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There is little published research on interactions between pharmaceutical drugs and essential oils.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/explore-healing-practices/aromatherapy/are-essential-oils-safe|title=Are Essential Oils Safe?|website=Taking Charge of Your Health & Wellbeing|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> However, [[Polypharmacy|combined]] aromatherapy and conventional medical treatment may have [[Pharmacodynamics|pharmacodynamic]] and [[Pharmacokinetics|pharmacokinetic]] interactions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.org.au/australian-prescriber/articles/drug-interactions-with-complementary-medicines-1|title=Drug interactions with complementary medicines|website=NPS MedicineWise|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>
There is little published research on interactions between pharmaceutical drugs and essential oils.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/explore-healing-practices/aromatherapy/are-essential-oils-safe|title=Are Essential Oils Safe?|website=Taking Charge of Your Health & Wellbeing|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> However, [[Polypharmacy|combined]] aromatherapy and conventional medical treatment may have [[Pharmacodynamics|pharmacodynamic]] and [[Pharmacokinetics|pharmacokinetic]] interactions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.org.au/australian-prescriber/articles/drug-interactions-with-complementary-medicines-1|title=Drug interactions with complementary medicines|website=NPS MedicineWise|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>


== Registration ==
== Regulation and Registration ==


=== Australia ===
=== Australia ===
In Australia, aromatherapist is not a protected title under the National Law<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahpra.gov.au/About-AHPRA/What-We-Do/FAQ.aspx|title=Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - AHPRA FAQ|website=www.ahpra.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahpra.gov.au/About-AHPRA/What-We-Do/Legislation.aspx|title=Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - Legislation|website=www.ahpra.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. This means that in Australia, aromatherapists are unregistered healthcare workers. Unregistered healthcare workers must abide by the ''National Code of Conduct for Healthcare Workers''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coaghealthcouncil.gov.au/NationalCodeOfConductForHealthCareWorkers|title=National Code of Conduct for health care workers|website=www.coaghealthcouncil.gov.au|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. Some aromatherapy preparations are regulated as medicines under the ''Therapeutic Goods Act 1989''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/overview-regulation-complementary-medicines-australia|title=An overview of the regulation of complementary medicines in Australia|last=Administration|first=Australian Government Department of Health Therapeutic Goods|date=2013-03-25|website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. There are several voluntary registration schemes available for aromatherapists.
In Australia, aromatherapist is not a protected title under the National Law<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahpra.gov.au/About-AHPRA/What-We-Do/FAQ.aspx|title=Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - AHPRA FAQ|website=www.ahpra.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahpra.gov.au/About-AHPRA/What-We-Do/Legislation.aspx|title=Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - Legislation|website=www.ahpra.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. This means that in Australia, aromatherapists are unregistered healthcare workers. Unregistered healthcare workers must abide by the ''National Code of Conduct for Healthcare Workers''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coaghealthcouncil.gov.au/NationalCodeOfConductForHealthCareWorkers|title=National Code of Conduct for health care workers|website=www.coaghealthcouncil.gov.au|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. Some aromatherapy preparations are regulated as medicines under the ''Therapeutic Goods Act 1989''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/overview-regulation-complementary-medicines-australia|title=An overview of the regulation of complementary medicines in Australia|last=Administration|first=Australian Government Department of Health Therapeutic Goods|date=2013-03-25|website=Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. There are several voluntary registration schemes available for practicing aromatherapists:


⚫
* Accreditation with the Australian Natural Therapies Association (ANTA) is available for people who have completed a Diploma of Clinical Aromatherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.australiannaturaltherapistsassociation.com.au/Public/Courses/Recognised_Courses/Aromatherapy/Public/Recognised_Courses/AromatherapyCourses.aspx?hkey=143ba738-c044-4642-9092-a2d67dd2f623|title=Recognised Courses - Aromatherapy|website=www.australiannaturaltherapistsassociation.com.au|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
Accreditation with the:
⚫
* Accredited Professional Membership with the International Aromatherapy and Aromatic Medicine Association (IAAMA) is available for people who have completed a Diploma of Clinical Aromatherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaama.org.au/membership.html#membersip-levels|title=Membership|website=www.iaama.org.au|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>


=== Canada ===
⚫
* Australian Natural Therapies Association (ANTA) is available for people who have completed a Diploma of Clinical Aromatherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.australiannaturaltherapistsassociation.com.au/Public/Courses/Recognised_Courses/Aromatherapy/Public/Recognised_Courses/AromatherapyCourses.aspx?hkey=143ba738-c044-4642-9092-a2d67dd2f623|title=Recognised Courses - Aromatherapy|website=www.australiannaturaltherapistsassociation.com.au|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
In Canada, aromatherapy is an unregulated occupation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cicic.ca/927/identify_the_organization_responsible_for_recognition.canada|title=Identify the organization responsible for recognition|website=www.cicic.ca|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. Aromatherapist is classified in the [[National Occupational Classification]] under 'Practitioners of natural healing.' There are several voluntary registration schemes available for practicing aromatherapists:
⚫
* International Aromatherapy and Aromatic Medicine Association (IAAMA) is available for people who have completed a Diploma of Clinical Aromatherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaama.org.au/membership.html#membersip-levels|title=Membership|website=www.iaama.org.au|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>

* Professional membership of the Canadian Federation of Aromatherapists (CFA) is available to people who have completed 425 hours of aromatherapy training meeting the educational standard of the CFA Core Curriculum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfacanada.com/education-standards/|title=CFA Education Standards|last=admin|website=Canadian Federation of Aromatherapy|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
* Registration with the British Colombia Alliance of Aromatherapy (BCAOA) is available to people who have 200 or 400 hours of aromatherapy training meeting the educational standard of the BCAOA Core Curriculum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bcaoa.org/membership/types-of-membership/|title=Types of Membership|last=wallaceimedia|website=BCAOA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
* Certification with the National Association of Holistic Aromatherapy (NAHA) is available to people who have 50 hours, 200 hours, or 300 hours of aromatherapy training meeting their educational standards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naha.org/education/standards/|title=NAHA {{!}} Aromatherapy Education|website=naha.org|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>


=== New Zealand ===
=== New Zealand ===
In New Zealand, aromatherapist is not a protected title under the ''Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/regulation-health-and-disability-system/health-practitioners-competence-assurance-act|title=Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act|website=Ministry of Health NZ|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. This means that in New Zealand, aromatherapists are unregistered healthcare workers. Unregistered healthcare workers must abide by the ''Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights) Regulations 1996''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1996/0078/latest/DLM209085.html|title=Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights) Regulations 1996 (SR 1996/78) (as at 10 June 2004) Schedule Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers’ Rights – New Zealand Legislation|website=www.legislation.govt.nz|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. There is one voluntary registration scheme available for aromatherapists. Registration with the New Zealand Register of Holistic Aromatherapists (NZROHA) is available for people who have completed 200 hours of training on aromatherapy and essential oils; 140 hours of training on aromatherapy massage; 150 hours of training on anatomy and physiology; 150 hours of training on aromatherapy assessment and treatment; and a first aid certificate<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aromatherapy.org.nz/members/become-a-member|title=Become a NZROHA member {{!}} Aromatherapists New Zealand|website=NZROHA|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>.
In New Zealand, aromatherapist is not a protected title under the ''Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/regulation-health-and-disability-system/health-practitioners-competence-assurance-act|title=Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act|website=Ministry of Health NZ|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. This means that in New Zealand, aromatherapists are unregistered healthcare workers. Unregistered healthcare workers must abide by the ''Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights) Regulations 1996''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1996/0078/latest/DLM209085.html|title=Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights) Regulations 1996 (SR 1996/78) (as at 10 June 2004) Schedule Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers’ Rights – New Zealand Legislation|website=www.legislation.govt.nz|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. There is one voluntary registration scheme available for practicing aromatherapists. Registration with the New Zealand Register of Holistic Aromatherapists (NZROHA) is available for people who have completed 200 hours of training on aromatherapy and essential oils; 140 hours of training on aromatherapy massage; 150 hours of training on anatomy and physiology; 150 hours of training on aromatherapy assessment and treatment; and a first aid certificate<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aromatherapy.org.nz/members/become-a-member|title=Become a NZROHA member {{!}} Aromatherapists New Zealand|website=NZROHA|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>.


=== United Kingdom ===
=== United Kingdom ===
In the UK, aromatherapist is not a protected title by the [[Health and Care Professions Council]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hcpc-uk.org/about-us/who-we-regulate/the-professions/|title=Professions and protected titles {{!}}|website=www.hcpc-uk.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. Herbal practitioners were considered for statutory regulation in 2011 but decided there was insufficient evidence to warrant this<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hcpc-uk.org/about-us/who-we-regulate/regulation-of-further-professions/|title=Regulating further professions {{!}}|website=www.hcpc-uk.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. This means that in the UK, aromatherapists are unregistered healthcare workers. In 2008, the UK government set up the [[Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council]] (CNHC) as an independent register of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnhc.org.uk/what-we-do|title=What we do {{!}} CNHC|website=www.cnhc.org.uk|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. CNHC has a Profession Specific Board (PSB) for each of the sixteen professions it registers, including aromatherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnhc.org.uk/profession-specific-boards-psbs|title=Profession Specific Boards (PSBs) {{!}} CNHC|website=www.cnhc.org.uk|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. Registration with the CNHC is available to people who have completed a [[National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom|Level 3]] qualification in aromatherapy in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; a [[National Framework of Qualifications|Level 5]] qualification in aromatherapy in Ireland; a [[Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework|Level 6]] qualification in aromatherapy in Scotland; or have met the [[National Occupational Standards]] for aromatherapy by means of relevant experience of at least 3 years and relevant training and have been assessed as meeting those standards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnhc.org.uk/am-i-eligible|title=Am I eligible to apply? {{!}} CNHC|website=www.cnhc.org.uk|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. There are several other voluntary registration schemes available for aromatherapists.
In the UK, aromatherapist is not a protected title by the [[Health and Care Professions Council]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hcpc-uk.org/about-us/who-we-regulate/the-professions/|title=Professions and protected titles {{!}}|website=www.hcpc-uk.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. Herbal practitioners were considered for statutory regulation in 2011 but decided there was insufficient evidence to warrant this<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hcpc-uk.org/about-us/who-we-regulate/regulation-of-further-professions/|title=Regulating further professions {{!}}|website=www.hcpc-uk.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. This means that in the UK, aromatherapists are unregistered healthcare workers. In 2008, the UK government set up the [[Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council]] (CNHC) as an independent register of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnhc.org.uk/what-we-do|title=What we do {{!}} CNHC|website=www.cnhc.org.uk|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. CNHC has a Profession Specific Board (PSB) for each of the sixteen professions it registers, including aromatherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnhc.org.uk/profession-specific-boards-psbs|title=Profession Specific Boards (PSBs) {{!}} CNHC|website=www.cnhc.org.uk|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. Registration with the CNHC is available to people who have completed a [[National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom|Level 3]] qualification in aromatherapy in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; a [[National Framework of Qualifications|Level 5]] qualification in aromatherapy in Ireland; a [[Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework|Level 6]] qualification in aromatherapy in Scotland; or have met the [[National Occupational Standards]] for aromatherapy by means of relevant experience of at least 3 years and relevant training and have been assessed as meeting those standards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnhc.org.uk/am-i-eligible|title=Am I eligible to apply? {{!}} CNHC|website=www.cnhc.org.uk|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>. There are several other voluntary registration schemes available for practicing aromatherapists:

Registration with the:


* Association of Physical and Natural Therapists (APNT) is available for people who have completed a [[BTEC Extended Diploma|BTEC Level 3]] Diploma of Aromatherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnt.org/join/|title=Join – Association of Physical & Natural Therapists|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
* Registration with the Association of Physical and Natural Therapists (APNT) is available for people who have completed a [[BTEC Extended Diploma|BTEC Level 3]] Diploma of Aromatherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnt.org/join/|title=Join – Association of Physical & Natural Therapists|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
* Complementary Health Professionals (CHP) is available for people who have completed a course that meets the Aromatherapy Council's Core Curriculum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aromatherapycouncil.org.uk/standards|title=Training Standards|website=aromatherapycouncil|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
* Registration with the Complementary Health Professionals (CHP) is available for people who have completed a course that meets the Aromatherapy Council's Core Curriculum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aromatherapycouncil.org.uk/standards|title=Training Standards|website=aromatherapycouncil|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
* International Federation of Aromatherapists (IFA) is available for people who have completed an IFA Diploma of Aromatherapy course or equivalent<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifaroma.org/index.php/english/home/membership/membership-criteria|title=Aromatherapist Accreditation Aromatherapy Qualification Standards|website=ifaroma.org|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
* Registration with the International Federation of Aromatherapists (IFA) is available for people who have completed an IFA Diploma of Aromatherapy course or equivalent<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifaroma.org/index.php/english/home/membership/membership-criteria|title=Aromatherapist Accreditation Aromatherapy Qualification Standards|website=ifaroma.org|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
* International Federation of Professional Aromatherapists (IFPA) is available for people who have completed an IFPA Professional Diploma in Aromatherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifparoma.org/our-training-schools/how-to-become-qualified/|title=How to become qualified|website=IFPA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>
* Registration with the International Federation of Professional Aromatherapists (IFPA) is available for people who have completed an IFPA Professional Diploma in Aromatherapy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifparoma.org/our-training-schools/how-to-become-qualified/|title=How to become qualified|website=IFPA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 05:22, 2 October 2019

Aromatherapy
A diffuser and a bottle of essential oil
Alternative therapy
MeSHD019341
This article is part of a series on
Alternative medicine
General information
Fringe medicine and science
Controversies
Classifications
Traditional medicine
Alternative diagnoses

Aromatherapy is a pseudoscience based on the usage of aromatic materials, including essential oils, and other aroma compounds, with claims for improving physical, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing.[1] It offered as a complementary therapy or as a form of alternative medicine, the first meaning alongside standard treatments,[2] the second instead of conventional, evidence-based treatments.[3]

Aromatherapists, people who specialize in the practice of aromatherapy, utilize blends of essential oils that can be used as topical application, massage, inhalation or water immersion.[4] There is no good medical evidence that aromatherapy can either prevent or cure any disease.[5] There is limited low-quality evidence that aromatherapy can treat some specific medical conditions, however these findings should be viewed with caution due to the limitations of the evidence available.

History

Proponents of aromatherapy link it historically to the use of infused oils and unguents in the Bible and ancient Egypt, remedies used throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and the burning of aromatic plants in various religious rites.[1] Greek physician, pharmacist, and botanist Dioscorides described his beliefs about healing oils his De Materia Medica, written in the first century.[6] Distilled essential oils have been employed as medicines since the eleventh century,[7] when Avicenna isolated essential oils using steam distillation.[8]

Although aromatherapy has been practiced for centuries in various cultures, the modern version was developed mainly in France in the early 20th century.[4] The French chemist and perfumer Rene Gattefossé coined the term aromatherapy and published a book of that name in 1937, citing primarily anecdotal and case-based evidence.[9] Aromatherapy was popular in France, Italy, and Germany for the next 30 years, falling out of fashion in the mid 20th century.[1] Aromatherapy was re-discovered by a French physician, Jean Valnet, in the late 20th century, resulting in the publication of his work The Practice of Aromatherapy in 1982.[10] This led to the popularization of aromatherapy in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the 1980s and 1990s until today.[1]

Effectiveness

There is no good medical evidence that aromatherapy can prevent or cure any disease.[11][12] In 2015, the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance; aromatherapy was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found.[13]

Evidence for the efficacy of aromatherapy in treating medical conditions is poor, with a particular lack of studies employing rigorous methodology.[14][15] A number of systematic reviews have studied the clinical effectiveness of aromatherapy in general;[16][17] adverse affects of aromatherapy;[18] and aromatherapy for the treatment of anxiety symptoms,[19] behavioural and psychological symptoms in people with dementia,[20] depressive symptoms,[21] hypertension,[22] labor pain,[23][24] other pain,[25] post-operative nausea and vomiting,[26][27] postpartum complications,[28][29] sleep quality,[30] stress,[31] and symptom relief in cancer.[32]

These systematic reviews have found some low-quality evidence that aromatherapy can treat mild anxiety symptoms;[19] mild depressive symptoms;[33] behavioural and psychological symptoms in people with dementia;[20] childbirth-related anxiety and pain;[23][24] some other types of pain;[25] post-operative nausea and vomiting;[27][26] postpartum discomfort;[29][28] low quality sleep;[30] mild stress,[31] and common complications in cancer patients.[32] One systematic review found there was no convincing evidence that aromatherapy is an effective treatment for any health condition[5] and one systematic review found there was no evidence for aromatherapy treatment of hypertension.[22] Almost all of these systematic reviews stated that their findings should be viewed with caution due to the limitations of the evidence available. Almost all of the randomized controlled trials considered in these systematic reviews were found to be of low quality, meaning that more well-designed, large scale, randomized controlled trials are needed before clear conclusions can be drawn as to the actual effectiveness of aromatherapy.

Safety

Further information: Alternative medicine § Criticism, legitimacy and effects

Many aromatherapists and members of the public consider the use of essential oils to be safe, based on the misconception that all all herbs are safe because the are 'natural'.[34] However, aromatherapy carries a number of risks of adverse effects.[35] In one systematic review of 71 different cases of adverse effects to aromatherapy, adverse effects ranged from mild to severe and included one fatality. Lavender, peppermint, tea tree oil and ylang-ylang were the most common essential oils responsible for adverse effects. However, the most commonly reported side effect of aromatherapy was dermatitis.[18] In general, safety testing on essential oils has shown minimal adverse effects.[1]

Aromatic plant oils are highly concentrated and should never be swallowed, applied undiluted to the skin, or applied to any human orifices due to risk of poisoning, skin irritation and burns[4] Also, the toxicity of essential oils does not entirely depend on high concentrations, as some essential oils are inherently toxic even at very low concentrations.[34] For this reason, aromatherapists tend to dilute essential oils in carrier oils, creams and lotions, or disperse them in water.[36]

There is little published research on interactions between pharmaceutical drugs and essential oils.[37] However, combined aromatherapy and conventional medical treatment may have pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions.[38]

Regulation and Registration

Australia

In Australia, aromatherapist is not a protected title under the National Law[39][40]. This means that in Australia, aromatherapists are unregistered healthcare workers. Unregistered healthcare workers must abide by the National Code of Conduct for Healthcare Workers[41]. Some aromatherapy preparations are regulated as medicines under the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989[42]. There are several voluntary registration schemes available for practicing aromatherapists:

  • Accreditation with the Australian Natural Therapies Association (ANTA) is available for people who have completed a Diploma of Clinical Aromatherapy[43]
  • Accredited Professional Membership with the International Aromatherapy and Aromatic Medicine Association (IAAMA) is available for people who have completed a Diploma of Clinical Aromatherapy[44]

Canada

In Canada, aromatherapy is an unregulated occupation[45]. Aromatherapist is classified in the National Occupational Classification under 'Practitioners of natural healing.' There are several voluntary registration schemes available for practicing aromatherapists:

  • Professional membership of the Canadian Federation of Aromatherapists (CFA) is available to people who have completed 425 hours of aromatherapy training meeting the educational standard of the CFA Core Curriculum[46]
  • Registration with the British Colombia Alliance of Aromatherapy (BCAOA) is available to people who have 200 or 400 hours of aromatherapy training meeting the educational standard of the BCAOA Core Curriculum[47]
  • Certification with the National Association of Holistic Aromatherapy (NAHA) is available to people who have 50 hours, 200 hours, or 300 hours of aromatherapy training meeting their educational standards[48]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, aromatherapist is not a protected title under the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003[49]. This means that in New Zealand, aromatherapists are unregistered healthcare workers. Unregistered healthcare workers must abide by the Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights) Regulations 1996[50]. There is one voluntary registration scheme available for practicing aromatherapists. Registration with the New Zealand Register of Holistic Aromatherapists (NZROHA) is available for people who have completed 200 hours of training on aromatherapy and essential oils; 140 hours of training on aromatherapy massage; 150 hours of training on anatomy and physiology; 150 hours of training on aromatherapy assessment and treatment; and a first aid certificate[51].

United Kingdom

In the UK, aromatherapist is not a protected title by the Health and Care Professions Council[52]. Herbal practitioners were considered for statutory regulation in 2011 but decided there was insufficient evidence to warrant this[53]. This means that in the UK, aromatherapists are unregistered healthcare workers. In 2008, the UK government set up the Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council (CNHC) as an independent register of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners[54]. CNHC has a Profession Specific Board (PSB) for each of the sixteen professions it registers, including aromatherapy[55]. Registration with the CNHC is available to people who have completed a Level 3 qualification in aromatherapy in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; a Level 5 qualification in aromatherapy in Ireland; a Level 6 qualification in aromatherapy in Scotland; or have met the National Occupational Standards for aromatherapy by means of relevant experience of at least 3 years and relevant training and have been assessed as meeting those standards[56]. There are several other voluntary registration schemes available for practicing aromatherapists:

  • Registration with the Association of Physical and Natural Therapists (APNT) is available for people who have completed a BTEC Level 3 Diploma of Aromatherapy[57]
  • Registration with the Complementary Health Professionals (CHP) is available for people who have completed a course that meets the Aromatherapy Council's Core Curriculum[58]
  • Registration with the International Federation of Aromatherapists (IFA) is available for people who have completed an IFA Diploma of Aromatherapy course or equivalent[59]
  • Registration with the International Federation of Professional Aromatherapists (IFPA) is available for people who have completed an IFPA Professional Diploma in Aromatherapy[60]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board (2002), "Aromatherapy With Essential Oils (PDQ®): Health Professional Version", PDQ Cancer Information Summaries, National Cancer Institute (US), PMID 26389313, retrieved 1 October 2019{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Kuriyama, Hiroko; Watanabe, Satoko; Nakaya, Takaaki; Shigemori, Ichiro; Kita, Masakazu; Yoshida, Noriko; Masaki, Daiki; Tadai, Toshiaki; Ozasa, Kotaro; Fukui, Kenji; Imanishi, Jiro (2005). "Immunological and Psychological Benefits of Aromatherapy Massage". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2 (2): 179–184. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh087. PMC 1142199. PMID 15937558.
  3. ^ "Alternative therapies and cancer - Cancer Information". Macmillan Cancer Support. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Services, Department of Health & Human. "Aromatherapy". www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  5. ^ a b Lee, Myeong Soo; Choi, Jiae; Posadzki, Paul; Ernst, Edzard (March 2012). "Aromatherapy for health care: An overview of systematic reviews". Maturitas. 71 (3): 257–260. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.018. PMID 22285469.
  6. ^ Dioscorides, Pedanius; Goodyer, John (trans.) (1959). Gunther, R.T. (ed.). The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides. New York: Hafner Publishing. OCLC 3570794.[page needed]
  7. ^ Forbes, R.J. (1970). A short history of the art of distillation. Leiden: E.J. Brill. OCLC 2559231.[page needed]
  8. ^ Ericksen, Marlene (2000). Healing With Aromatherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 9. ISBN 0-658-00382-8.
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