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Pakistan, an Islamic Republic, imposes multiple restrictions on peoples' religious freedom.<ref name= UNHCRpak>{{citation |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21a2a,0.html |title=Freedom in the World 2008&nbsp;– Kashmir (Pakistan) |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |date=2008-07-02 |archive-url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21a2a,0.html |archive-date=2012-10-08}}</ref> Religious minorities also face unofficial economic and societal discrimination and have been targets of [[Sectarian violence in Pakistan|sectarian violence]].<ref name= UNHCRpak/>
Pakistan, an Islamic Republic, imposes multiple restrictions on peoples' religious freedom.<ref name= UNHCRpak>{{citation |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21a2a,0.html |title=Freedom in the World 2008&nbsp;– Kashmir (Pakistan) |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |date=2008-07-02 |archive-url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21a2a,0.html |archive-date=2012-10-08}}</ref> Religious minorities also face unofficial economic and societal discrimination and have been targets of [[Sectarian violence in Pakistan|sectarian violence]].<ref name= UNHCRpak/>
The constitution of Azad Kashmir specifically prohibits activities that may be prejudicial to the state's accession to Pakistan, and as such regularly suppresses demonstrations against the government.<ref name= UNHCRpak/> A number of Islamist militant groups operate in this area including Al-Qaeda, with tacit permission from Pakistan's intelligence.<ref name= UNHCRpak/>
The constitution of Azad Kashmir specifically prohibits activities that may be prejudicial to the state's accession to Pakistan, and as such regularly suppresses demonstrations against the government.<ref name= UNHCRpak/> A number of Islamist militant groups operate in this area including Al-Qaeda, with tacit permission from Pakistan's intelligence.<ref name= UNHCRpak/> As in Indian administered Kashmir, there have been allegations of human rights abuse.
A report titled "Kashmir: Present Situation and Future Prospects", which was submitted to the [[European Parliament]] by [[Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne]], was critical of the lack of human rights, justice, democracy, and Kashmiri representation in the Pakistan National Assembly.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233329 EU Report Rattles Pakistan], [[Outlook (magazine)]], 2006-12-08</ref> According to the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], Pakistan's [[Inter Services Intelligence]] operates in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and is involved in extensive surveillance, arbitrary arrests, torture, and murder.<ref name= UNHCRpak/> Generally this is done with impunity and perpetrators go unpunished.<ref name= UNHCRpak/> The 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees determined that [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] was 'Not free'.<ref name= UNHCRpak/>
A report titled "Kashmir: Present Situation and Future Prospects", which was submitted to the [[European Parliament]] by [[Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne]], was critical of the lack of human rights, justice, democracy, and Kashmiri representation in the Pakistan National Assembly.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233329 EU Report Rattles Pakistan], [[Outlook (magazine)]], 2006-12-08</ref> According to the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], Pakistan's [[Inter Services Intelligence]] operates in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and is involved in extensive surveillance, arbitrary arrests, torture, and murder.<ref name= UNHCRpak/> Generally this is done with impunity and perpetrators go unpunished.<ref name= UNHCRpak/> The 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees determined that [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] was 'Not free'.<ref name= UNHCRpak/> According to Shaukat Ali, chairman of the International Kashmir Alliance, "On one hand Pakistan claims to be the champion of the right of self-determination of the Kashmiri people, but she has denied the same rights under its controlled parts of Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan".<ref Name =GIC>[http://www.german-info.com/press_shownews.php?pid=115 European Parliamentarians express concern for Gilgit-Baltistan], German Information Center, New Delhi, 2008-04-12</ref>

In December 2009, activists of nationalist Kashmiri groups staged a protest in [[Muzaffarabad]] to condemn the alleged rigging of elections and killing of an 18-year-old student.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/national/killing-of-youth-in-gb-bypolls-condemned-729 Killing of youth in GB by-polls condemned], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 2009-12-27</ref>

Large protests erupted during the [[February 2012 Kohistan Killings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-12854-Tension-prevails-in-GB-after-Kohistan-killings |title=Tension prevails in GB after Kohistan killings |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date= |accessdate=2012-10-04}}</ref>


===Gilgit-Baltistan===
===Gilgit-Baltistan===
Line 86: Line 90:
In 2009, the Pakistan government implemented an autonomy package for Gilgit-Baltistan which entails rights similar to those of Pakistan’s other provinces.<ref name = indian_express/> Gilgit-Baltistan thus gains province-like status without actually being conferred such a status constitutionally.<ref name = indian_express/><ref name = dawn_gilgit/> The direct rule by Islamabad is replaced by an elected legislative assembly and its chief minister.<ref name = indian_express/><ref name = dawn_gilgit/>
In 2009, the Pakistan government implemented an autonomy package for Gilgit-Baltistan which entails rights similar to those of Pakistan’s other provinces.<ref name = indian_express/> Gilgit-Baltistan thus gains province-like status without actually being conferred such a status constitutionally.<ref name = indian_express/><ref name = dawn_gilgit/> The direct rule by Islamabad is replaced by an elected legislative assembly and its chief minister.<ref name = indian_express/><ref name = dawn_gilgit/>
There has been criticism and opposition to this move in Pakistan, India, and Pakistan administrated Kashmir.<ref name=DAWN20090830>[http://archives.dawn.com/archives/133073 Gilgit-Baltistan package termed an eyewash], [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]], 2009-08-30</ref> The move has been dubbed as an eyewash to hide the real mechanics of power, which allegedly are under the direct control of the Pakistani federal government.<ref name=dailytimes2112010>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C01%5C21%5Cstory_21-1-2010_pg3_3 Discontents in Gilgit-Baltistan], [[Daily Times (Pakistan)]], 2010-04-21</ref> The package was opposed by Pakistani Kashmiri politicians who claimed that the integration of Gilgit-Baltistan into Pakistan would undermine their case for the independence of Kashmir from India.<ref name = gilgit_polls>{{cite web|last=Shigri |first=Manzar |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/12/us-pakistan-election-idUSTRE5AB1ZE20091112 |title=Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls |publisher=Reuters.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-25}}</ref> 300 activists from Kashmiri groups protested during the first Gilgit-Baltistan legislative assembly elections, with some carrying banners reading "Pakistan's expansionist designs in Gilgit-Baltistan are unacceptable". Yet many people of Gilgit-Baltistan oppose integration into Kashmir. They want their region to be merged into Pakistan as a separate province.<ref name = gilgit_polls/>
There has been criticism and opposition to this move in Pakistan, India, and Pakistan administrated Kashmir.<ref name=DAWN20090830>[http://archives.dawn.com/archives/133073 Gilgit-Baltistan package termed an eyewash], [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]], 2009-08-30</ref> The move has been dubbed as an eyewash to hide the real mechanics of power, which allegedly are under the direct control of the Pakistani federal government.<ref name=dailytimes2112010>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C01%5C21%5Cstory_21-1-2010_pg3_3 Discontents in Gilgit-Baltistan], [[Daily Times (Pakistan)]], 2010-04-21</ref> The package was opposed by Pakistani Kashmiri politicians who claimed that the integration of Gilgit-Baltistan into Pakistan would undermine their case for the independence of Kashmir from India.<ref name = gilgit_polls>{{cite web|last=Shigri |first=Manzar |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/12/us-pakistan-election-idUSTRE5AB1ZE20091112 |title=Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls |publisher=Reuters.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-25}}</ref> 300 activists from Kashmiri groups protested during the first Gilgit-Baltistan legislative assembly elections, with some carrying banners reading "Pakistan's expansionist designs in Gilgit-Baltistan are unacceptable"<ref name = gilgit_polls/>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 19:53, 21 July 2018

Kashmir has been a disputed and divided territory with human rights abuses in both the section administered by India (Jammu and Kashmir) and that administered by Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan). The dispute began in 1947 with the partition of the British Indian Empire into India and Pakistan.

Indian Administered Kashmir

Line of Control

The Line of Control (LOC) is a military control line between Indian and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir. The line does not constitute a legally international boundary but it is a de facto border, designated in 1948 as a cease-fire line, it divided Kashmir into two parts and closed the Jehlum valley route, the only entrance of the Kashmir Valley. This territorial division which, to this day still exists severed many villages and separated family members from each other.[1][2] The landmines planted by the Army alongsides of the line have killed scores of innocent people and left thousands as disabled. Without compensation, these disabled persons in the Indian Kashmir are fighting for the survival.[3]

During 2008 Kashmir unrest, the Hindu extremist groups and the supporters of Bharatiya Janata Party blocked the Srinagar-Jammu National highway (NH 1A). The only national highway which connects Kashmir Valley to the rest of India remained closed for several days and stopped the supply of essential commodities.[4][5][6] In response to the blockade, on 11 August 2008, under the leadership of Sheikh Abdul Aziz, 50,000 to 2,50,000 Kashmiri protesters attempted to cross the Line of Control to Muzaffarabad. The protesters were stopped at Uri which resulted in killing of fifteen people and hundreds injured when police and Indian paramilitary forces fired on them.[7][8][9] A slogan raised by the protesters was, Khooni lakir tod do aar paar jod do (Break down the blood-soaked Line of Control let Kashmir be united again).[10]

Jammu and Kashmir

Main article: Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir
Further information: Rape in Kashmir Conflict and List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir

Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, a disputed territory administered by India, are an ongoing issue. The allegations range from mass killings, forced disappearances, torture, rape and sexual abuse[11] to political repression and suppression of freedom of speech. Many number of massacres have taken place in the region since 1990. The Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force, Border Security personnel and various militant groups have been accused and held accountable for committing severe human rights abuses against Kashmiri civilians.[11][12][13] A WikiLeaks issue accused India of systemic human rights abuses, it stated that US diplomats possessed evidence of the apparent widespread use of torture by Indian police and security forces.[14]

Indian security forces

In July 1990 the Indian military was given special powers under an Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA), which human rights groups claim gives the security force virtual immunity for crimes committed.[15] The law provides them a shield, when committing human rights violations and has been criticised by Human Rights Watch as being wrongly used by the forces.[16] This law is widely condemned by human rights groups.[17][18] United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay has urged India to repeal AFSPA and to investigate the disappearances in Kashmir.[19]

“All three special laws in force in the state assist the government in shielding the perpetrators of human rights violations from prosecution, and encourage them to act with impunity. Provisions of the Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act clearly contravene international human rights standards laid down in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as members of the UN Human Rights Committee have pointed out. One Committee members felt that provisions of the act – including immunity from prosecution – were highly dangerous and encouraged violations of the right to life“.

— A clipping from a report published by the Amnesty International, 1995.[20]

According to the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), in an area that is proclaimed as "disturbed", an officer of the armed forces has powers to:[21]

  • Fire upon or use other kinds of force even if it causes death, against the person who is acting against law or order in the disturbed area for the maintenance of public order, after giving such due warning.
  • Destroy any arms dump, prepared or fortified position or shelter or training camp from which armed attacks are made by the armed volunteers or armed gangs or absconders wanted for any offence
  • To arrest without a warrant anyone who has committed cognizable offences or is reasonably suspected of having done so and may use force if needed for the arrest.
  • To enter and search any premise in order to make such arrests, or to recover any person wrongfully restrained or any arms, ammunition or explosive substances and seize it.
  • Stop and search any vehicle or vessel reasonably suspected to be carrying such person or weapons.
  • Any person arrested and taken into custody under this Act shall be made over to the officer in charge of the nearest police station with the least possible delay, together with a report of the circumstances occasioning the arrest.
  • Army officers have legal immunity for their actions. There can be no prosecution, suit or any other legal proceeding against anyone acting under that law. Nor is the government's judgment on why an area is found to be disturbed subject to judicial review.
  • Protection of persons acting in good faith under this Act from prosecution, suit or other legal proceedings, except with the sanction of the Central Government, in exercise of the powers conferred by this Act.[21]

On 26 February 2009 the Chief Minister stated the act should be repealed, the security forces however said that revoking the act would be detrimental to security and help terrorist moral, though the millitancy has declined the act is still in force[22] In 1992 the International Labour Organization has described the abuses carried out as having "reached a staggering proportion" and that they were "unprecedented in its brutality".[23] International NGO's as well as the US state department have documented human rights abuses carried out during India's counter terrorism operations, disappearances, torture and arbitrary executions have all been carried out with impunity.[24]

Human rights watch has also accused the Indian security forces of using children as spies and messengers,[11] India army have targeted reporters and human rights activists, they have also been accused of committing over 200 rapes in an attempt to intimidate the local population.[25][26] Wikileaks cables are reported to contain material stating that the International Committee of the Red Cross briefed US officials in India, alleging that India "condoned" torture and that "sexual penetration" formed part of the maltreatment of victims. The ICRC alleged that of the 1296 detainees interviewed, 681 had reported of being tortured. Of those, 304 individuals complained of sexual torture/abuse.[27]

In 2005 Médecins Sans Frontières conducted a survey in Kashmir which found that the number of people who had witnessed a rape in Kashmir since 1989 was comparably far higher than the number of people who had witnessed a rape in other conflict zones such as Chechnya and Sri Lanka.[28] The survey found that 13% of respondents had witnessed rape and 11.6% of the interviewees had themselves been victims of sexual abuse since 1989.[29][30][28] Dr Seema Kazi states that rapes committed by Indian security forces outstrips the rapes committed by militants in both scale and frequency.[31] Professor William Baker stated at the 52nd United Nations Commission on Human Rights that rape in Kashmir was an active strategy of the Indian forces to humiliate Kashmiri people.[32]

In April 2002, authorities in Indian-administered Kashmir arrested three Indian paramilitary soldiers following the gang rape of 17-year-old girl.[33] In July 2011, there were anti-India protests in Srinagar against the alleged rape of a 25-year-old village woman in the village of Manzgam.[34]

In October 2011, the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir apologised for the release of names, parentages and addresses of 1400 rape victims. However, no details were revealed as to whether the rapes were by security forces, militants or part of crime.[35] Liaquat Ali Khan, an academic writer considers that these excesses in Kashmir do not have official sanction but are easy to commit because of the powers, to cordon and search villages and suburbs, that are vested to security forces by the law.[36] The authorities use association with terrorists to discredit the testimony of the victims, in case the association is established.[37] The security forces have carried out extrajudicial killings, assaults and other human rights violations.[26] An investigation by the Jammu and Kashmir state human rights commission has found 2730 bodies in unmarked graves at 38 sites in northern Kashmir. At least 574 of these were identified as being local people.[38]

Militants

The rapes by Islamic militants have been reported since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. On 22 October 1947, Pashtun militants invaded Baramulla in a Pakistan army truck, and raped women including European nuns.[39] In March 1990, the wife of a BSF inspector was kidnapped, tortured and gang-raped for many days. Then her body with broken limbs was abandoned on a road.[40] On April 14, 1990, a Kashmiri Pandit nurse from the Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences in Srinagar was gang-raped and then beaten to death by terrorists. Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) took responsibility for the crime, accusing Bhat of informing the police about the presence of militants in the hospital.[41][42] On 6 June 1990, a lab assistant at the Government Girls High School Trehgam, was kidnapped and gang raped for many days. Then she was sliced at a sawmill.[43]

Prana Ganjoo was abducted with her husband in Sopore. She was gang-raped for a number of days before the both were killed in November 1990.[44]

Since 1991, reports of rape by Islamic militants have increased, and there have been many cases of the militants threatening to kill the family unless a woman is handed over to the militants. According to the HRW, the rape victims of militants suffer ostracism and there is a "code of silence and fear" that prevents people from reporting such abuse. According to the HRW, the investigation of case of rape by militants is difficult because many Kashmiris are reluctant to discuss it for the fear of violent reprisals.[41] The increase in number of rape cases has resulted in an increased number of abortions, leading to one case of murder of doctor. The doctor was accused of being an informer by the Islamic groups Hezb-ul Mujahidin and Al Jehad.[41] In January 1991, a women was forcibly asked to "marry" a militant. Her brother was killed when the family refused, and the girl was taken away.[40] On 30 March 1992, armed militants demanded food and shelter from the family of the retired truck driver in Nai Sadak, Kralkhud. The family complied, but the militants killed the owner and raped his daughter and wife. Then both the women were also shot dead.[41] Another women was forced to marry the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen commander Farooq Ansari in Kishtwar in 2000. In 2005, a 14-year-old Gujjar girl was abducted from Lurkoti village by the Lashkar-e-Taiba militants, and forced to marry one of them. She was gang-raped by her "husband" and his militant friends.[45] In December 2005, 15-year-old of Bajoni (Doda district) was forced to marry a Hizb-ul-Mujahideen militant, after her family was threatened with death.[45] In 2009, a cleric was arrested for raping a 12-year-old girl in Poonch district.[46]

Violence against Hindus
Main article: Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus

During the eruption of militancy in Kashmir valley, terrorism by majority sect has specifically targeted the Hindu Kashmiri Pandits minority and violated their human rights.[47] Reports by Indian government state 219 Kashmiri pandits were killed and around 140,000 migrated due to militancy while over 3000 stayed in the valley.[48][49] Reports from Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the International Commission of Jurists confirmed Indian reports of systematic human rights violations by Pakistan-backed militants.[24]

According to a report published by Asia Watch:

In Kashmir, the militant forces do not control territory and their military operations are generally characterised by ambushes of government forces and hit-and-run attacks for which they rely on weapons such as AK-47s, grenades, mines and other small arms. However, the guerrillas command considerable support throughout the valley and may take refuge among local civilians following these operations. Unable to locate or identify the militants, government forces routinely respond to the attacks by retaliating against entire villages, killing and assaulting civilians and destroying their property.[50]

According to a resolution passed by the United States Congress in 2006, Islamic terrorists infiltrated the region in 1989 and forced most of the Kashmiri Pandits to flee Kashmir. According to the report, the population of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir had declined from 400,000 in 1989 to 4,000 in 2011.[51]

These groups targeted the Hindus in the Kashmir valley forcing an estimated 100,000 to flee.[25][52]

The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front have been accused of ethnic cleansing by using murder, arson and rape as a weapon of war to drive out hundreds of thousands of Pandits from the region.[24][53] On 25 January 1998, 23 Kashmiri Pandits, including nine women and four young children living in the village of Wandhama, were killed by unknown persons wearing the uniforms of Indian Army soldiers, who had tea with them, waiting for a radio message indicating that all Pandit families in the village had been covered. Thereafter, they rounded up all the members of the Hindu households and then summarily gunned them down with Kalashnikov rifles.[54][55][56][57]

Hindu civilians have been subjected to rape and murder perpetrated by members of terrorist organisations like the JKLF and the Hizbul Mujahideen.[58] Muslim civilians who are considered political opponents of terrorists or those who are believed to be informers have also been raped or murdered.[59]

Pakistan-administered Kashmir

Azad Kashmir

Main article: Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir

Pakistan, an Islamic Republic, imposes multiple restrictions on peoples' religious freedom.[60] Religious minorities also face unofficial economic and societal discrimination and have been targets of sectarian violence.[60]

The constitution of Azad Kashmir specifically prohibits activities that may be prejudicial to the state's accession to Pakistan, and as such regularly suppresses demonstrations against the government.[60] A number of Islamist militant groups operate in this area including Al-Qaeda, with tacit permission from Pakistan's intelligence.[60] As in Indian administered Kashmir, there have been allegations of human rights abuse.

A report titled "Kashmir: Present Situation and Future Prospects", which was submitted to the European Parliament by Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne, was critical of the lack of human rights, justice, democracy, and Kashmiri representation in the Pakistan National Assembly.[61] According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence operates in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and is involved in extensive surveillance, arbitrary arrests, torture, and murder.[60] Generally this is done with impunity and perpetrators go unpunished.[60] The 2008 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees determined that Pakistan-administered Kashmir was 'Not free'.[60] According to Shaukat Ali, chairman of the International Kashmir Alliance, "On one hand Pakistan claims to be the champion of the right of self-determination of the Kashmiri people, but she has denied the same rights under its controlled parts of Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan".[62]

In December 2009, activists of nationalist Kashmiri groups staged a protest in Muzaffarabad to condemn the alleged rigging of elections and killing of an 18-year-old student.[63]

Large protests erupted during the February 2012 Kohistan Killings.[64]

Gilgit-Baltistan

The main demand of the people of Gilgit-Baltistan is a constitutional status to the region as a fifth province of Pakistan.[65][66] However, Pakistan claims that Gilgit-Baltistan cannot be given constitutional status due to Pakistan's commitment to the 1948 UN resolution.[66][67] In 2007, International Crisis Group stated that "Almost six decades after Pakistan's independence, the constitutional status of the Federally Administered Northern Areas (Gilgit and Baltistan), once part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and now under Pakistani control, remains undetermined, with political autonomy a distant dream. The region's inhabitants are embittered by Islamabad's unwillingness to devolve powers in real terms to its elected representatives. The rise of sectarian extremism is an alarming consequence of this denial of basic political rights".[68] A two-day conference on Gilgit-Baltistan was held on 8–9 April 2008 at the European Parliament in Brussels under the auspices of the International Kashmir Alliance.[69] Several members of the European Parliament expressed concern over the human rights violation in Gilgit-Baltistan and urged the government of Pakistan to establish democratic institutions and rule of law in the area.[69][70]

In 2009, the Pakistan government implemented an autonomy package for Gilgit-Baltistan which entails rights similar to those of Pakistan’s other provinces.[65] Gilgit-Baltistan thus gains province-like status without actually being conferred such a status constitutionally.[65][67] The direct rule by Islamabad is replaced by an elected legislative assembly and its chief minister.[65][67]

There has been criticism and opposition to this move in Pakistan, India, and Pakistan administrated Kashmir.[71] The move has been dubbed as an eyewash to hide the real mechanics of power, which allegedly are under the direct control of the Pakistani federal government.[72] The package was opposed by Pakistani Kashmiri politicians who claimed that the integration of Gilgit-Baltistan into Pakistan would undermine their case for the independence of Kashmir from India.[66] 300 activists from Kashmiri groups protested during the first Gilgit-Baltistan legislative assembly elections, with some carrying banners reading "Pakistan's expansionist designs in Gilgit-Baltistan are unacceptable"[66]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Women in Security, Conflict Management, a Peace (Program) (2008). Closer to ourselves: stories from the journ towards peace in South Asia. WISCOMP, Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lam 2008. p. 75. Retrieved 27 December 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  21. ^ a b “(PDF) The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990” Archived 1 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Indian Ministry of Law and Justice Published by the Authority of New Delhi
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  38. ^ Watch, Human Rights (2012). World Report 2012: Events of 2011. Seven Stories. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-60980-389-6.
  39. ^ Wilhelm von Pochhammer (1981). India's road to nationhood: a political history of the subcontinent. Allied Publishers. pp. 512–. ISBN 978-81-7764-715-0. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  40. ^ a b Manoj Joshi (January 1999). The lost rebellion. Penguin Books. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-14-027846-0.
  41. ^ a b c d The Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir. Asia Watch, a division of Human Rights Watch. Lat accessed on 10 March 2012. Also published as a book: Asia Watch Committee (U.S.); Human Rights Watch (Organization); Physicians for Human Rights (U.S.) (1993). The Human rights crisis in Kashmir: a pattern of impunity. Human Rights Watch. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-56432-104-6. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  42. ^ "19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror". rediff. 19 January 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  43. ^ Urvashi Butalia (2002). Speaking peace: women's voices from Kashmir. Zed Books. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-84277-209-6.
  44. ^ Ved Marwah; Centre for Policy Research (New Delhi, India). Uncivil wars: pathology of terrorism in India. HarperCollins. p. 381. ISBN 978-81-7223-251-1. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)
  45. ^ a b "Married to brutality". Deccan Herald. 25 February 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  46. ^ "Cleric arrested for raping minor". Indian Express. 26 June 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  47. ^ Paradise lost. BBC news.
  48. ^ "Front Page : "219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989"". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  49. ^ "219 Pandits Killed in J&K Since 1989". news.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  50. ^ Human Rights in India: Kashmir Under Siege. Asia Watch Committee (U.S.), Human Rights Watch (Organization). 2000. p. 19. ISBN 9780300056143. Retrieved 25 December 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  51. ^ "Resolution on Kashmiri Pandits in US House". Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  52. ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/07/2011724204546645823.html
  53. ^ Flint, Colin (2011). Introduction to Geopolitics (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 978-0415667739.
  54. ^ IBTL. "The Massacre at Wandhama, Kashmir : 25 January 1998". Ibtl.in. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  55. ^ "23 Kashmiri Hindus Gunned Down on Republic Day Eve". Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  56. ^ "'I heard the cries of my mother and sisters',''rediff.com''". Rediff.com. 27 January 1998. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  57. ^ PRADEEP DUTTA Posted: 28 Jul 2002 at 0000 hrs IST JAMMU (28 July 2002). "I saw them kill my entire family ''IndianExpress.com''". Indianexpress.com. Retrieved 25 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ "19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terro". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  59. ^ Rape in Kashmir: A Crime of War, Asia Watch (A Division of Human Rights Watch) & Physicians for Human Rights.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g Freedom in the World 2008 – Kashmir (Pakistan), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2 July 2008 {{citation}}: Check |archive-url= value (help)
  61. ^ EU Report Rattles Pakistan, Outlook (magazine), 2006-12-08
  62. ^ European Parliamentarians express concern for Gilgit-Baltistan, German Information Center, New Delhi, 2008-04-12
  63. ^ Killing of youth in GB by-polls condemned, Dawn, 2009-12-27
  64. ^ "Tension prevails in GB after Kohistan killings". Thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  65. ^ a b c d Nadeem (21 September 2009). "Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy". Indian Express. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  66. ^ a b c d Shigri, Manzar. "Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls". Reuters.com. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  67. ^ a b c "DAWN: Gilgit-Baltistan autonomy". Archives.dawn.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ Political unrest in Gilgit-Baltistan, Dawn, 2009-07-26
  69. ^ a b European MPs concerned at rights violations in Pakistani Kashmir, Thaindian News, 2008-04-13
  70. ^ European Parliament concerned on Gilgit-Baltistan, Indian Express, 2009-12-20
  71. ^ Gilgit-Baltistan package termed an eyewash, Dawn, 2009-08-30
  72. ^ Discontents in Gilgit-Baltistan, Daily Times (Pakistan), 2010-04-21
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