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{{redirect|Petrified forest|the 1936 film|The Petrified Forest}}
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[[File:Polished slice of petrified wood.jpg|thumb|200px|The image shows the center of a polished slice of a petrified tree from the late [[Triassic]] period (approximately 230 million years ago) found in Arizona. The remains of insects can be detected in an enlarged image.]]
[[Image:Parque paleobotânico de Mata..JPG|thumb|Petrified log in [[Paleorrota]] geopark, [[Brazil]]]]
[[File:PetrifiedWood.jpg|thumb|200px|Petrified log at the [[Petrified Forest National Park]]]]
[[File:Petrified Wood Wooster.jpg|thumb|200px|Polished petrified wood]]
[[File:Polished petrified wood cells.jpg|thumb|200px|The outline of cells visible in a segment of petrified wood]]
[[File:Petrified wood closeup 2.jpg|thumb|200px|Polished slice of petrified wood]]
[[File:Petrified Forest National Park Wood.jpg|thumb|200px|Petrified logs]]
[[File:Petrified tree stump at Ynyslas, Ceredigion, Wales.jpg|thumb|200px|Petrified stump exposed at low tide on [[Ynyslas|Ynyslas beach]], Wales]]
[[File:Petrified Acacia Wood.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Petrified [[Acacia]] wood]]
[[File:Puyango fossil tree 02.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Puyango petrified forest]]
'''Petrified wood''' (from the Greek root ''petro'' meaning "rock" or "stone"; literally "wood turned into stone") is the name given to a special type of [[fossil]]ized remains of [[Terrestrial plant|terrestrial vegetation]]. It is the result of a [[tree]] or tree-like plants having completely transitioned to stone by the process of [[permineralization]]. All the [[organic life|organic materials]] have been replaced with [[mineral]]s (mostly a [[silicate]], such as [[quartz]]), while retaining the original structure of the stem tissue. Unlike other types of fossils which are typically impressions or compressions, petrified wood is a three-dimensional representation of the original organic material. The [[petrifaction]] process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried under [[sediment]] or [[volcanic ash]] and is initially preserved due to a lack of [[oxygen]] which inhibits aerobic decomposition. Mineral-laden water flowing through the covering material deposits minerals in the plant's [[cell (biology)|cells]]; as the plant's [[lignin]] and [[cellulose]] decay, a [[rock (geology)|stone]] mold forms in its place. The organic matter needs to become petrified before it [[decomposition|decomposes]] completely.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/pefo/faqs.htm Petrified Forest National Park - Frequently Asked Questions] from the [[U.S. National Park Service]]</ref> A [[forest]] where such material has petrified becomes known as a '''petrified forest'''.

==Elements==
Elements such as [[manganese]], [[iron]], and [[copper]] in the water/mud during the petrification process give petrified wood a variety of color ranges. Pure [[quartz]] [[crystal]]s are colorless, but when contaminants are added to the process the crystals take on a yellow, red, or other tint.

Following is a list of contaminating elements and related color hues:
* [[carbon]] – black
* [[cobalt]] – green/blue
* [[chromium]] – green/blue
* [[copper]] – green/blue
* [[iron oxide]]s – red, brown, and yellow
* [[manganese]] – pink/orange
* [[manganese oxide]]s – blackish/yellow

Petrified wood can preserve the original structure of the stem in all its detail, down to the microscopic level. Structures such as [[tree ring]]s and the various tissues are often observed features.

Petrified wood is a fossil in which the organic remains have been replaced by minerals in the slow process of being replaced with stone. This petrification process generally results in a quartz chalcedony mineralization. Special rare conditions must be met in order for the fallen stem to be transformed into fossil wood or petrified wood. In general, the fallen plants get buried in an environment free of oxygen (anaerobic environment), which preserves the original plant structure and general appearance. The other conditions include a regular access to mineral rich water in contact with the tissues, replacing the organic plant structure with inorganic minerals. The end result is petrified wood, a plant, with its original basic structure in place, replaced by stone. Exotic minerals allow the red and green hues that can be seen in rarer specimens.

==Locations==
Areas with a large number of petrified trees include:
* [[Argentina]] – the [[Petrified Forest (Sarmiento)|Sarmiento Petrified Forest]] and [[Bosques Petrificados de Jaramillo National Park|Jaramillo Petrified Forest]] in [[Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)|Santa Cruz Province]] in the Argentine [[Patagonia]] have many trees that measure more than 3&nbsp;m (10&nbsp;ft) in diameter and 30&nbsp;m (100&nbsp;ft) long.<ref>http://www.lachlanhunter.deadsetfreestuff.com/JB/Big-Trees/big-trees6.htm</ref>
* [[Australia]] – has deposits of petrified and [[wood opal|opalised wood]]. [[Chinchilla, Queensland]] is famous for its 'Chinchilla Red'.
* [[Belgium]] – Geosite Goudberg near [[Hoegaarden]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.hccnet.nl/Jacob.Leloux/hoegaarden.html |title=A petrified forrest near Hoegaarden}}</ref>
* [[Brazil]] – in the [[geopark]] of [[Paleorrota]], there is a vast area with petrified trees.<ref>[http://www.riogrande.com.br/turismo/mata_mapeamento.htm Petrified trees and the forest region (Brazil).]</ref> Petrified forests of [[dicksoniaceae]] (specifically [[Psaronius]] and [[Tietea singularis]]) and [[arthropitys]] can also be found in the states of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] and [[Tocantins]] (in the [[Monumento Natural das Árvores Fossilizadas]], Fossil Trees Natural Monument).<ref>[[FAPESP]] Research Magazine - [http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2013/10/07/its-a-stick-its-a-stone/ Edition 210 - August 2013]</ref>
* [[Canada]] – in the [[badlands]] of southern [[Alberta]]; Petrified wood is the provincial stone of Alberta. [[Axel Heiberg Island]] in [[Nunavut]] has a large petrified forest. In and around the North Saskatchewan river, around the [[Edmonton]] area.
* [[China]] – in the [[Junggar Basin]] of [[Xinjiang]], northwest [[China]] government has issued a crackdown on collecting of this material, but large slabs and even large meeting tables have been made out of the colorful petrified wood.
* [[Czech Republic]], [[Nová Paka]] – The most famous locality on [[Permian]]-[[Carboniferous]] rocks in the Czech Republic.
* [[Ecuador]] – [[:es:Bosque_petrificado_de_Puyango|Puyango petrified forest]]. One of the largest collections of petrified wood in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vivatravelguides.com/south-america/ecuador/ecuador-articles/the-petrified-forest-of-puyango/|title=The Petrified Forest of Puyango|last=Anon|work=Viva travel guides|publisher=Viva|accessdate=26 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Egypt]] – petrified forest in Cairo-Suez road, declared a national protectorate by the minstery of environment, also in the area of New Cairo at the Extension of Nasr city, El Qattamiyya, near El Maadi district, and Al Farafra oasis.<ref>http://bio.kuleuven.be/sys/iawa/PDF/IAWA%20J%2021-25/24%20(2)%202003/24(2)%20163-172.pdf</ref>
* [[France]] – petrified forest in the village of [[Champclauson]]
* [[Germany]] – the museum of natural history in [[Chemnitz]] has a collection of petrified trees, from the in situ [[Chemnitz petrified forest|Chemnitz Petrified Forest]], found in the town since 1737.
* [[Greece]] – [[Petrified Forest of Lesvos]], at the western tip of the island of [[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]], is possibly the largest of the petrified forests, covering an area of over 150&nbsp;km² and declared a National Monument in 1985. Large, upright trunks complete with root systems can be found, as well as trunks up to 22 m in length.
* [[India]] – a geological site known for its petrified wood [[Thiruvakkarai Village]] in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The site is protected by the [[Geological Survey of India]]. Petrified wood covers a large area in this site. Petrified Wood has also been discovered in [[Dholavira]] in [[Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], dating back to 187-176 million years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jurassic age plant fossil found near Dholavira|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Jurassic-age-plant-fossil-found-near-Dholavira/articleshow/1055435.cms|website=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|publisher=The Times of India|accessdate=7 July 2014}}</ref>
* [[Indonesia]] – petrified wood covers several area in [[Banten]] and also in some part of [[Mount Halimun Salak National Park]].
* [[Israel]] – several examples of petrified wood occur in the [[HaMakhtesh HaGadol]] in the [[Negev]] desert.
* [[Libya]] – [[Great Sand Sea]] – Hundreds of square miles of petrified trunks, branches and other debris mixed with Stone Age artifacts
* [[Namibia]] – [[petrified forest of Damaraland]]
* [[New Zealand]]:
** [[Curio Bay]] on [[the Catlins]] coast contains many petrified wood examples.
** [[Fossil Forest, Takapuna]], Auckland, New Zealand
* Saudi Arabia – petrified forest north of Riyadh
* [[Thailand]] – [[Bantak Petrified Forest Park]] in [[Ban Tak District]]<ref>[http://www.milkblitzstreetbomb.com/sea/thailand/tak/the-petrified-wood-forest-tak-thailand/ Petrified Wood Forest located in Ban Tak, Thailand]</ref>
* [[Ukraine]] – petrified [[araucaria]] trunks near [[Druzhkivka]]
* [[United Kingdom]] – many examples of petrified [[submerged forests]] can be found at low tide around the coast of England and Wales.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Campbell|first=J.A.|author2=Baxter M.S.|date=29 March 1979|title=Radiocarbon measurements on submerged forest floating chronologies|doi=10.1038/278409a0 |journal=Nature|volume=278|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|issue=5703|pages=409–413|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v278/n5703/abs/278409a0.html|accessdate=12 January 2010}}</ref>
** [[Fossil Grove]], Glasgow, Scotland
** [[Fossil Forest, Dorset]], England
* [[United States]] – petrified wood sites include:
** [[Lemmon, South Dakota#Sites of interest|Petrified Wood Park]] in [[Lemmon, South Dakota]]
** [[Ginkgo/Wanapum State Park]] in [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington State]]
** [[Petrified Forest National Park]] in [[Arizona]]
** [[Petrified Forest (California)]] in [[California]]
** [[Mississippi Petrified Forest]] in [[Flora, Mississippi]]
** [[Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument]] near [[Florissant, Colorado]]
** [[Yellowstone Petrified Forest]] and Gallatin Petrified Forest, [[Yellowstone National Park]], [[Wyoming]]
** The south unit of [[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]] outside [[Medora, North Dakota]]
** [[Gilboa Fossil Forest]], [[New York]]
** [[Escalante Petrified Forest State Park]] in [[Utah]]
** [[Agate Desert]] in the Upper Rogue River Valley near [[Medford, Oregon]]

==Artificial petrified wood==
Artificial petrified wood has been produced in a Washington laboratory. In the process, small cubes of pine are soaked in an acid bath for two days, then in a silica solution for another two. The product is then [[cooked]] at 1400 °C in an [[argon]] atmosphere for two hours. The result was [[silicon carbide]] ceramic which preserved the intricate cell structure of the wood.<ref>''Petrified Wood in Days'', Physorg.com, January 25, 2005 http://www.physorg.com/news2801.html</ref><ref>''Presto! Instant Petrified Wood Created in Lab'', Live Science, 27 January 2005 http://www.livescience.com/technology/050127_petrified_wood.html</ref>

==See also==
* [[Amethyst Mountain]]
* ''[[Araucarioxylon arizonicum]]''
* [[Fossil wood]]
* [[Petrified forest of Lesbos]]
* [[Palmoxylon|Petrified palmwood]]
* [[Submerged forest]]
* [[Wood opal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Petrified wood}}
* [http://www.aegean.gr/Petrified_Forest/NoFrames/petriforest.htm The Petrified forest of Lesvos - Protected Natural Monument]
* [http://www.novapaka.muzeum.cz/index_en.htm The Town Museum of Nová Paka]
* [http://www.mspetrifiedforest.com The Mississippi Petrified Forest]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petrified Wood}}
[[Category:Paleobotany]]
[[Category:Fossil record of plants]]
[[Category:Quartz varieties]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Alberta]]
[[Category:Symbols of Arizona]]
[[Category:Symbols of Mississippi]]

Revision as of 20:11, 31 March 2016

"Petrified forest" redirects here. For the 1936 film, see The Petrified Forest.
The image shows the center of a polished slice of a petrified tree from the late Triassic period (approximately 230 million years ago) found in Arizona. The remains of insects can be detected in an enlarged image.
Petrified log in Paleorrota geopark, Brazil
Petrified log at the Petrified Forest National Park
Polished petrified wood
The outline of cells visible in a segment of petrified wood
Polished slice of petrified wood
Petrified logs
Petrified stump exposed at low tide on Ynyslas beach, Wales
Petrified Acacia wood
Puyango petrified forest

Petrified wood (from the Greek root petro meaning "rock" or "stone"; literally "wood turned into stone") is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. It is the result of a tree or tree-like plants having completely transitioned to stone by the process of permineralization. All the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (mostly a silicate, such as quartz), while retaining the original structure of the stem tissue. Unlike other types of fossils which are typically impressions or compressions, petrified wood is a three-dimensional representation of the original organic material. The petrifaction process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried under sediment or volcanic ash and is initially preserved due to a lack of oxygen which inhibits aerobic decomposition. Mineral-laden water flowing through the covering material deposits minerals in the plant's cells; as the plant's lignin and cellulose decay, a stone mold forms in its place. The organic matter needs to become petrified before it decomposes completely.[1] A forest where such material has petrified becomes known as a petrified forest.

Elements

Elements such as manganese, iron, and copper in the water/mud during the petrification process give petrified wood a variety of color ranges. Pure quartz crystals are colorless, but when contaminants are added to the process the crystals take on a yellow, red, or other tint.

Following is a list of contaminating elements and related color hues:

Petrified wood can preserve the original structure of the stem in all its detail, down to the microscopic level. Structures such as tree rings and the various tissues are often observed features.

Petrified wood is a fossil in which the organic remains have been replaced by minerals in the slow process of being replaced with stone. This petrification process generally results in a quartz chalcedony mineralization. Special rare conditions must be met in order for the fallen stem to be transformed into fossil wood or petrified wood. In general, the fallen plants get buried in an environment free of oxygen (anaerobic environment), which preserves the original plant structure and general appearance. The other conditions include a regular access to mineral rich water in contact with the tissues, replacing the organic plant structure with inorganic minerals. The end result is petrified wood, a plant, with its original basic structure in place, replaced by stone. Exotic minerals allow the red and green hues that can be seen in rarer specimens.

Locations

Areas with a large number of petrified trees include:

Artificial petrified wood

Artificial petrified wood has been produced in a Washington laboratory. In the process, small cubes of pine are soaked in an acid bath for two days, then in a silica solution for another two. The product is then cooked at 1400 °C in an argon atmosphere for two hours. The result was silicon carbide ceramic which preserved the intricate cell structure of the wood.[11][12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Petrified Forest National Park - Frequently Asked Questions from the U.S. National Park Service
  2. ^ http://www.lachlanhunter.deadsetfreestuff.com/JB/Big-Trees/big-trees6.htm
  3. ^ "A petrified forrest near Hoegaarden".
  4. ^ Petrified trees and the forest region (Brazil).
  5. ^ FAPESP Research Magazine - Edition 210 - August 2013
  6. ^ Anon. "The Petrified Forest of Puyango". Viva travel guides. Viva. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
  7. ^ http://bio.kuleuven.be/sys/iawa/PDF/IAWA%20J%2021-25/24%20(2)%202003/24(2)%20163-172.pdf
  8. ^ "Jurassic age plant fossil found near Dholavira". http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/. The Times of India. Retrieved 7 July 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  9. ^ Petrified Wood Forest located in Ban Tak, Thailand
  10. ^ Campbell, J.A.; Baxter M.S. (29 March 1979). "Radiocarbon measurements on submerged forest floating chronologies". Nature. 278 (5703). Nature Publishing Group: 409–413. doi:10.1038/278409a0. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  11. ^ Petrified Wood in Days, Physorg.com, January 25, 2005 http://www.physorg.com/news2801.html
  12. ^ Presto! Instant Petrified Wood Created in Lab, Live Science, 27 January 2005 http://www.livescience.com/technology/050127_petrified_wood.html
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