/her own store. After this first simultaneous movement, once the last seed falls into an empty hole, the players' first turn is over and the opponent of the player who reached an empty hole first commences his/her turn after the other player has finished his opening move too. On a turn, a player chooses one of the seven holes under their control. The player removes all seeds from this hole, and distributes them in each hole right-to-left or clockwise[10] from this hole, in a process called sowing. Sowing skips an opponent's store, but does not skip a player's own store.
If a player is unable to fill a hole with seven seeds that hole is considered sunog ("burnt"); all excess seeds are returned to the store. The round begins with the player with no sunog holes taking his/her turn sowing first.
If the last seed falls into an occupied hole, all the seeds are removed from that hole, and are sown starting from that hole. The process continues until the last seed falls into a player's store, or an empty hole.
If the last seed sown falls into a player's own store, they immediately earn another turn, which can begin at any of the seven holes under their control.
The round ends when all the seeds are in the player's stores.
References
- ^ Choy Lee, Khoon (1976). Indonesia, between myth and reality. Nile and Mackenzie Ltd. p. 203. ISBN 0860310191, 9780860310198. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Omar Farouk Bajunid (1989). Warisan kesenian Melaka. Asrama Za'aba, Universiti Malaya. p. 81. ISBN 978-9839963199.
- ^ Alan M. Stevens. Kamus Lengkap Indonesia Inggris. PT Mizan Publika. ISBN 9794333875, 9789794333877.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ Forshee, Jill (2006). Culture and customs of Indonesia (illustrated ed.). illustrated
Publisher Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 177. ISBN 0313333394, 9780313333392. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); line feed character in|publisher=at position 12 (help) - ^ Omar Farouk Bajunid (1989). Warisan kesenian Melaka. Asrama Za'aba, Universiti Malaya. p. 81. ISBN 978-9839963199.
- ^ James Moore, Julina Jamal, Nora Jamaluddin, Regina Fabiny Datuk Dr. Paddy Schubert (Editor) (2003). The guide to Melaka, Malaysia. Leisure Guide Publishing. p. 264. ISBN 978-9832241096.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dhoraisingam, Samuel (2006). Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka: Indian Babas and Nonyas--Chitty Melaka. Volume 14 of Local history and memoirs (illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812303464, 9789812303462.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ Kiernan, Jan; Reeves, Howard (2001). Asia counts: primary. Curriculum Press. p. 100. ISBN 1863664866, 9781863664868. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ E. D. Wilkins, Sally (2002). Sports and games of medieval cultures (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 53. ISBN 0313317119, 9780313317118. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Africa and Indonesia the Evidence of the Xylophone and Other Musical and Cultural Factores. Brill Archive. p. 199. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
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