International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects: Difference between revisions

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IPA vowels chart – audio representations

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IPA: Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend: unrounded • rounded

This concise chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.

See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.

AuE = Australian English
CaE = Canadian English
GA = General American
InE = Indian English
IrE = Irish English
NZE = New Zealand English
RP = Received Pronunciation (Standard in Great Britain)
ScE = Scottish English
SAE = South African English
SSE = Standard Singapore English
WaE = Welsh English

Chart

Note: An image of the chart is also available

This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.

Dia- phoneme^[1]	Phones	Examples
IPA: English Consonants
p	pʰ, p	pen, spin, tip
b	b	but, web
t	tʰ, t, ɾ, ʔ^[2]	two, sting, bet
d	d, ɾ^[3]	do, odd
t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʰ, t͡ʃ	chair, nature, teach
d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	gin, joy, edge
k	kʰ, k	cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick
ɡ	ɡ	go, get, beg
f	f	fool, enough, leaf, off, photo
v	v	voice, have, of
θ	θ, t̪^[4]	thing, teeth
ð	ð, d̪^[5]	this, breathe, father
s	s	see, city, pass
z	z	zoo, rose
ʃ	ʃ	she, sure, session, emotion, leash
ʒ	ʒ	pleasure, beige, equation, seizure
x	x	loch (Scottish)^[6]
h	h, ɦ	ham
m	m^[7]	man, ham
n	n	no, tin
ŋ	ŋ	ringer, sing,^[8] finger, drink
l	l, ɫ,^[9] ɤ^[10] w, o, ʊ^[11]	left, bell
r	ɹʷ, ɹ, ɾ^[12]	run, very
w	w	we, queen
j	j	yes, nyala
hw	ʍ, w^[13]	what

IPA: Marginal Sounds
ʔ	ʔ	uh-oh

IPA: Reduced vowels^[14]
ə	Reduced /ʌ, æ, ɑː, ɒ/
ɪ̈ (ə)	Reduced /ɪ, iː, ɛ, eɪ, aɪ/
ʊ̈ (ə)	Reduced /ʊ, uː/
ɵ (ə)	Reduced /oʊ/
ɚ (ə)	Reduced /ɝː/

IPA												Lexical set	Examples
Dia- phoneme^[1]	AuE^[15]	CaE	GA^[16]^[17]^[18]	InE^[19]	IrE^[20]	NZE^[21]^[22]	RP^[23]^[24]	ScE^[25]	SAE^[26]^[27]	SSE	WaE^[28]	Lexical set	Examples
IPA: English vowels and diphthongs
æ	æ, æː^[29]	æ		æ~ɛ	ɑ~æ	ɛ	a~æ	ɐ̟	a~æ~ɛ	ɛ^[30]	a	TRAP	lad, bad, cat^[31]
ɑː or æ	äː	æ		äː	ɑ~æ	ɐː	ɑː		äː~ɑː~ ɒː~ɔː	ɑ^[32]	a	BATH	pass, path, sample
ɑː	äː	ɑ~ɒ	ɑ~ä	äː	ɑː	ɐː	ɑː		äː~ɑː~ ɒː~ɔː	ɑ^[32]	aː	PALM	father
ɒ	ɔ		ɑ~ä	ɒ~ä	ɑ	ɔ	ɒ̝~ɔ	ɔ	ɒ̈~ʌ̈	ɔ	ɒ	LOT	not, wasp
ɒ	ɔ		ɒ~ɔ~ɑ^[33]	ɒ~ä	ɑ	ɔ	ɒ̝~ɔ		ɒ̈~ʌ̈, ɔː~oː		ɒ	CLOTH	off, loss, cloth, long, dog, chocolate^[34]
ɔː	oː		ɒ~ɔ~ɑ^[33]	ɒː	ɔː	oː	ɔ̝ː		ɔː~oː		ɒː	THOUGHT	law, caught, all, halt, talk
ə	ə	ə		ə	ə	ɘ	ə		ə	ə		COMMA	about
ɨ	ə	ɪ̈			ə		ɪ	ɨ	ə		ɨ	KIT	spotted
ɪ	ɪ						ɪ	ɪ	ɪ~i, ə^[35]	i, ɪ	ɪ	KIT	sit
i	i	ɪ~i				i	ɪ~i	e, i	iˑ	i	iː	HAPPY	city
iː	ɪi̯	i		iː	iː	ɘi̯	iː	i	iː			FLEECE	see
iː	ɪi̯	i		iː	eː	ɘi̯	iː	i	iː			FLEECE	meat
eɪ	æɪ̯	eɪ̯~e		eː		æe̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯	e	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~ æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ ʌɪ̯	e^[36]	eː	FACE	date
eɪ	æɪ̯	eɪ̯~e		eː		æe̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯	e	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~ æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ ʌɪ̯	e^[36]	ei	FACE	day, pain, whey, rein
ɛ	e	ɛ				e~ɪ	ɛ~e̞	ɛ	ɛ~e~ɪ	ɛ, e^[37]	ɛ	DRESS	bed^[38]
ɜr	ɵː(ɹ)~ ɘː(ɹ)	ɝ~ɹ̩		ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ	ɔɹ~ʊɹ^[39]	ɵː(ɹ)~ ø̞̈ː(ɹ)~ œ̈ː(ɹ)	əː(ɹ)~ ɜː(ɹ)	ʌɾ^[39]	ø̈ː(ɹ)~ø̞̈ː(ɹ)~ əː(ɹ)	ə(ɹ)	ɜː(ɾ)	NURSE	burn
					ɛɹ^[39]			ɛɾ^[39]					herd, earth
					ɪɹ^[39]			ɪɾ^[39]					bird
ər	ə(ɹ)	ɚ~ɹ̩		ə(ɾ)	ɚ~ɹ̩	ɘ(ɹ)	ə(ɹ)	əɾ	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɾ)	LETTER	winner^[40]
Dia- phoneme^[1]	AuE	CaE	GA	InE	IrE	NZE	RP	ScE	SAE	SSE	WaE	Lexical set	Examples
ʌ	ä	ʌ	ɜ	ə~ɜ	ɞ, ʊ	ɐ		ʌ	ɐ~ä	ɑ, ʌ	ə~ɜ	STRUT	run, won, flood
ʊ	ʊ				ɞ, ʊ	ʊ		ʉ	ʊ~ʊ̈	u	ʊ	FOOT	put
ʊ	ʊ				uː	ʊ			ʊ~ʊ̈		ʊ	FOOT	hood
uː	ʉː	u̟		uː		ʉː	u̟ː~ʉː		u̟ː~ʉː~yː		uː	GOOSE	through, you
uː	ʉː	u̟		uː		ʉː	u̟ː~ʉː		u̟ː~ʉː~yː		ɪu^[41]		threw, yew
juː	jʉː	(j)u̟		juː	juː	jʉː	ju̟ː~jʉː	jʉ	ju̟ː~jʉː~jyː	ju	ɪu^[41]		cute, dew, ewe
aɪ	ɑe̯~ɑɪ̯	äɪ̯, ʌi̯^[42]		äɪ̯	ɔɪ̯	ɐe̯	äɪ̯	əi̯~ae̯	aː	ai̯, ɑ^[43]	ai̯	PRICE	my, wise, high flight, mice
ɔɪ	oɪ̯	ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ~oɪ	ɒɪ̯	ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯	oe̯	ɔɪ̯	oi̯	ɔɪ̯	ɔi̯	ɒi̯	CHOICE	boy, hoist
oʊ	əʉ̯~ɐʉ̯	oʊ̯~o		oː		ɑʉ̯	əʊ̯	o	œʉ̯	o^[36]	oː	GOAT	no, toe, soap
	əʉ̯~ɐʉ̯	oʊ̯~o				ɑʉ̯	əʊ̯		œʉ̯		ou̯		tow, folk
	ɔʊ̯	o~oə̯~oʊ̯				ɔʊ̯	əʊ̯~ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯				ou̯		soul, roll, cold
aʊ	æɔ̯~æʊ̯	äʊ̯, ʌu̯^[42]	äʊ̯~æʊ̯	äʊ̯	æu̯~ɛu̯	æɔ̯	äʊ̯	ɘʉ̯	ɑː	au̯		MOUTH	now, trout
ɑr	äː(ɹ)	ɑɹ		äː(ɾ)	aːɹ	ɐː(ɹ)	ɑː(ɹ)	ɐ̟ɾ		ɑ(ɹ)	aː(ɾ)	START	arm, car
ɪər	ɪː(ɹ)~ ɪːä(ɹ)	ɪɹ	iɹ~iə̯ɹ	ɪə̯(ɾ)~ iː(ɾ)	iːɹ	iə̯(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)	iɾ	ɪə̯(ɹ)	jə(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɾ)	NEAR	deer, here
ɛər	eː(ɹ)~ eːä(ɹ)	ɛɹ	ɛɹ~eɹ	ɛə̯(ɾ)~ eː(ɾ)	eːɹ	iə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)~ ɛː(ɹ)^[44]	eɾ	ɛː(ɹ)	ɛ(ɹ)	ɛː(ɾ)	SQUARE	mare, there, bear
ɔr	oː(ɹ)	ɔɹ	ɔɹ~oɹ	ɒː(ɾ)	ɑɹ	oː(ɹ)	ɔ̝ː(ɹ)	ɔɾ	oː(ɹ)	ɔ(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)	NORTH	sort, warm
ɔər	oː(ɹ)	ɔɹ	ɔɹ~oɹ	ɒː(ɾ)	oːɹ	oː(ɹ)	ɔ̝ː(ɹ)	oɾ	oː(ɹ)	ɔ(ɹ)	oː(ɾ)	FORCE	tore, boar, port
ʊər	ʉːə(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ)	ʊɹ	ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ	ʊə̯(ɾ)~ uː(ɾ)	uːɹ, oːɹ	ʊɐ̯(ɹ), ʉːɐ(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)~ ɔ̝ː(ɹ)^[45]	uɾ	ʊə̯(ɹ)	wə(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɾ)	CURE	tour, moor
jʊər	jʉːə(ɹ)~ joː(ɹ)	jʊɹ, jɝ		jʊə̯(ɾ)~ juː(ɾ)	juɹ, joːɹ	jʊɐ̯(ɹ), jʉːɐ(ɹ)	jʊə̯(ɹ)~ jɔ̝ː(ɹ)	juɾ	jʊə̯(ɹ), joː(ɹ)	jɔ(ɹ)	ɪʊə̯(ɾ)	CURE	pure, Europe
Dia- phoneme^[1]	AuE	CaE	GA	InE	IrE	NZE	RP	ScE	SAE	SSE	WaE	Lexical set	Examples

IPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation
IPA		Explanation
ˈ		Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/
ˌ		Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prɵˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/
.		Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/
̩	̍	Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]

IPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation
IPA		Explanation
ˈ		Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/
ˌ		Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prɵˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/
.		Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/
̩	̍	Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d This is the compromise IPA transcription used in the entries of Wikipedia articles. It covers most dialects of English.
^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English.
^ Pronounced [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.
^ Pronounced [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.
^ Marginal elsewhere, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.
^ Pronounced [ɱ] before f (e.g. symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni)
^ In some dialects (e.g. Brummie) "ringer", "sing" etc are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/ rather than /ˈɹɪŋə/
^ [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP and some other English accents, along with South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.
^ L-vocalization as [ɤ] is prevalent in Standard Singapore English.
^ L-vocalization as [w], [o], and [ʊ] occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents not included in the chart. Notably Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, and African-American Vernacular English.
^ The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.
^ Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and much of the American South dialects, distinguish ʍ from w; see whine and wine and voiceless labiovelar approximant
^ /ɔː, aʊ, ɔɪ/ are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become [ə].
^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
^ Kenyon, Knott & 1944/1953
^ Kenyon (1950)
^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
^ Wells (1982:422)
^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
^ Roach (2004:241–243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.
^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.
^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
^ Bekker (2008)
^ Lass (2002:111-119)
^ Coupland (1990:93–136)
^ See bad–lad split for this distinction.
^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
^ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
^ Deterding, David (2003) 'An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English', English World Wide, 24(1), 1–16.
^ ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
^ In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.
^ It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
^ ^a ^b Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
^ Tay Wan, Joo; Mary (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. 3 (2): 135–45. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction.
^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in all other varieties of English they are homophones.
^ ^a ^b Canadian English has a phenomenon called Canadian raising in which raised diphthongs [ʌi̯] and [ʌu̯] are found before voiceless consonants, as in right [ɹʷʌi̯t] and out [ʌu̯t]; in other environments, [aɪ̯] and [aʊ̯] are used. In much of U.S. English, this happens with [ʌɪ̯], primarily when a voiceless consonant phoneme follows /aɪ̯/. For example, dike, life, and sight end with voiceless /k/, /f/, and /t/, so the diphthongs differ from those in wives and side, which have voiced /v/ and /d/. For some speakers, [ʌɪ̯] also occurs before voiced consonants when another syllable follows, but only when no morpheme break occurs; hence [ʌɪ̯] in tiger and/or spider, but [aɪ̯] in rider because -er is a separate morpheme. Most U.S. English distinguishes between writer [ˈɹʌɪ̯ɾəɹ] and rider [ˈɹaɪ̯ɾəɹ] purely based on this vowel difference.
^ Lee, Ee May and Lim, Lisa (2000) ' Diphthongs in Singaporean English: their realisations across different formality levels, and some attitudes of listeners towards them. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 100–111.
^ While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.
^ Roach (2004) notes that many people in England use [ɔː] for this vowel, but also that RP traditionally distinguishes between maw /mɔː/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔː/ and tour /tʊə/, as well as paw /pɔː/ and poor /pʊə/.

References

Bauer, L.; Warren, P.; Bardsley, D.; Kennedy, M.; Major, G. (2007). "New Zealand English". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 37 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bekker, Ian (2008), The vowels of South African English (PDF)
Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
Gimson, A. C. (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English (3rd edn. ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6287-2. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 17: 155–84. doi:10.1080/07268609708599550. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Kenyon, John Samuel (1950). American Pronunciation (10th ed.). Ann Arbor: George Wahr.
Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1944/1953). A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-047-7. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
Sailaja, Pingali (2009), Indian English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, pp. 17–38, ISBN 978 0 7486 2594 9
Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
Schneider, Edgar W.; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
Roach, Peter (2004). "British English: Received Pronunciation". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 239–245. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wells, J. C. (2000). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd edn. ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 0-582-36468-X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. II: The British Isles, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0

External links

IPA chart with AIFF sound files for IPA symbols
IPA chart with MP3 sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
lexconvert a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers
LONGMAN Dictionary of Contemporary English ONLINE uses IPA.
Online IPA editor for English
Online/Offline IPA editor for English
IPA transcription systems for English – discussion by John C. Wells of RP transcriptions

[PE-1] This is the compromise IPA transcription used in the entries of Wikipedia articles. It covers most dialects of English.

[2] Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.

[3] Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English.

[4] Pronounced [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.

[5] Pronounced [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.

[6] Marginal elsewhere, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.

[7] Pronounced [ɱ] before f (e.g. symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni)

[8] In some dialects (e.g. Brummie) "ringer", "sing" etc are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/ rather than /ˈɹɪŋə/

[9] [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP and some other English accents, along with South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.

[10] L-vocalization as [ɤ] is prevalent in Standard Singapore English.

[11] L-vocalization as [w], [o], and [ʊ] occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents not included in the chart. Notably Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, and African-American Vernacular English.

[r-12] The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.

[13] Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and much of the American South dialects, distinguish ʍ from w; see whine and wine and voiceless labiovelar approximant

[14] /ɔː, aʊ, ɔɪ/ are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become [ə].

[15] Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)

[16] Kenyon, Knott & 1944/1953

[17] Kenyon (1950)

[18] Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)

[19] Sailaja (2009:19–26)

[20] Wells (1982:422)

[21] Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)

[22] Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)

[23] Roach (2004:241–243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.

[24] "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.

[25] Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)

[26] Bekker (2008)

[27] Lass (2002:111-119)

[28] Coupland (1990:93–136)

[badlad-29] See bad–lad split for this distinction.

[30] Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.

[oxforda-31] Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.

[32] Deterding, David (2003) 'An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English', English World Wide, 24(1), 1–16.

[33] ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.

[34] In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.

[kit-35] It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.

[Singapore'_pp._93-99-36] Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.

[37] Tay Wan, Joo; Mary (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. 3 (2): 135–45. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)

[collinse-38] Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.

[FFFM-39] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction.

[r-colored_schwa-40] Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].

[41] In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in all other varieties of English they are homophones.

[canadianraising-42] Canadian English has a phenomenon called Canadian raising in which raised diphthongs [ʌi̯] and [ʌu̯] are found before voiceless consonants, as in right [ɹʷʌi̯t] and out [ʌu̯t]; in other environments, [aɪ̯] and [aʊ̯] are used. In much of U.S. English, this happens with [ʌɪ̯], primarily when a voiceless consonant phoneme follows /aɪ̯/. For example, dike, life, and sight end with voiceless /k/, /f/, and /t/, so the diphthongs differ from those in wives and side, which have voiced /v/ and /d/. For some speakers, [ʌɪ̯] also occurs before voiced consonants when another syllable follows, but only when no morpheme break occurs; hence [ʌɪ̯] in tiger and/or spider, but [aɪ̯] in rider because -er is a separate morpheme. Most U.S. English distinguishes between writer [ˈɹʌɪ̯ɾəɹ] and rider [ˈɹaɪ̯ɾəɹ] purely based on this vowel difference.

[43] Lee, Ee May and Lim, Lisa (2000) ' Diphthongs in Singaporean English: their realisations across different formality levels, and some attitudes of listeners towards them. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 100–111.

[airsymbol-44] While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.

[45] Roach (2004) notes that many people in England use [ɔː] for this vowel, but also that RP traditionally distinguishes between maw /mɔː/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔː/ and tour /tʊə/, as well as paw /pɔː/ and poor /pʊə/.

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Revision as of 13:05, 26 May 2013

Chart

See also

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References

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