Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan: Difference between revisions
Onceinawhile (talk | contribs) |
Selfstudier (talk | contribs) Fix date in opening sentence of lead. Already referenced later. |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Abdullah's entry into Transjordan''' |
'''Abdullah's entry into Transjordan''' on 21 November 1920 marked the beginning of the second period of Hashemite rule in the [[Transjordan_(region)|Transjordan region]] following a [[Interregnum (Transjordan)|brief interregnum period]]. |
||
[[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah]], the second son of Sharif Hussein, arrived from Hejaz by train in [[Ma'an]] in southern Transjordan on 21 November 1920 to redeem the Kingdom his brother had lost.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=82}} Transjordan then was in disarray; widely considered to be ungovernable with its dysfunctional local governments.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=91}} |
[[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah]], the second son of Sharif Hussein, arrived from Hejaz by train in [[Ma'an]] in southern Transjordan on 21 November 1920 to redeem the Kingdom his brother had lost.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=82}} Transjordan then was in disarray; widely considered to be ungovernable with its dysfunctional local governments.{{sfn|Salibi|1998|p=91}} |
Revision as of 08:43, 8 June 2019
Abdullah's entry into Transjordan on 21 November 1920 marked the beginning of the second period of Hashemite rule in the Transjordan region following a brief interregnum period.
Abdullah, the second son of Sharif Hussein, arrived from Hejaz by train in Ma'an in southern Transjordan on 21 November 1920 to redeem the Kingdom his brother had lost.[1] Transjordan then was in disarray; widely considered to be ungovernable with its dysfunctional local governments.[2]
Abdullah spent almost four months with his base in Ma'an, which he left on 29 February 1921 and arrived in Amman on 2 March 1921.[3] Abdullah's forces had effectively occupied all of Transjordan by the end of March 1921, without opposition.[4]
Following agreement with Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill at the Cairo Conference, the Emirate of Transjordan was established on 11 April 1921.[5]
Prelude
Abdullah's ambitions were affected in mid 1920 when the Iraqi revolt against the British began in May 1920 and Faisal's Arab Kingdom of Syria fell to the French in July 1920.
Journey from Medina
Abdullah left Medina in mid-October; the 800 km journey took 27 days due to the poor state of the Hejaz railway which had been heavily damaged during World War I.[5]
The stated reason for his travel was to redeem the Kingdom his brother Faisal had lost.[1]
Arrival in Ma’an
Abdullah arrived in Ma'an in southern Transjordan on 21 November 1920. Sources differ as to the number of men he had with him,[6] from 300,[7] to 1,200,[8] to 2,000.[5][9]
Outreach to local leaders
On his arrival in Ma'an Abdullah arranged for letters to dispatched to invite the leaders of the Syrian National Congress and notable Transjordanians, to meet him Ma'an and discuss the "firm intentions of the people".[10] Two weeks later, on 5 December, he issued a proclamation which stated that his sole intention was to "expel the invaders".[11] The British had discouraged some of the prominent Transjordanians from allying with Abduallah, including Mazhar Raslan, the mutasarrif of Salt. Rufayfan Pasha, the mutasarrif of Karak, did not go to Ma'an at all, and other officials demanded a guarantee for their army pensions or tried to extract other forms of payment before they would join Abdullah.[10]
Moves to control the country
In January 1921, Abdullah’s forced moved into Kerak, without opposition from the British.[12] Abdullah spent almost four months with his base in Ma'an, which he left on 29 February 1921 and arrived in Amman on 2 March 1921.[3] Abdullah's forces had effectively occupied all of Transjordan by the end of March 1921, without opposition.[4]
Cairo Conference
The Cairo Conference was convened on 12 March 1921 by Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill, then Britain's Colonial Secretary, and lasted until 30 March; the conference was to endorse an arrangement whereby Transjordan would be added to the Palestine mandate, with Abdullah as the emir under the authority of the High Commissioner, and with the condition that the Jewish National Home provisions of the Palestine mandate would not apply there.[13]
Proclamation of the Emirate of Transjordan
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Meetings_of_British%2C_Arab%2C_and_Bedouin_officials_in_Amman%2C_Transjordan%2C_April_1921.png/220px-Meetings_of_British%2C_Arab%2C_and_Bedouin_officials_in_Amman%2C_Transjordan%2C_April_1921.png)
Following agreement with Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill, the Emirate of Transjordan was established on 11 April 1921.[5]
References
- ^ a b Salibi 1998, p. 82.
- ^ Salibi 1998, p. 91.
- ^ a b Vatikiotis 2017, p. 52.
- ^ a b Sicker 1999, pp. 159–161.
- ^ a b c d Salibi 1998, p. 93.
- ^ Bradshaw 2012, p. 31: “variously described as numbering a few hundred to several thousand men”
- ^ Wilson 1990, p. 48: "300 men and six machine guns"
- ^ Patai 2015, p. 35.
- ^ Kirkbride 1956, p. 25.
- ^ a b Paris 2003, p. 153.
- ^ Paris 2003, p. 153; Paris refers to FO 371/6371 p.76.
- ^ Sicker 1999, pp. 159–161: "In January 1921, it was reported in Kerak that Abdullah was advancing toward the town at the head of his army. Kirkbride appealed to Samuel for instructions. The political officer had a total force of only fifty Arab policemen at his disposal and quite simply did not know what to do. Several weeks later he received the following reply from Jerusalem: "It is considered most unlikely that the Emir Abdullah would advance into territory which is under British control"... Two days later Abdullah's troops marched into British-controlled Moab. Unable to stop him, Kirkbride decided to welcome him instead. With Abdullah's arrival the National Government of Moab went out of existence."
- ^ Wasserstein 2008, p. 105-106: "Wasserstein writes: "Palestine, therefore, was not partitioned in 1921–1922. Transjordan was not excised but, on the contrary, added to the mandatory area. Zionism was barred from seeking to expand there – but the Balfour Declaration had never previously applied to the area east of the Jordan. Why is this important? Because the myth of Palestine's 'first partition' has become part of the concept of 'Greater Israel' and of the ideology of Jabotinsky's Revisionist movement."
Bibliography
- Bradshaw, Tancred (30 March 2012). Britain and Jordan: Imperial Strategy, King Abdullah I and the Zionist Movement. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85772-114-3.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Salibi, Kamal S. (1998). The Modern History of Jordan. London: I B Tauris. ISBN 978-1860643316.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=
(help); Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Patai, Raphael (8 December 2015). Kingdom of Jordan. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-7799-7.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Vatikiotis, P.J. (18 May 2017). Politics and the Military in Jordan: A Study of the Arab Legion, 1921–1957. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-78303-3.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Paris, Timothy J. (2003). Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule: The Sherifian Solution. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-77191-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Sicker, Martin (1999). Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96639-3.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Wasserstein, Bernard (2008). Israel and Palestine: Why They Fight and Can They Stop?. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-84668-092-2.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Wilson, Mary Christina (1990). King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39987-6.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Kirkbride, Sir Alec Seath (1956). A Crackle of Thorns: Experiences in the Middle East. J. Murray.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Rudd, Jeffery A (1993). "Chapter 8: Abdullah and the Creation of Transjordan". Abdallah bin al-Husayn: The Making of an Arab Political Leader, 1908-1921 (PDF) (PhD). SOAS University of London.
{{cite thesis}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)