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A '''list of edible seeds''' here includes seeds that are directly foodstuffs, rather than yielding derived products.
A '''list of edible seeds''' here includes seeds that are directly foodstuffs, rather than yielding derived products.


[[File:Colored quinoa Genebank INIA Juliaca.JPG|thumb|right|[[Quinoa]], a [[pseudocereal]]]]
A variety of species can provide '''edible seeds'''. Of the six major plant parts, seeds are the dominant source of human calories and protein.<ref name=globalchange>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/food_supply/food.htm|title=Human Appropriation of the World's Food Supply|work=Global Change Curriculum|publisher=University of Michigan|date=2006-01-04}}</ref> The other five major plant parts are [[root]]s, [[Plant stem|stem]]s, [[leaf|leaves]], [[flower]]s, and [[fruit]]s. Most edible seeds are [[angiosperm]]s, but a few are [[gymnosperm]]s. The most important global seed food source, by weight, is [[cereals]], followed by legumes, and nuts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Desai|first=Babasaheb|title=Handbook of Nutrition and Diet|page=196|publisher=CRC Press|year=2000}}</ref>
A variety of species can provide '''edible seeds'''. Of the six major plant parts, seeds are the dominant source of human calories and protein.<ref name=globalchange>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/food_supply/food.htm|title=Human Appropriation of the World's Food Supply|work=Global Change Curriculum|publisher=University of Michigan|date=2006-01-04}}</ref> The other five major plant parts are [[root]]s, [[Plant stem|stem]]s, [[leaf|leaves]], [[flower]]s, and [[fruit]]s. Most edible seeds are [[Flowering plant|angiosperms]], but a few are [[gymnosperm]]s. The most important global seed food source, by weight, is [[cereal]]s, followed by legumes, and nuts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Desai|first=Babasaheb|title=Handbook of Nutrition and Diet|page=196|publisher=CRC Press|year=2000}}</ref>


The list is divided into the following categories:
The list is divided into the following categories:


* '''[[Bean]]s''' (or '''[[Legume]]s''') are protein-rich soft seeds.
* '''[[Bean]]s''' and other '''[[legume]]s''' are protein-rich soft seeds.
* '''[[Cereals]]''' (or '''grains''') are grass-like crops that are harvested for their dry seeds. These seeds are often ground to make [[flour]]. Cereals provide almost half of all calories consumed in the world.<ref name="prodstat">{{cite web
* '''[[Cereal]]s''' (or '''grains''') are grass-like crops that are harvested for their dry seeds. These seeds are often ground to make [[flour]]. Cereals provide almost half of all calories consumed in the world.<ref name="prodstat">{{cite web
| url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx
| url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx
| title=ProdSTAT
| title=ProdSTAT
Line 12: Line 13:
| work=FAOSTAT
| work=FAOSTAT
| accessdate=2006-12-26
| accessdate=2006-12-26
}}</ref> Botanically, true cereals are members of the [[Poaceae]] or Grass family.
}}</ref> Botanically, true cereals are members of the [[Poaceae]], the true grass family.
** '''[[Pseudocereal]]s''' are cereal crops that are not members of the Poaceae or Grass Family.
** '''[[Pseudocereal]]s''' are cereal crops that are not [[grass]]es.
* '''[[Nut (fruit)|Nuts]]''' are botanically a specific type of fruit but the term is also applied to many edible seeds that are not botanically nuts.
* '''[[Nut (fruit)|Nuts]]''' are botanically a specific type of fruit, but the term is also applied to many edible seeds that are not nuts in a botanical sense.
** '''[[Gymnosperm]]s''' produce nut-like seeds but neither flowers nor fruits.
** '''[[Gymnosperm]]s''' produce nut-like seeds but neither flowers nor fruits.


== Beans ==
== Beans ==
See also: [[:Category:Edible legumes]], [[Seed cake]]
See also: [[:Category:Edible legumes]], [[Seed cake]]
[[Image:3 types of lentil.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lentil]]s]]
Beans and other legumes, or [[pulse (legume)|pulses]], include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef04e.htm|title=Pulses and derived products|work=Definition and Classification of Commodities|year=1994|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=2006-12-26}}</ref>


Beans, also known as [[legume]]s or [[pulse (legume)|pulses]] include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef04e.htm|title=Pulses and derived products|work=Definition and Classification of Commodities|year=1994|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=2006-12-26}}</ref>

[[Image:3 types of lentil.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lentils have been part of the human diet since the Neolithic period.]]
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Bambara groundnut]]
* [[Vigna subterranea|Bambara groundnut]]
* [[Chickpea]]s
* [[chickpea]]
* [[Cowpea]]s
* [[cowpea]]s
** [[Black eyed pea]]
** [[black-eyed pea]]
* [[Pulse (legume)#Classification|Dry beans]], including
* [[Pulse (legume)#Classification|dry beans]], including
** [[Common bean]]
** [[Phaseolus vulgaris|common bean]]
** several species of [[Vigna]], such as the [[lentil]]
** several species of ''[[Vigna]]'', such as the [[lentil]]
* [[Vicia faba|Fava or broad bean]]s
* [[Vicia faba|fava or broad bean]]
* [[Hyacinth bean]]
* [[Lablab|hyacinth bean]]
* [[Lablab]]
* [[Lupinus|lupin]]
* [[Moringa oleifera|moringa]]
* [[Lentil]]s
* [[Lupin]]s
* [[pea]]
* [[Moringa oleifera]]
* [[peanut]]
* [[Pea]]s
* [[pigeon pea]]
* [[Peanut]]s
* ''[[Sterculia]]'' species
* [[Pigeon pea]]s
* [[Mucuna pruriens|velvet bean]]
* [[Sterculia]]
* [[winged bean]]
* [[Velvet bean]]s
* [[Pachyrhizus|yam beans]]
* [[Winged bean]]s
* [[soybean]]
* [[Yam bean]]s
* [[Soybean]]s
</div>
</div>


Although some beans can be consumed raw, some need to be heated before consumption. In certain cultures, beans that need heating are initially prepared as a [[seed cake]]. Beans that need heating include:<ref>{{cite book|title=Bush food: Aboriginal food and herbal medicine|first=Jennifer|last=Isaacs}}</ref>
Although some beans can be consumed raw, some need to be heated before consumption. In certain cultures, beans that need heating are initially prepared as a [[seed cake]]. Beans that need heating include:<ref>{{cite book|title=Bush food: Aboriginal food and herbal medicine|first=Jennifer|last=Isaacs}}</ref>
* Acacia spp. (e.g. [[Acacia aneura]] (mulga), [[Acacia cowleana]], [[Acacia estrophiolata]] (ironweed), [[Acacia ligulata]] (umbrella bush), [[Acacia murrayana]] (tjuntjula), [[Acacia tetragonophylla]] (wakalpulka), [[Acacia kempeana]] (Witchetty bush), [[Acacia coriacea]] (Wiry wattle), [[Acacia notabilis]], [[Acacia pyrifolia]], [[Acacia tetragonophylla]], [[Acacia victoriae]], [[Acacia sophorae]], [[Acacia stenophylla]], [[Acacia tumida]])
* ''[[Acacia]]'' species ([[wattleseed]]), such as [[Acacia aneura|mulga]] (''Acacia aneura''), [[Acacia cowleana|Halls Creek wattle]] (''A. cowleana'', [[Acacia estrophiolata|southern ironwood]] (''A. estrophiolata''), [[Acacia ligulata|umbrella bush]] (''A. ligulata''), [[Acacia murrayana|Murray's wattle]] (''A. murrayana''), [[Acacia tetragonophylla|curara]] (''A. tetragonophylla''), [[Acacia kempeana|witchetty bush]] (''A. kempeana''), [[Acacia coriacea|wiry wattle]] (''A. coriacea''), [[Acacia notabilis|mallee golden wattle]] (''A. notabilis''), [[Acacia pyrifolia|ranji bush]] (''A. pyrifolia''), [[Acacia victoriae|bardi bush]] (''A. victoriae''), [[Acacia sophorae|coastal wattle]] (''A. sophorae''), [[Acacia stenophylla|shoestring acacia]] (''A. stenophylla''), and [[Acacia tumida|pindan wattle]] (''A. tumida'').
* ''[[Atriplex nummularia]]'' &ndash; old man saltbush
* [[Aleurites moluccana]]
* ''[[Brachychiton]]'' species, such as [[Brachychiton populneus|kurrajong]] (''Brachychiton populneus''), [[Brachychiton diversifolius|northern kurrajong]] (''B. diversifolius''), [[Brachychiton gregorii|desert kurrajong]] (''B. gregorii''), and [[Brachychiton paradoxus|red-flowered kurrajong]] (''B. paradoxus'').
* [[Atriplex nummularia]] (Old man saltbush)
* ''[[Bruguiera gymnorhiza]]'' &ndash; black mangrove
* [[Panicum]] spp. (e.g. [[Panicum australiense]], [[Panicum decompositum]], [[Panicum effusum]])
* ''[[Calandrinia balonensis]]'' &ndash; parakeelya
* [[Amaranthus mitchellii]]
* ''[[Canarium australianum]]'' &ndash; mango bark
* [[Amaranthus grandiflorus]]
* ''[[Canavalia rosea]]'' &ndash; beach bean
* [[Brachiaria]] spp. (e.g. [[Brachiaria piligera]] [[Brachiaria milliformis]])
* ''[[Entada phaseoloides]]'' &ndash; St. Thomas bean
* [[Brachychiton]] spp. (e.g. [[Brachychiton diversifolium]] [[Brachychiton gregorii]], [[Brachychiton paradoxum]], [[Brachychiton populneum]])
* ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' species, such as [[Eucalyptus leptopoda|tammin mallee]] (''Eucalyptus leptopoda'') and [[Eucalyptus microtheca|coolibah]] (''E. microtheca'')
* [[Bruguiera rheedii]]
* ''[[Marsilea drummondii]]'' &ndash; nardoo
* [[Calandrinia balonensis]]
*''[[Portulaca]]'' species, such as [[Portulaca oleracea|common purslane]] (''Portulaca oleracea'') and [[Portulaca intraterranea|large pigweed]] (''P. intraterranea'')
* [[Canarium australianum]]
*''[[Nymphaea gigantea]]'' &ndash; giant waterlily
* [[Canavalia maritima]]
* ''[[Rhyncharrhena linearis]]'' &ndash; purple pentatrope
* [[Entada phaseolides]]
* [[Eragrostris]] spp. (Wangunu) (e.g. [[Eragrostris eriopoda]])
* [[Eucalyptus leptopoda]]
* [[Eucalyptus microtheca]]
* [[Astrelba pectinata]] (Mitchell grass)
* [[Portulaca oleracea]]
* [[Portulaca intraterranea]]
* [[Marsilea drummondii]] (Nardoo)
* [[Nymphae gigantea]]
* [[Rhyncharrhena linearis]]
* [[Themeda australis]]


== Cereals ==
== Cereals ==
{{See also|Category:Cereals}}
{{See also|Category:Cereals}}
[[Image:GEM corn.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Maize]] is the single largest source of food calories in the world.]]
[[Image:GEM corn.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maize]]]]


True [[cereal]]s are the seeds of certain species of [[grass]]. Three — maize, wheat and rice — account for about half of the calories consumed by people every year.<ref name="prodstat"/> Grains can be ground to make [[flour]], used as the basis of [[bread]], [[cake]], [[noodles]] or other food products. They can also be boiled or steamed, either whole or ground, and eaten as is. Many cereals are present or past [[staple food]]s, providing a large fraction of the calories in the places that they are eaten. [[Cereal]]s include:
True [[cereal]]s are the seeds of certain species of [[grass]]. Maize, wheat, and rice account for about half of the calories consumed by people every year.<ref name="prodstat"/> Grains can be ground into flour for [[bread]], [[cake]], [[noodles]], and other food products. They can also be boiled or steamed, either whole or ground, and eaten as is. Many cereals are present or past [[staple food]]s, providing a large fraction of the calories in the places that they are eaten. Cereals include:


<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Barley]]
* [[barley]]
* [[Fonio]]
* [[fonio]]
* [[Maize]] (corn)
* [[maize]] (corn)
* [[Pearl Millet]]
* [[pearl millet]]
* [[Oat]]s
* [[oat]]s
* [[Distichlis palmeri|Palmer's grass]]
* [[Distichlis palmeri|Palmer's grass]]
* [[Rice]]
* [[rice]]
* [[Rye]]
* [[rye]]
* [[Sorghum]]
* [[sorghum]]
* [[Spelt]]
* [[spelt]]
* [[Teff]]
* [[Eragrostis tef|teff]]
* [[Triticale]]
* [[triticale]]
* [[Wheat]]
* [[wheat]]
* [[Wild rice]]
* [[wild rice]]
</div>
</div>


Other grasses with edible seeds include:
*''[[Astrebla pectinata]]'' &ndash; barley Mitchell grass
* ''[[Brachiaria piligera]]'' &ndash; wattle signalgrass
* ''[[Eragrostis eriopoda]]'' &ndash; woollybutt grass
* ''[[Panicum]]'' species, such as [[Panicum decompositum|native millet]] (''Panicum decompositum'') and [[Panicum effusum|hairy panic]] (''P. effusum'')
* ''[[Themeda triandra]]'' &ndash; kangaroo grass
*''[[Yakirra australiensis]]'' &ndash; bunch panic
=== Pseudocereals ===
=== Pseudocereals ===
[[Image:Quinoa.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Quinoa is not a grass, but its seeds have been eaten for 6000 years.]]
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Brosimum alicastrum|Breadnut]]
* [[Brosimum alicastrum|breadnut]]
* [[Buckwheat]]
* [[buckwheat]]
* [[Cattail]]
* [[Typha|cattail]]
* [[Salvia hispanica|Chia]]
* [[Salvia hispanica|chia]]
* [[Flax]]
* [[flax]]
* [[Grain amaranth]]
* [[Amaranth grain|grain amaranth]]
* [[Chenopodium pallidicaule|kañiwa]]
* [[Kañiwa]]
* [[Chenopodium berlandieri|Pitseed Goosefoot]]
* [[Chenopodium berlandieri|pitseed goosefoot]]
* [[Quinoa]]
* [[quinoa]]
*[[sesame]]
* [[Wattleseed]] (also called ''acacia seed'')
</div>
</div>


Line 113: Line 107:
''See also'': [[List of edible nuts]]
''See also'': [[List of edible nuts]]


[[Image:Brazil nuts.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Brazil nuts come from a South American tree]]
[[File:Bertholletia excelsa seeds closeup.jpg|thumb|right|Brazil nuts]]


According to the botanical definition, [[nut (fruit)|nuts]] are a particular kind of seed.<ref>{{cite web
According to the botanical definition, [[nut (fruit)|nuts]] are a particular kind of seed.<ref>{{cite web
Line 121: Line 115:
| date=October 3, 2005
| date=October 3, 2005
| accessdate=2006-12-26
| accessdate=2006-12-26
}}</ref> Chestnuts, hazelnuts, and [[acorn]]s are examples of nuts, under this definition. In [[nut (fruit)|culinary terms]], however, the term is used more broadly to include fruits that are not botanically qualified as nuts, but that have a similar appearance and culinary role. Examples of culinary nuts include [[almond]]s, [[coconut]]s, [[peanut]]s and [[cashew]]s.<ref>{{cite web
}}</ref> Chestnuts, hazelnuts, and acorns are examples of nuts under this definition. In [[nut (fruit)|culinary terms]], however, the term is used more broadly to include fruits that are not botanically qualified as nuts, but that have a similar appearance and culinary role. Examples of culinary nuts include almonds, coconuts, and cashews.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.answers.com/topic/nut
| url=http://www.answers.com/topic/nut
| title=Nut
| title=Nut
Line 130: Line 124:


<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*[[acorn]]
* [[Almond#Culinary uses|Almond]]
* [[Beech]]
* [[almond]]
* [[beech]]
* [[Brazil nut]]
* [[Brazil nut]]
* [[Aleurites moluccana|candlenut]]
* [[Candlenut]]
* [[Cashew#Uses|Cashew]]
* [[cashew]]
* [[Chestnut#Nuts|Chestnuts]], including:
* [[chestnut]]s, including:
** [[Castanea mollissima|Chinese Chestnut]]
** [[Castanea mollissima|Chinese chestnut]]
** [[Sweet Chestnut]]
** [[Castanea sativa|sweet chestnut]]
*[[Gevuina|Chilean hazel]]
* [[Coconut]]
* [[Colocynth]]
* [[coconut]]
*[[egusi]] and other [[melon]] seeds, including:
* ''[[Cucurbita ficifolia]]''
**[[Citrullus colocynthis|colocynth]]
* [[Corylus maxima|Filbert]]
**[[Cucurbita ficifolia|Malabar gourd]]
* ''[[Gevuina avellana]]''
**[[pepita]]
* [[Hickory#Uses|Hickory]], including
**[[Telfairia occidentalis|ugu]]
** [[Pecan]]
*[[hazelnut]]s, including:
** [[Shagbark Hickory]]
** [[Corylus maxima|filbert]]
* ''[[Terminalia catappa]]''
* [[Hazelnut]]
* [[hickory]], including:
* [[Indian Beech]]
** [[pecan]]
** [[Carya ovata|shagbark hickory]]
* [[Kola nut]]
* [[Millettia pinnata|Indian beech]]
* [[Macadamia]]
* [[kola nut]]
* [[macadamia]]
*[[Terminalia catappa|Malabar almond]]
* [[Pachira aquatica|Malabar chestnut]]
* [[Pachira aquatica|Malabar chestnut]]
* [[Melicoccus bijugatus|mamoncillo]]
* [[Pistacia]]
* [[Mamoncillo]]
* [[mongongo]]
* [[Brosimum alicastrum|Maya nut]]
* [[Irvingia gabonensis|ogbono]]
* [[Lecythis zabucajo|paradise nut]]
* [[Mongongo]]
* [[acorn|Oak acorns]]
* [[Canarium ovatum|pili]]
* [[pistacio]]
* [[Irvingia gabonensis|Ogbono nut]]
* [[walnut]]s, including:
* [[Lecythidaceae|Paradise nut]]
* [[Pili nut]]
** [[Juglans nigra|black walnut]]
* [[Water caltrop|water chestnut]]
* [[Walnut#Nuts and kernels|Walnut]]
** [[Juglans nigra|Black Walnut]]
* [[Water caltrop|Water Caltrop]]
</div>
</div>


=== Nut-like gymnosperm seeds ===
=== Nut-like gymnosperm seeds ===
[[Image:KoreanPineSeeds.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pine nuts are Gymnosperm seeds that are edible]]
[[Image:KoreanPineSeeds.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Pine nut]]s]]


<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Cycad]]s
* [[cycad]]s
* [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]]
* [[Ginkgo biloba|ginkgo]]
* ''[[Gnetum gnemon]]''
* [[Gnetum gnemon|gnetum]]
* [[Juniper]]
* [[juniper]]
* [[Araucaria araucana|Monkey-puzzle]]
* [[Araucaria araucana|monkey-puzzle]]
* [[Pine nut]]s, including
* [[pine nut]]s, including
** [[Chilgoza Pine]]
** [[Pinus gerardiana|Chilgoza pine]]
** [[Korean Pine]]
** [[Pinus koraiensis|Korean pine]]
** [[Stone Pine]]
** [[Mexican pinyon]]
** [[Colorado Pinyon]]
** [[Pinus edulis|piñon pine]]
** [[Pinus monophylla|single-leaf pinyon]]
** [[Mexican Pinyon]]
** [[Single-leaf Pinyon]]
** [[stone pine]]
* [[Podocarps]]
* [[Podocarpaceae|podocarps]]
</div>
</div>


== Other==
== Other==
{{div col|3}}
{{div col|3}}
* [[Cempedak]]
* [[Artocarpus integer|cempedak]]
* [[Cocoa bean]]
* [[cocoa bean]]
* [[Coffee]]
* [[coffee bean]]
* [[Euryale ferox|fox nut]]
* [[Egusi]] <!-- seeds of some cucurbit: cucumber- or gourd-like? -->
* [[Euryale ferox]] (Fox nut)
* [[hemp]]
* [[Fluted pumpkin]]
* [[jackfruit]]
* [[Hemp]] seed
* [[lotus seed]]
* [[Jackfruit]]
* [[sunflower seed]]
* [[Lotus seed]]
* [[Malabar gourd]]
* [[Pumpkin seed]]
* [[Sunflower seed]]
* [[Sesame]] seed
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


Line 208: Line 199:
* [[List of vegetable oils]]
* [[List of vegetable oils]]
* [[List of snack foods#Seeds/nuts|List of seed-based snacks]]
* [[List of snack foods#Seeds/nuts|List of seed-based snacks]]
* [[Nut (fruit)]]
* [[Pulse (legume)|Pulse]]
* [[Seed]]
</div>
</div>


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />
==Further reading==
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
| author=Bailey, L.H., Bailey, E.Z. and Bailey Hortorium Staff
| author=Bailey, L.H., Bailey, E.Z. and Bailey Hortorium Staff

Revision as of 19:01, 4 November 2013

A list of edible seeds here includes seeds that are directly foodstuffs, rather than yielding derived products.

Quinoa, a pseudocereal

A variety of species can provide edible seeds. Of the six major plant parts, seeds are the dominant source of human calories and protein.[1] The other five major plant parts are roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Most edible seeds are angiosperms, but a few are gymnosperms. The most important global seed food source, by weight, is cereals, followed by legumes, and nuts.[2]

The list is divided into the following categories:

  • Beans and other legumes are protein-rich soft seeds.
  • Cereals (or grains) are grass-like crops that are harvested for their dry seeds. These seeds are often ground to make flour. Cereals provide almost half of all calories consumed in the world.[3] Botanically, true cereals are members of the Poaceae, the true grass family.
  • Nuts are botanically a specific type of fruit, but the term is also applied to many edible seeds that are not nuts in a botanical sense.
    • Gymnosperms produce nut-like seeds but neither flowers nor fruits.

Beans

See also: Category:Edible legumes, Seed cake

Lentils

Beans and other legumes, or pulses, include:[4]

Although some beans can be consumed raw, some need to be heated before consumption. In certain cultures, beans that need heating are initially prepared as a seed cake. Beans that need heating include:[5]

Cereals

See also: Category:Cereals
Maize

True cereals are the seeds of certain species of grass. Maize, wheat, and rice account for about half of the calories consumed by people every year.[3] Grains can be ground into flour for bread, cake, noodles, and other food products. They can also be boiled or steamed, either whole or ground, and eaten as is. Many cereals are present or past staple foods, providing a large fraction of the calories in the places that they are eaten. Cereals include:

Other grasses with edible seeds include:

Pseudocereals

Nuts

See also: List of edible nuts

Brazil nuts

According to the botanical definition, nuts are a particular kind of seed.[6] Chestnuts, hazelnuts, and acorns are examples of nuts under this definition. In culinary terms, however, the term is used more broadly to include fruits that are not botanically qualified as nuts, but that have a similar appearance and culinary role. Examples of culinary nuts include almonds, coconuts, and cashews.[7][8]

Nut-like gymnosperm seeds

Pine nuts

Other

See also

References

  1. ^ "Human Appropriation of the World's Food Supply". Global Change Curriculum. University of Michigan. 2006-01-04.
  2. ^ Desai, Babasaheb (2000). Handbook of Nutrition and Diet. CRC Press. p. 196.
  3. ^ a b FAO. "ProdSTAT". FAOSTAT. Retrieved 2006-12-26.
  4. ^ "Pulses and derived products". Definition and Classification of Commodities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1994. Retrieved 2006-12-26.
  5. ^ Isaacs, Jennifer. Bush food: Aboriginal food and herbal medicine.
  6. ^ "Nut". Biology Online Dictionary. October 3, 2005. Retrieved 2006-12-26.
  7. ^ "Nut". The Columbia Online Encyclopedia. 2003. Retrieved 2006-12-26.
  8. ^ "Nuts and derived products". Definition and Classification of Commodities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1996. Retrieved 2006-12-26.

Further reading

  • Bailey, L.H., Bailey, E.Z. and Bailey Hortorium Staff (1976). Hortus Third. New York: Macmillan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Lewington, A. (1990). Plants for People. Cambridge, MA: Oxford University Press.
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