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In April 1991 Vladimir Bukovsky visited Moscow for the first time since his forced deportation. In the run-up to the [[Russian presidential election, 1991|1991 presidential election]] the team around [[Boris Yeltsin]] considered Bukovsky as a potential vice-presidential running-mate (other contenders included [[Galina Starovoitova]] and [[Gennady Burbulis]]).{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} In the end, the vice-presidency was offered to [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] [[Alexander Rutskoy]].
In April 1991 Vladimir Bukovsky visited Moscow for the first time since his forced deportation. In the run-up to the [[Russian presidential election, 1991|1991 presidential election]] the team around [[Boris Yeltsin]] considered Bukovsky as a potential vice-presidential running-mate (other contenders included [[Galina Starovoitova]] and [[Gennady Burbulis]]).{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} In the end, the vice-presidency was offered to [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] [[Alexander Rutskoy]].


In 1992, after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], President Yeltsin's government invited Bukovsky to serve as an expert to testify at the [[CPSU]] trial by [[Constitutional Court]] of [[Russia]], where the communists were suing Yeltsin for banning their party. The respondent's case was that the [[CPSU]] itself had been an unconstitutional organization. To prepare for his testimony, Bukovsky requested and was granted access to a large number of documents from Soviet archives (then reorganized into [[TsKhSD]]). Using a small handheld scanner and a [[laptop computer]], he managed to secretly scan many documents (some with high [[security clearance]]), including [[KGB]] reports to the [[Central Committee]], and smuggle the files to the West.<ref>[http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/buk.html Many of these scanned documents are available as the "Soviet Archives"] (INFO-RUSS)</ref> The event that many expected would be another [[Nuremberg Trial]] and the beginnings of reconciliation with the Communist past, ended up in half-measures: while the CPSU was found unconstitutional, the communists were allowed to form new parties in the future. Bukovsky expressed his deep disappointment with this in his writings and interviews:
In 1992, after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], President Yeltsin's government invited Bukovsky to serve as an expert to testify at the [[CPSU]] trial by [[Constitutional Court]] of [[Russia]], where the communists were suing Yeltsin for banning their party. The respondent's case was that the [[CPSU]] itself had been an unconstitutional organization. To prepare for his testimony, Bukovsky requested and was granted access to a large number of documents from Soviet archives (then reorganized into [[TsKhSD]]). Using a small handheld scanner and a [[laptop computer]], he managed to secretly scan many documents (some with high [[security clearance]]), including [[KGB]] reports to the [[Central Committee]], and smuggle the files to the West.<ref>[http://www.bukovsky-archive.net]Many of these scanned documents are available as the "Soviet Archives"(with English lists of titles and contents)]</ref> The event that many expected would be another [[Nuremberg Trial]] and the beginnings of reconciliation with the Communist past, ended up in half-measures: while the CPSU was found unconstitutional, the communists were allowed to form new parties in the future. Bukovsky expressed his deep disappointment with this in his writings and interviews:
{{cquote|Having failed to finish off conclusively the communist system, we are now in danger of integrating the resulting monster into our world. It may not be called communism anymore, but it retained many of its dangerous characteristics... Until the Nuremberg-style tribunal passes its judgement on all the crimes committed by communism, it is not dead and the war is not over.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com./Articles/Printable.asp?ID=1589 The Cold War and the War Against Terror] By Jamie Glazov (FrontPageMagazine) July 1, 2002</ref>}}
{{cquote|Having failed to finish off conclusively the communist system, we are now in danger of integrating the resulting monster into our world. It may not be called communism anymore, but it retained many of its dangerous characteristics... Until the Nuremberg-style tribunal passes its judgement on all the crimes committed by communism, it is not dead and the war is not over.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com./Articles/Printable.asp?ID=1589 The Cold War and the War Against Terror] By Jamie Glazov (FrontPageMagazine) July 1, 2002</ref>}}


Revision as of 15:34, 4 June 2013

File:Vladimir Bukovsky small.jpg
Vladimir Bukovsky, 2007

Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky (Russian: Влади́мир Константи́нович Буко́вский; born December 30, 1942) is a leading member of the dissident movement of the 1960s and 1970s, writer,[1] neurophysiologist,[2][3] and political activist.

Bukovsky was one of the first to expose the use of psychiatric imprisonment against political prisoners in the Soviet Union. He spent a total of twelve years in Soviet prisons, labor camps and in psikhushkas, forced-treatment psychiatric hospitals used by the government as special prisons.

In 1976, after negotiations between the governments of the USSR and the USA, Bukovsky was exchanged for the Chilean political prisoner, communist Luis Corvalán, imprisoned by Augusto Pinochet. After that, Bukovsky moved to the UK.[4]

He is a member of the international advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.[5] In 2001, Vladimir Bukovsky received the Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom.[6]

Early life

Vladimir Bukovsky was born in the town of Belebey, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (now Bashkortostan), Russian SFSR, USSR, where his family was evacuated from Moscow during World War II. In 1959 he was expelled from his Moscow school for creating and editing an unauthorized magazine.

Activism and arrests

Early activism

Bukovksy entered Moscow University in September 1960 to study biology. While at university, he and a couple of friends decided to revive the Mayakovsky Square poetry readings that had taken place in the late 1950s. They linked up with people involved with literary samizdat who had participated in the earlier readings, such as Vladimir Osipov, editor of Bumerang (1960), and Yuri Galanskov, editor of Feniks (1961).[7]: 17–19  During this time, Bukovsky wrote his "Theses on the Collapse of the Komsomol", in which he portrayed the USSR as an "illegal society" facing an acute ideological crisis. He asserted that the Komsomol was "dead", having lost moral and spiritual authority, and called for its democratization.[8]: 153–156  This text and these activities brought Bukovsky to the attention of the authorities. He was interrogated twice, and then thrown out of the university in autumn 1961.[9]: 455 

In May 1963, Bukovsky was detained and convicted under Article 70-1 of the Penal Code of the RSFSR, Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda. The official charge was the possession of photocopies of anti-Soviet literature, namely The New Class by Milovan Djilas. He was confined to a psychiatric hospital, remaining there until February 1965.

In December 1965, Bukovsky helped organize a demonstration at Pushkin Square in Moscow held as a response to the trial of writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel. He helped disseminate the "Civic appeal", which had been drafted by mathematician and poet Alexander Esenin-Volpin and called for the authorities to obey Soviet laws requiring glasnost in the legal process. The demonstration on December 5 became known as "glasnost meeting" and is considered to mark the beginning of the Soviet civil rights movement. Bukovsky himself was arrested three days prior to the planned demonstration for distributing the appeal and kept in various psikhushkas until July 1966.[9]: 455–456 

In January 1967, Bukovsky was arrested along with Vadim Delaunay and Evgeny Kushev for his role in organizing a demonstration on Pushkin Square against the arrest of Alexander Ginzburg, Yuri Galanskov and other dissidents involved in samizdat.[10][11]: 136  In his final plea during the trial, Bukovsky attacked the regime's failure to follow legal procedures, quoting Article 125 of the Soviet Constitution in defense of the right to organize demonstrations, and suggesting that the prosecution had consistently departed from the Code of Criminal Procedure in its conduct of the case.[12]: 74–75  The plea widely circulated in samizdat as part of a collection of materials about the demonstration and subsequent trials compiled by Pavel Litvinov.[13]: 87–95  [14]: 37–43  While Vadim Delaunay and Evgeny Kushev both received suspended jail sentences and were released, Bukovsky received three years in a corrective labor camp with a normal regime, dating from his arrest, and was sent to Bor Settlement in the Voronezh region. He was released in January 1970.

Activism against the abuse of psychiatry

In 1971, Bukovsky managed to smuggle to the West over 150 pages documenting abuse of psychiatric institutions for political reasons in the Soviet Union. In an accompanying letter, addressed to "Western psychiatrists" and written in a deliberately restrained tone, Bukovsky asked them to consider if the evidence justified the isolation of several dissidents, and for them to discuss the matter at the next International Congress of Psychiatrists.[7]: 138–141  [15][16]: 29–30 

"In recent years in our country a number of court orders have been made involving the placing in psychiatric hospitals ("of special type" and otherwise) of people who in the opinion of their relatives and close friends are mentally healthy. These people are: Grigorenko, Rips, Gorbanevskaya, Novodvorskaya, Yakhimovich, Gershuni, Fainberg, Victor Kuznetsov, Iofe, V. Borisov and others – people well known for their initiative in defence of civil rights in the U.S.S.R.

This phenomenon arouses justified anxiety, especially in view of the widely publicized placing of the biologist Zhores Medvedev in a psychiatric hospital by extrajudical means.

The diagnoses of the psychiatrists who have served as expert witnesses in court, and on whose diagnoses the court orders are based, provoke many doubts as regards their content. However, only specialists in psychiatry can express authoritative opinions about the degree of legitimacy of these diagnoses.

Taking advantage of the fact that I have managed to obtain exact copies of the diagnostic reports made by the forensic-psychiatric groups who examined Grigorenko, Fainberg, Gorbanevskaya, Borisov and Yakhimovich, and also extracts from the diagnosis on V. Kuznetsov, I am sending you these documents, and also various letters and other material which reveal the character of these people. I will be very grateful to you if you can study this material and express your opinion on it.

I realize that at a distance and without the essential clinical information it is very difficult to determine the mental condition of a person and either to diagnose an illness or assert the absence of any illness. Therefore I ask you to express your opinion on only this point: do the above-mentioned diagnoses contain enough scientifically-based evidence not only to indicate the mental illnesses described in the diagnoses, but also to indicate the necessity of isolating these people completely from society?

I will be very happy if you can interest your colleagues in this matter and if you consider it possible to place it on the agenda for discussion at the next International Congress of Psychiatrists.

For a healthy person there is no fate more terrible than indefinite internment in a mental hospital. I believe that you will not remain indifferent to this problem and will devote a portion of your time to it – just as physicists find time to combat the use of the achievements of their science in ways harmful to mankind.

Thanking you in advance,

V. Bukovsky"

— Bukovsky's 1971 letter addressed to Western Psychiatrists[17]

The documents were released to the press in March by a small French group called the International Committee for the Defence of Human Rights, and Bukovsky's letter appeared in The Times and the British Journal of Psychiatry [15][17][18]: 79, 82 

The information galvanized human rights activists worldwide, including inside the country. In September 1971, forty-four European psychiatrists wrote to The Times expressing grave doubts about the diagnoses of the six people concerned.[19] At a meeting in November 1971, the World Federation for Mental Health called on its members to investigate the charges and defend the right to free opinion where it was threatened.[18]: 85  Responding to public pressure, the World Psychiatric Association condemned Soviet practices at its Sixth World Congress in 1977 and set up a review committee to monitor misuse. The Soviet representatives subsequently withdrew from the World Psychiatric Association in 1983 rather than face expulsion.[16]: 42–44  Bukovsky later characterized this reaction as "the most important victory for the dissident form of glasnost".[20]: 144 

These activities served as a pretext for Bukovsky's subsequent arrest in the same year. After the arrest he spent approximately 3 months in a psychiatric institution; however, in November a psychiatric committee pronounced him mentally sound. At the trial in January 1972 Bukovsky was accused of slandering Soviet psychiatry, contacts with foreign journalists and possession and distribution of samizdat. Bukovsky was sentenced to 2 years in prison, 5 in a labor camp, and 5 in internal exile.[14]: 31–32  [21]

In 1974, Bukovsky and the incarcerated psychiatrist Semyon Gluzman wrote A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissenters,[22][23] in which they provided potential future victims of political psychiatry with instructions on how to behave during inquest in order to avoid being diagnosed as mentally ill.[24]

Deportation

File:Kahn, Bukovksy, and Bikel.jpg
Bukovsky was a guest at the 1977 AFL–CIO Convention in Los Angeles. He appears (center) with Tom Kahn (left, an assistant to AFL–CIO President George Meany) and Theodore Bikel (right, President of the Actors' Equity Association.[25]

The fate of Bukovsky and other political prisoners in the Soviet Union, was repeatedly brought to world attention by Western human rights groups and diplomats.

In December 1976, in his eleventh year of psychiatric hospitals and prison camps, Bukovsky was exchanged by the Soviet government for the imprisoned Chilean Communist leader Luis Corvalán[26] at Zürich airport and, after a short stay in the Netherlands, took up refuge in Great Britain where later moved from London to Cambridge for his studies in biology.[27]: 7  In his autobiographical book To Build a Castle, Bukovsky describes how he was brought to Switzerland handcuffed. This biography is available online at several sites.[28][29][30]

In the United Kingdom

Since 1976 Bukovsky has lived in Cambridge, England, focusing on neurophysiology and writing. He received a Masters Degree in Biology and has written several books and political essays. In addition to criticizing the Soviet government, he also picked apart what he calls "Western gullibility", a lack of a tough stand of Western liberalism against Communist abuses.

In 1983, together with Vladimir Maximov and Eduard Kuznetsov he cofounded and was elected president of the international anti-Communist organization Resistance International (Интернационал сопротивления). In 1985, together with Albert Jolis, Armando Valladares, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Midge Decter and Yuri Yarim-Agaev he founded the American Foundation for Resistance International, later joined by Richard Perle and Martin Colman. [citation needed] It also created the National Council To Support The Democracy Movements (National Council For Democracy) which helped establish democratic rule-of-law governments and assisted with the writing of their constitutions and civil structures.

Judgement in Moscow

See also: Decommunization of Russia

In April 1991 Vladimir Bukovsky visited Moscow for the first time since his forced deportation. In the run-up to the 1991 presidential election the team around Boris Yeltsin considered Bukovsky as a potential vice-presidential running-mate (other contenders included Galina Starovoitova and Gennady Burbulis).[citation needed] In the end, the vice-presidency was offered to Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Rutskoy.

In 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, President Yeltsin's government invited Bukovsky to serve as an expert to testify at the CPSU trial by Constitutional Court of Russia, where the communists were suing Yeltsin for banning their party. The respondent's case was that the CPSU itself had been an unconstitutional organization. To prepare for his testimony, Bukovsky requested and was granted access to a large number of documents from Soviet archives (then reorganized into TsKhSD). Using a small handheld scanner and a laptop computer, he managed to secretly scan many documents (some with high security clearance), including KGB reports to the Central Committee, and smuggle the files to the West.[31] The event that many expected would be another Nuremberg Trial and the beginnings of reconciliation with the Communist past, ended up in half-measures: while the CPSU was found unconstitutional, the communists were allowed to form new parties in the future. Bukovsky expressed his deep disappointment with this in his writings and interviews:

Having failed to finish off conclusively the communist system, we are now in danger of integrating the resulting monster into our world. It may not be called communism anymore, but it retained many of its dangerous characteristics... Until the Nuremberg-style tribunal passes its judgement on all the crimes committed by communism, it is not dead and the war is not over.[32]

It took several years and a team of assistants to compose the scanned pieces together and publish it (see Soviet Archives, collected by Vladimir Bukovsky, prepared for electronic publishing by Julia Zaks and Leonid Chernikhov). The same collection of documents is also massively quoted in Bukovsky's Judgement in Moscow, a book which in the end was never published in English (Random House bought the rights to the manuscript but according to Bukovsky, “tried to force [him] to rewrite the whole book from the liberal left political perspective.” Bukovsky replied that “due to certain peculiarities of my biography I am allergic to political censorship.” The contract was subsequently canceled. A French translation of the book was published as Jugement à Moscou in 1994, and it has been published in Russian, and a few other Slavic languages.[33]

Post-1992

In 1992 a group of liberal deputies of the Moscow City Council proposed Bukovsky's candidacy for elections of the new Mayor of Moscow, following the resignation of the previous Mayor, Gavriil Popov. Bukovsky refused the offer. In early 1996 a group of Moscow academics, journalists and intellectuals suggested that Vladimir Bukovsky should run for President of Russia as an alternative candidate to both incumbent President Boris Yeltsin and his Communist challenger Gennady Zyuganov. No formal nomination was initiated. In any case, Bukovsky would not have been allowed to run, as the Russian Constitution stipulates that any presidential candidate must have lived in the country continuously for ten years prior to the election.

In 1997, during the General Meeting in Florence, Bukovsky has been elected General President of the "Comitatus pro Libertatibus–Comitati per le Libertà–Freedom Committees", the international movement aimed to defend and empower everywhere the culture of liberties. Re-elected since then, Bukovsky promoted together with Dario Fertilio and Stéphane Courtois, a writer and an historian, the Memento Gulag, or Memorial Day devoted to the victims of communism, to be held each year, on 7 November (anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution). Since then, the Memento Gulag has been celebrated in Rome, Bucharest, Berlin, La Roche sur Yon and Paris.

In 2002 Boris Nemtsov, a member of the Russian Duma (parliament) and leader of the Union of Rightist Forces, and former Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, visited Vladimir Bukovsky in Cambridge to discuss the strategy of the Russian opposition. Bukovsky told Nemtsov that, in his view, it is imperative that Russian liberals adopt an uncompromising stand toward what he sees as the authoritarian government of President Vladimir Putin. In January 2004, together with Garry Kasparov, Boris Nemtsov, Vladimir V. Kara-Murza and others, Vladimir Bukovsky co-founded the Committee 2008, an umbrella organization of the Russian democratic opposition, whose purpose is to ensure free and fair presidential elections in 2008.

In 2005 Bukovsky participated in They Chose Freedom,[34] a four-part documentary on the Soviet dissident movement.

In 2005, with the revelations about captives in the Guantánamo Bay detention camp, Abu Ghraib and the CIA secret prisons, Bukovsky criticized the rationalization of torture. In a Washington Post editorial, Bukovsky recounted his experience under torture in Lefortovo prison in 1971. Bukovsky argued that once commenced, the inertia of torture is difficult to control, corrupting those carrying it out. He wrote that torture "has historically been an instrument of oppression — not an instrument of investigation or of intelligence gathering."[35] Bukovsky explained:

Investigation is a subtle process, requiring patience and fine analytical ability, as well as a skill in cultivating one's sources. When torture is condoned, these rare talented people leave the service, having been outstripped by less gifted colleagues with their quick-fix methods, and the service itself degenerates into a playground for sadists.[35]

Bukovsky has warned about some parallels between the formation of the Soviet Union and the European Union. In 2006 he described the perils of the past Soviet model in which nationalities were dissolved to create a new people, explaining that while Soviet ideology postulated that the State would eventually wither away, the reality was quite different, with the State becoming paramount.[36]

Vladimir Bukovsky is a member of the Board of Directors of the Gratitude Fund, and a member of the International Council of the New York-based Human Rights Foundation and a Senior Fellow of the Cato Institute in Washington.[37] In the United Kingdom, he is Vice-President of The Freedom Association (TFA)[38] and has been a patron of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP).[39] He holds that Russia is too big and should be broken up into several smaller countries.[40]

Bukovsky is among the 34 first signatories of the online anti-Putin manifesto "Putin must go", published on 10 March 2010.

Candidate for Russian Presidential Election, 2008

File:Bukovsky02.jpg
V. Bukovsky, 2007

On the 28th May 2007, Bukovsky agreed to become a candidate in the Russian presidential election.[41]

The group that nominated Bukovsky as a candidate included Yuri Ryzhov, Vladimir V. Kara-Murza, Alexander Podrabinek, Andrei Piontkovsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky and others.[42] Activists and writers Valeria Novodvorskaya, Victor Shenderovich, Vladimir Sorokin favored Bukovsky.[43][44]

In their answer to pro-Kremlin politicians and publicists who expressed doubt in Bukovksy's electoral prospects, his nominators refuted a number of frequently repeated statements.[45]

More than 800 participants nominated Bukovsky for president on December 16, 2007 in Moscow. Bukovsky secured the required turnout and submitted his registration to the Central Election Commission on December 18, 2007.[46][47][48]

The Initiative Group refuted pro-government media's early claims of Bukovsky's failure in the presidential race and Constitution court appeals.[49][50]

The Election Commission turned down Bukovsky's application on December 22, 2007, claiming that he failed to give information on his activity as a writer when submitting documents to the Election Commission, that he was holding a British residence permit, and that he has not been living on Russian territory over the past ten years. Bukovsky appealed the decision in Supreme Court on December 28, 2007, then in its cassation board on January 15, 2008.[51]

Publications

Decision of Russian Supreme Court on Bukovsky's appeal, December 28, 2007
  • Soviet Archives, collected by Vladimir Bukovsky, prepared for electronic publishing by Julia Zaks and Leonid Chernikhov.
  • List of publications of Vladimir Bukovsky at The Gratitude Fund.
  • EUSSR: The Soviet Roots of European Integration, 2004. ISBN 0-9540231-1-0
  • Vladimir Bukovsky. To Build a Castle, Samizdat", 1978 (И возвращается ветер, Template:Ru icon Vehi.net
  • Soul of Man Under Socialism, 1979. ISBN 0-89633-029-X
  • Bukovskiĭ, Vladimir (1979). To Build a Castle. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-71640-1.
  • Soviet Hypocrisy and Western Gullibility, 1987. ISBN 0-89633-113-X
  • Judgement in Moscow (Московский процесс) based on his 1992 visit to Russia and the "Soviet Archives".
  • To Choose Freedom Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1987. ISBN 0-8179-8442-9
  • Vladimir Boukovsky. L’Union européenne, une nouvelle URSS ? Editeur: Le Rocher, Publication: 1/9/2005, ISBN 2-268-05546-9, 180 pages.
  • Vladimir Boukovsky (Auteur), Pavel Stroilov (Auteur), Pierre Lorrain (Traduction). L'Union européenne, une nouvelle URSS ?, 2005. A review at Librairie Catholique.

See also

References

  1. ^ Borrero, Mauricio (2004). Russia: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 0-8160-4454-6.
  2. ^ Bukovsky's works on neurophysiology
  3. ^ Hilton, Ronald (1986). World affairs report. Volumes 16–17. California Institute of International Studies. p. 26.
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ "International Advisory Council". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
  6. ^ http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/about/trmedalrecipients.php
  7. ^ a b Rubenstein, Joshua (1980). Soviet dissidents: their struggle for human rights. Boston: Beacon. ISBN 978-0807032121.
  8. ^ Template:Ru-icon Bukovsky, "Tezisy", in: Lyudmila Polikovskaya (1997). My predchuvstvie. Predtecha... Ploshhad' Mayakovskogo 1958—1965. M.: Zven'ya. ISBN 5-7870-0002-1
  9. ^ a b Boobbyer, Philip (2009). "Vladimir Bukovskii and Soviet Communism" (PDF). Slavonic and East European Review. 87 (3): 452–487.
  10. ^ Litvinov, Pavel (1971). The Trial of The Four: A collection of Materials on the case of Galanskov, Ginzburg, Dobrovolsky, & Lashkova 1967-1968. New York: The Viking Press. ISBN 9780670730179.
  11. ^ Alexeyeva, Lyudmila; Goldberg, Paul (1990). The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era era. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 9780316031462.
  12. ^ Horvath, Robert (2005). The Legacy of Soviet Dissent: Dissidents, Democratisation and Radical Nationalism in Russia. BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. Vol. 17. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 9780203412855.
  13. ^ Litvinov, Pavel (1969). The demonstration in Pushkin Square. The trial records with commentary and an open letter. London: Harvill. ASIN B0026Q02KE.
  14. ^ a b Abuse of psychiatry for political repression in the Soviet Union. New York: Arno. 1973. ISBN 0405006985.
  15. ^ a b Reddaway, Peter (March 12, 1971). "Plea to West on Soviet 'mad-house' jails". The Times. p. 8.
  16. ^ a b Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1984). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse. The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. London: Gollancz. ISBN 0575032537.
  17. ^ a b Richter, Derek (August 1, 1971). "Political Dissenters in Mental Hospitals". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 119 (549): 225–226. doi:10.1192/bjp.119.549.225.
  18. ^ a b Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1977). Russia's Political Hospitals. London: Gollancz. ISBN 9780575023185.
  19. ^ The Times, September 16, 1971, p. 17.
  20. ^ Template:Ru-icon Bukovskii, Vladimir (1996). Moskovskii Protsess [Moscow trial]. Moscow: MIK.
  21. ^ For more details of Bukovsky's arrest and trial, see Chronicle of Current Events, No. 19 (1971), pp. 169-171; Nos 22-23 (1972), pp. 4-6, 50-63; No. 24 (1972), pp. 115-119. For a KGB profile of Bukovsky, dated May 18, 1972, see: Morozov, Boris (1999). Documents on Soviet Jewish Emigration. London: Frank Cass. pp. 152–154. ISBN 978-0-7146-4911-5.
  22. ^ Bukovskiĭ, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (1976). A manual on psychiatry for dissidents. printed by Keuffel and Esser.
  23. ^ Template:Ru icon A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents ("Пособие по психиатрии для инакомыслящих")
  24. ^ Helmchen, Hanfried; Sartorius, Norman (2010). Ethics in Psychiatry: European Contributions. Springer. p. 495. ISBN 90-481-8720-6.
  25. ^ Chenoweth (1992, p. 4): Chenoweth, Eric (1992). "The gallant warrior: In memoriam Tom Kahn" (PDF). Uncaptive Minds: A Journal of Information and Opinion on Eastern Europe (pdf). 5 (20). 1718 M Street, NW, No. 147, Washington DC 20036, USA: Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe (IDEE): 5–16. ISSN 0897-9669. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); More than one of |number= and |issue= specified (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  26. ^ Laird, Robbin; Hoffmann, Erik (1986). Soviet foreign policy in a changing world. Transaction Publishers. p. 79. ISBN 0-202-24166-1.
  27. ^ van Voren, Robert (2009). On Dissidents and Madness: From the Soviet Union of Leonid Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin. Amsterdam—New York: Rodopi. p. 7. ISBN 978-90-420-2585-1.
  28. ^ В.Буковский «И возвращается ветер…» 1978 г. Vehi.net
  29. ^ B.Буковский «И возвращается ветер…» 1978 г. Sakharov-venter.ru
  30. ^ В. Буковский «И возвращается ветер…» 1978 г. Tyurem.net
  31. ^ [2]Many of these scanned documents are available as the "Soviet Archives"(with English lists of titles and contents)]
  32. ^ The Cold War and the War Against Terror By Jamie Glazov (FrontPageMagazine) July 1, 2002
  33. ^ Berlinski, Claire. A Hidden History of Evil by Claire Berlinski (City Journal) Spring 2010
  34. ^ They Chose Freedom, a documentary series by Vladimir Kara-Murza (in Russian).
  35. ^ a b Vladmir Bukovsky, Torture's Long Shadow, The Washington Post, 2005.
  36. ^ Interview with Bukovsky by Paul Belien (2006-02-27.). "Former Soviet Dissident Warns For EU Dictatorship". The Brussels Journal. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ "Vladimir Bukovsky", Cato Institute website
  38. ^ "Council & Supporters", The Freedom Association website
  39. ^ Paul Belien "Former Soviet Dissident Warns For EU Dictatorship", Brussels Journal, 27 February 2006
  40. ^ "Former Soviet dissident wants Russia split up" (17 October 2007). Russia Today. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  41. ^ Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky agrees to run for Russian president Template:Ru icon, Newsru, 28 May 2007. Computer translation.
  42. ^ Statement by the Initiative group nominating Vladimir Bukovsky a candidate for Russian Federation president Template:Ru icon, Prima News, May 28, 2007. Computer translation.
  43. ^ Victor Shenderovich and Yuri Shmidt supported the candidacy of Vladimir Bukovsky Template:Ru icon, Prima News, June 8, 2007. Computer translation
  44. ^ Chronicles of nominating Vladimir Bukovsky a 2008 presidential candidate Template:Ru icon, Prima News, June 22, 2007. Computer translation.
  45. ^ On judicial aspects of nominating Vladimir Bukovsky a candidate for president of Russian Federation Template:Ru icon, Bukovsky nomination initiative group, July 12, 2007. Computer translation.
  46. ^ The candidature of Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky nominated for president Template:Ru icon, Echo of Moscow, December 16, 2007. Computer translation.
  47. ^ Bukovsky was on time to submit documents to CEC for registration as a candidate for Russian president Template:Ru icon, Newsru, December 18, 2007. Computer translation.
  48. ^ CEC received documents from Vladimir Bukovsky Template:Ru icon, BBC Russian Service, December 18. 2007. Computer translation.
  49. ^ Soviet dissident Bukovsky pulls out of presidential race, RIA Novosti, 19 December 2007.
  50. ^ Media spread incorrect information on refusing Bukovsky's run for president Template:Ru icon, the official site of the Bukovsky for President Initiative Group, December 20, 2007. Computer translation.
  51. ^ Supreme Court completely rejected Bukovsky's registration Template:Ru icon, Bukovsky's Initiative group, January 15, 2008. Computer translation.

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