1991: Difference between revisions
[accepted revision] | [accepted revision] |
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
Line 578: | Line 578: | ||
** [[Siya Kolisi]], South African rugby union player |
** [[Siya Kolisi]], South African rugby union player |
||
** [[Joe McElderry]], British singer and model |
** [[Joe McElderry]], British singer and model |
||
** [[Tameka Yallop]], Australian footballer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/default.aspx?s=wleague_profile&pid=1528&tid=275|title=Player profile – Tameka Butt|publisher=[[Brisbane Roar FC]]|access-date=7 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026045248/http://brisbaneroar.com.au/default.aspx?s=wleague_profile&pid=1528&tid=275|archive-date=26 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
|||
* [[June 17]] – [[Staz Nair]], British actor and singer |
* [[June 17]] – [[Staz Nair]], British actor and singer |
||
* [[June 18]] – [[Willa Holland]], American model and actress<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/willa_joannachance_holland_born_1991_20702492 |title=The Birth of Willa Holland |website=Californiabirthindex.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101224739/http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/willa_joannachance_holland_born_1991_20702492 |archive-date=November 1, 2014 |access-date=February 7, 2015}}</ref> |
* [[June 18]] – [[Willa Holland]], American model and actress<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/willa_joannachance_holland_born_1991_20702492 |title=The Birth of Willa Holland |website=Californiabirthindex.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101224739/http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/willa_joannachance_holland_born_1991_20702492 |archive-date=November 1, 2014 |access-date=February 7, 2015}}</ref> |
Revision as of 22:02, 16 December 2021
Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
---|---|
Centuries: | |
Decades: | |
Years: |
1991 by topic |
---|
Subject |
By country |
|
Lists of leaders |
Birth and death categories |
Establishments and disestablishments categories |
Works category |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1991st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 991st year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1990s decade.
It was the final year of the Cold War that had begun in 1947. During the year, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics fell, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the CIS in its place. In July 1991, India abandoned its policies of socialism and autarky and began extensive neoliberal changes to its economy. This increased GDP, but also increased economic inequality over the next two decades.[1] A UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded and annexed Kuwait in the previous year, 1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade.
In the context of the apartheid, the year after the liberation of political prisoner Nelson Mandela the Parliament of South Africa repeals the Population Registration Act, 1950 overturning the racial classification of the population, a key component of apartheid.[2]
The year 1991 saw the rise of a 10 years long boost of the US domestic economy with the Dow Jones Industrial Average remarkably closing in April at above 3,000 for the first time.[3] This situation would only be cut short by the Dot-com bubble of 2000–2002.
In August, the World Wide Web, originally conceived during the previous year, was released outside CERN to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and publicly announced in August, also establishing the first website ever, "info.cern.ch". This step was a key factor that lead to the mid-1990s public breakthrough of the internet, which would eventually accelerate the already ongoing globalization around the globe.
In terms of pop culture, during this year alternative music saw a new height of popularity when some of the earliest music exponents of a then virtually unknown grunge sound were released, including the influential Nevermind album by Seattle-based band Nirvana in September 1991.[4] It was also in 1991 that hip-hop music reached an unprecedented mainstream level of success.[5] Electronic music derivative forms were also starting to gain momentum and would define, alone with the previous scenes, the sound for most of the decade.
1991 also marks the last year in the music market that the cassette tape outnumbers the compact disc (CD) annual sales within the U.S. market, with a slight advantage of the former although with a dramatic decrease in sales respect of the figures in 1990. This sales gap would only increase during the rest of the decade.[6]
Events
January
- January 1 - Czechoslovakia becomes the second Eastern European country to abandon its command economy.[7]
- January 4 – The UN Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israel's treatment of Palestinians.[citation needed]
- January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, starting the 1991–92 South Ossetia War.[8]
- January 7 – 1991 Haitian coup d'état: An attempted coup by the Tonton Macoute, a paramilitary force under former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier, is thwarted in Haiti.[9] On July 30, he is convicted by a jury of attempting to overthrow the country's first democratically elected government.[citation needed]
- January 9
- Gulf War: U.S. Secretary of State James Baker meets with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz but fails to produce a plan for the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait.[10][11]
- In Sebokeng, South Africa, gunmen open fire on mourners attending the funeral of an African National Congress leader, killing 45 people.[12]
- January 12 – Gulf War: The U.S. Congress passes a resolution authorizing the use of military force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait.[13]
- January 13
- Singing Revolution: Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence, killing 14 civilians and injuring 702 more. In Latvia, a series of confrontations between the Latvian government and the Soviet government take place in Riga.[14][15]
- January 15
- Gulf War: The UN deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm.[16]
- Prime Minister of Cape Verde Pedro Pires resigns following his party's loss in the Cape Verdean parliamentary election, the first ever multiparty election in an African nation. Later on February 17, António Mascarenhas Monteiro wins the country's first multiparty presidential election since 1975.[17]
- January 16 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq.[18][19]
- January 17
- Gulf War: Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel. Iraqi attacks continue with 15 people injured in Tel Aviv on January 19 and 96 people injured in Ramat Gan on January 22.[20][21][22][23]
- Harald V of Norway becomes the king of Norway after the death of his father, Olav V.[24]
- January 18 – Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years of operations, citing financial problems. Later on December 4, Pan American World Airways ceases its operations.[25][26]
- January 22 – Gulf War: The British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero, is deployed in Iraq.[27]
- January 24 – The government of Papua New Guinea signs a peace agreement with separatist leaders from Bougainville Island, ending fighting that had gone on since 1988.[28]
- January 26 – President Siad Barre is overthrown and Somalia enters a civil war. Three days later, Ali Mahdi Muhammad is inaugurated as the next president.[29][30]
- January 29
- In South Africa, Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress and Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Inkatha Freedom Party agree to end violence between the two organizations.[31][32]
- Gulf War: The first major ground engagement of the war, the Battle of Khafji, begins. The battle lasts until February 1.[33]
February
- February 1
- USAir Flight 1493 collides with a SkyWest Airlines Fairchild Metroliner at Los Angeles International Airport, killing 34 people.[34]
- A 6.4 mb Hindu Kush earthquake causes severe damage in northeast Afghanistan, leaving 848 dead and 200 injured.[35][36]
- February 6 – Capcom releases Street Fighter II for arcades. It becomes highly successful and is routinely listed as the grandfather of the fighting game genre.[37]
- February 7
- 1991 Haitian coup d'état: Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in.[38] He is ousted on September 30 and later reinstated in 1994. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to restore democracy, the U.S. expands trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29.
- The Provisional Irish Republican Army launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a cabinet meeting.[39][40]
- Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground phase of the war.[41]
- February 11 – The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is formed in The Hague, Netherlands.[42]
- February 13 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad, killing hundreds of Iraqis. US military intelligence claims it was a military facility while Iraqi officials identify it as a bomb shelter.[43]
- February 15 – The Visegrad Agreement, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.[44]
- February 16 – Singing Revolution: The Council of Lithuania declares the independence of Lithuania, ending decades of Soviet rule over the country.[45]
- February 18 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army explodes bombs in the early morning, at both Paddington station and Victoria station, in London.[46]
- February 20 – President of Albania Ramiz Alia dismisses the government of Prime Minister Adil Çarçani and appoints Fatos Nano as the next prime minister in an effort to stem pro-democracy protests.[47][48][49]
- February 22 – Gulf War: Iraq accepts a Soviet-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, instead saying that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours.
- February 23 – In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong deposes Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan in a bloodless coup d'état.[50][51]
- February 25 – Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi Scud missile hits an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 U.S. soldiers and injuring 99 more. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during the war.[52][53]
- February 26 – Gulf War: On Baghdad radio, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat; the fire lasts until November 7.[54][55]
- February 27
- Gulf War: U.S. President Bush declares victory over Iraq and orders a cease-fire. U.S. troops begin to leave the Persian Gulf on March 10.[53]
- In the Bangladeshi general election, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party wins 139 of 300 seats in the Jatiyo Sangshad, leading BNP leader Khaleda Zia to become the president on March 19.[56][57]
March
- March 3
- Singing Revolution: Voters in Estonia and Latvia vote more than 3-to-1 in favor of independence from the Soviet Union.[58][59]
- United Airlines Flight 585 crashes in Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing all 25 people on board.[60][61]
- The first presidential election in the history of São Tomé and Príncipe is won by Miguel Trovoada.[62][63]
- A video captures the beating of motorist Rodney King by Los Angeles police officers. Four Los Angeles police officers are indicted on March 15 for the beating.[64][65]
- March 6 – Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar resigns following a dispute with former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, whose support had kept him in power.[66][67][68]
- March 9 – Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade; two people are killed and tanks are deployed in the streets.[69]
- March 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: In the Salvadoran legislative election, the Nationalist Republican Alliance wins 39 of the 48 seats in the legislative assembly.[70][71]
- March 11 – A curfew is imposed on black townships in South Africa after fighting between rival political gangs killed 49.
- March 13
- The U.S. Department of Justice announces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.[72]
- The Acid Rain Treaty of 1991 is signed between the American and Canadian governments.[73]
- March 14
- Gulf War: Emir of Kuwait Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah returns to Kuwait after seven months of exile in Saudi Arabia.[74]
- The Troubles: After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing a public house in a Provisional IRA attack, the "Birmingham Six" are freed when a court determines that the police fabricated evidence.[75][76]
- March 15
- Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the U.K., the U.S., and the U.S.S.R.) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.
- The U.S. and Albania resume diplomatic relations for the first time since 1939.[77]
- March 17
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In a national referendum, 77% of voters in the Soviet Union vote in favor of keeping the 15 Soviet republics together; six Union Republics effectively boycott the referendum.[78][79]
- In the Finnish parliamentary election, the Centre Party wins 55 of 200 seats in the parliament, ending 25 years of dominance by the Social Democratic Party of Finland.[80]
- March 23 – The Sierra Leone Civil War begins when the Revolutionary United Front attempts a coup against the Sierra Leone government.[81][82]
- March 24 – The Beninese presidential election, Benin's first presidential election since 1970, is won by Nicéphore Soglo.[83]
- March 26
- In Mali, military officers led by Amadou Toumani Touré arrest President Moussa Traoré and suspend the constitution.[84]
- Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunción, establishing Mercosur.[85][86]
- March 31
- Albania holds its first multi-party elections since 1923. The socialist ruling Party of Labour of Albania won a landslide victory with 169 of the 250 seats in the parliament.[87][88]
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Georgia votes for independence from the Soviet Union while on April 9, the Supreme Council declares the independent Republic of Georgia.
April
- April 2 – Government-imposed prices increase double or triple the cost of consumer goods in the Soviet Union.[89][90]
- April 3 – Iraq disarmament crisis: The UN Security Council passes Resolution 687, which calls for the destruction or removal of all of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons and a complete ban of ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 km. It also calls for an end to Iraq's support for international terrorism; it is accepted by Iraq three days later.[91][92]
- April 4
- U.S. Senator John Heinz and six other people are killed when a helicopter collides with their plane over Merion, Pennsylvania.[93][94]
- Forty people are taken hostage in Sacramento, California; six gunmen and hostages are killed.[95][96]
- April 5
- Former U.S. Senator John Tower and 22 others are killed in an airplane crash in Brunswick, Georgia.[97]
- Space Shuttle Atlantis leaves an observatory in Earths orbit to study gamma rays before returning on April 11. It is followed by Space Shuttle Discovery, which studies instruments related to the Strategic Defense Initiative from April 29 to May 6. Space Shuttle Columbia carries the Spacelab into orbit on June 5.
- April 9 – The first Soviet troops leave Poland.[98]
- April 10
- A South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola, the first of its kind to be documented by weather satellites.[99]
- The Italian ferry Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy, resulting in 140 deaths with one survivor.[100]
- April 12 – The Warsaw Stock Exchange opens in Poland.[101]
- April 14 – In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam; they are found in an abandoned car near the museum less than an hour later.[102][103]
- April 15
- The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is inaugurated.[104]
- End of Apartheid: The European Economic Community lifts economic sanctions on South Africa.[105]
- April 16 – 18 – Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev begins the first ever visit of a Soviet leader to Japan, but fails to resolve the two countries' dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands.[106]
- April 17 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 3,000 for the first time in history, at 3,004.46.[107][108]
- April 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its chemical weapons and materials to the UN, as required by Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have a biological weapons program.
- April 19 – George Carey is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion.[109]
- April 22
- A 7.7 Mw Limon earthquake strikes Costa Rica and Panama with a maximum Mercalli intensity, causing between 47 and 87 deaths and up to 759 injuries.[110][111]
- In Taiwan, the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion are abolished, having been in effect for 43 years.[112][113]
- April 23 – Prime Minister of Iceland Steingrímur Hermannsson resigns following an inconclusive parliamentary election; he is succeeded by Davíð Oddsson on April 30.[114][115]
- April 26
- A series of 55 tornadoes break out in the central U.S., killing 21. The most notable tornado strikes Andover, Kansas.[116][117]
- Esko Aho at the age of 36 becomes the youngest-ever Prime Minister of Finland.[118]
- April 29
- A tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh, killing an estimated 138,000 people.[119]
- A 7.0 Mw earthquake in Racha, Georgia, kills 270 people and leaves 100,000 others homeless.[120][121]
- April 29 – 30 – In Lesotho, a bloodless coup ousts military ruler Justin Lekhanya, with Chairman of the Military Council Elias Phisoana Ramaema replacing him two days later.[122]
May
- May 1 – Angolan Civil War: The MPLA and UNITA agree to the Bicesse Accords, which are formally signed on May 31 in Lisbon.[123][124]
- May 6 – In the U.S., Time magazine publishes "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power," an article highly critical of the Scientology movement.[125]
- May 12 – Nepal holds its first multiparty legislative election since 1959.[126]
- May 16 – Elizabeth II becomes the first British monarch to address the U.S. Congress during a 13-day royal visit in Washington, D.C.[127][128]
- May 15 – Édith Cresson becomes France's first female prime minister.[129][130]
- May 18 – Somaliland secedes from Somalia; its independence is not recognised by the international community.[131][132]
- May 19 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: In the Croatian independence referendum, voters in the Socialist Republic of Croatia vote to leave Yugoslavia.[133]
- May 21
- At Sriperumbudur, India, a suicide bomber attacks a political meeting, killing former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and at least 14 others.[134]
- Ethiopian Civil War: Mengistu Haile Mariam, president of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, flees Ethiopia to Zimbabwe, effectively bringing the Ethiopian Civil War to an end.[135]
- May 22 – Acting Prime Minister of South Korea Ro Jai-bong resigns in the wake of rioting following the beating to death of a student by police on April 26. He is succeeded by Chung Won-shik two days later.[136]
- May 24 – Following authorisation by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Operation Solomon commences to airlift most of the remaining Beta Israel community from Ethiopia to Israel.[137]
- May 25 – The Surinamese general election is won by the military-backed New Front for Democracy and Development.[138][139]
- May 26 – Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near Bangkok, Thailand, killing all 223 people on board.[140]
- May 28 – Ethiopian Civil War: The forces of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front seize the capital Addis Ababa.[141]
June
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pinatubo91eruption_clark_air_base.jpg/164px-Pinatubo91eruption_clark_air_base.jpg)
- June 3
- Mount Unzen in Japan erupts, killing 46 people as a result of pyroclastic flow.[142]
- Ethiopian Civil War: Derg insurgents explode an ammunition dump in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia held by the new pro-US anti-communist Ethiopian government.
- June 4
- Fatos Nano resigns as Prime Minister of Albania following a nationwide strike. President of Albania Ramiz Alia appoints Ylli Bufi as his successor.[143][144]
- The largest solar flare ever recorded triggers an anomalously large aurora as far south as Pennsylvania.[145][146]
- June 5
- President of Algeria Chadli Bendjedid dismisses Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche following 11 days of protests against the government and replaces him with Sid Ahmed Ghozali.[147][148]
- End of Apartheid: South Africa repeals the last legal foundations of apartheid.
- June 7 – Approximately 200,000 people attend a parade of 8,800 returning Persian Gulf War troops in Washington, D.C.[149][150]
- June 9 – A major collapse at the Emaswati Colliery in Swaziland traps 26 miners 65 meters below the surface; they are rescued 30 hours later.[151]
- June 12
- Boris Yeltsin is elected President of the Russian SFSR; he officially begins his term on July 10.[152]
- Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers kill 152 civilians in Kokkadichcholai.[153]
- The Party of Labour of Albania is dissolved and succeeded by the Socialist Party of Albania, marking the end of communist rule in Albania.[154][155]
- June 15
- In the Philippines, Mount Pinatubo erupts in the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century; the final death toll exceeds 800.[156]
- The Indian general elections end; the Indian National Congress wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister of India.[157][158]
- June 16 – Father's Day Bank Massacre: Four security guards are shot to death during a bank robbery at the United Bank Tower in Denver, Colorado, United States. The person subsequently charged with the crime was acquitted, and the case remains unsolved.[159]
- June 17
- End of Apartheid: The South African Parliament repeals the Population Registration Act, which had required racial classification of all South Africans at birth.[160][161]
- Former U.S. President Zachary Taylor is exhumed to discover whether his death was caused by arsenic poisoning instead of acute gastrointestinal illness; no trace of arsenic is found.[162][163]
- The Troubles: In Northern Ireland, the four main political parties begin talks on restoring self-government.[citation needed]
- President of Turkey Turgut Özal appoints Mesut Yılmaz as Prime Minister following Yıldırım Akbulut's resignation. Yılmaz forms a new government on June 23, which lasts until November when it is replaced by the government of Süleyman Demirel.[164][165][166]
- June 20 – In West Germany, the Bundestag votes to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin.[167][168]
- June 23 – Sega releases Sonic the Hedgehog for the Sega Genesis which later becomes the pack-in game and defining title for the console.
- June 23 – 28 – Iraq disarmament crisis: UN inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.
- June 25 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia.[169]
- June 28 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Comecon is dissolved in Moscow, Russia.[170]
July
- July 1
- In the U.S., telephone services go down in Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, and San Francisco as a result of a software bug, affecting nearly twelve million customers.[171][172]
- The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved in Prague, Czechoslovakia.[173]
- The world's first GSM telephone call is made in Finland.[174][175]
- July 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Brioni Agreement ends the Ten-Day War in Slovenia.[176]
- July 4 – President of Colombia César Gaviria lifts the country's 7-year-long state of emergency.[citation needed]
- July 9
- End of Apartheid: The International Olympic Committee readmits South Africa to the Olympics. The next day, U.S. President Bush terminates 1986-enacted U.S. sanctions on South Africa.[177][178]
- Iran–Contra affair: Alan Fiers agrees to plead guilty to two charges of lying to the U.S. Congress. Later on September 16, D.C. Judge Gerhard Gesell issues a ruling clearing Col. Oliver North of all charges.[179][180]
- July 11
- A solar eclipse of record totality occurs in the Northern hemisphere. It is seen by 20 million people in Hawaii, Mexico, and Colombia.[citation needed]
- Nigeria Airways Flight 2120, a Douglas DC-8 operated by Canadian airline Nolisair, catches fire and crashes soon after takeoff from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 people on board.[181]
- July 15 – Chemical Bank and Manufacturers Hanover Corporation amalgamate, becoming the largest bank merger in history.[182][183]
- July 16 - Soviet President Gorbachev arrives in London to ask for aid from the leaders of the G7.[184][185]
- July 18 – The governments of Mauritania and Senegal sign a treaty ending the Mauritania–Senegal Border War, which had been fought since 1989.[186]
- July 22
- U.S. boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape of Miss Black America contestant Desiree Washington three days earlier, in Indianapolis, Indiana.[187][188]
- American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested after the remains of eleven men and boys are found in his Milwaukee apartment.
- July 24 – Finance Minister of India Manmohan Singh announces a new industrial policy, marking the start of economic liberalisation in India.[189]
- July 25 – British astronomers announce they have found what appears to be an extrasolar planet.[190]
- July 29 – In New York City, a grand jury indicts Bank of Credit and Commerce International of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of US$5 billion.[191][192]
- July 31
- U.S. President Bush and Soviet President Gorbachev sign START I in Moscow, USSR.[193][194]
- Singing Revolution: Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit (OMON) forces kill seven Lithuanian customs officials in Medininkai, the deadliest of the Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts.[195][196]
August
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg/168px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1991_coup_attempt1.jpg/162px-1991_coup_attempt1.jpg)
- August 1 – Israel agrees to participate in the Madrid Conference of 1991, which opens on October 30.
- August 4 – The cruise liner MTS Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa, leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board by SAAF helicopters.[197][198]
- August 6 – Tim Berners-Lee announces the World Wide Web project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch", is created.[199][200]
- August 7 – Former Iranian prime minister Shapour Bakhtiar is assassinated in the Parisian suburb of Suresnes.[201]
- August 8 – The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure in the world at the time, collapses.[202]
- August 11 – Nickelodeon introduces its series of Nicktoons, with Doug, Rugrats and The Ren & Stimpy Show being the first three to air.[203]
- August 17 – The remains of the Prussian King Frederick the Great are re-interred in Potsdam, Germany.[204][205][206]
- August 17 – 20 – Hurricane Bob hits North Carolina and New England, killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage.[207][208][209]
- August 19 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in Crimea during an attempted coup. Led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside the parliament building. He returns to Moscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders.[210][211]
- August 20 – Singing Revolution: Estonia declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Latvia the next day.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/162px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png)
- August 22 – Singing Revolution: Iceland becomes the first nation to recognize the independence of the Baltic states. It is followed by the U.S. on September 2 and the Soviet Union on September 6.[212][213]
- August 23 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russia restores the white-blue-red tricolour as its national flag.[214]
- August 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine declares independence, followed by Belarus the next day, from the Soviet Union.[215]
- August 25
- Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Serbian forces begin an attack on the Croatian town of Vukovar.[216]
- Linus Torvalds posts messages to Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix about the new operating system kernel he had developed.[217][218]
- Michael Schumacher, regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in history, makes his Formula One debut at the Belgian Grand Prix.[219]
- August 27 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union.
- August 29 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Maronite general Michel Aoun leaves Lebanon via a French ship into exile.[220][221]
- August 30 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by Azerbaijan.[222]
- August 31 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare their independence; Tajikistan follows suit on September 9.
September
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/160px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png)
- September 3 – In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.[223][224]
- September 4 – Sverdlovsk's name is restored to its pre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg. Two days later, Leningrad is renamed St. Petersburg.[225][226]
- September 5 – 7 – At the 35th Annual Tailhook Symposium in Las Vegas, California, 83 women and 7 men are assaulted.
- September 5 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, being replaced by Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union.[227]
- September 8 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning a name dispute with Greece.
- September 11
- Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Israel releases 51 Arab prisoners and the bodies of nine guerrillas, paving the way for the release of the last western hostages in Lebanon.[228][229]
- The Soviet Union announces plans to withdraw military and economic aid to Cuba.[230][231]
- September 15 – In the Swedish general election, the Social Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson.[232][233]
- September 17 – North Korea, South Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands, and Micronesia join the UN.[234]
- September 19 – Ötzi the Iceman is found in the Alps.[235][236][237]
- September 21 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union. Nearly a month later on October 27, Turkmenistan declares its independence. Kazakhstan follows suit on December 16.
- September 21 – 30 – Iraq disarmament crisis: IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials refuse to let them leave with the documents, prompting a standoff that continues until the UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions on Iraq.[238][239]
- September 22 – The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time.[240][241][242]
- September 24
- Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release Jackie Mann after more than two years of captivity.[243][244]
- The so-called "best day in music history" occurs when Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Soundgarden release their breakout albums Nevermind, Blood Sugar Sex Magik, and Badmotorfinger respectively.[245]
- September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani, setting the stage for the end of the war.[246][247][248]
- September 27 – U.S President George H. W. Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. The Soviet Union responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5.[249]
- September 29 – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of the Atlacatl Battalion is found guilty of the 1989 murders of six Jesuits.[250]
- September 30 – A tornado destroys parts of Itu, Brazil, killing 16 people and leaving 176 others injured.[citation needed]
October
- October 1 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the Yugoslav People's Army surround Dubrovnik, beginning the Siege of Dubrovnik, which lasts until May 31, 1992.[251][252]
- October 3 – Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Tom Foley announces the closure of the House Bank by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks.[253][254]
- October 4 – Carl Bildt succeeds Ingvar Carlsson as Prime Minister of Sweden.[255]
- October 6 – President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of 35,000 Jews in Ukraine during WWII.[256][257]
- October 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Air Force bombs the office of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, causing the Croatian Parliament to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the next day.[258]
- October 11
- In the Russian SFSR, the KGB is replaced by the SVR, with the KGB officially ending operations on November 6.[259][260]
- Iraq disarmament crisis: The UN Security Council passes Resolution 715, demanding that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commission."[261] Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful".
- October 12 – Askar Akayev is confirmed as the first president of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll.[262][263]
- October 13 – In the Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in Eastern Europe.[264][265][266]
- October 15
- Clarence Thomas is confirmed as the new U.S. Supreme Court Justice following Thurgood Marshall's retirement.[267][268]
- The leaders of the Baltic States, Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of Latvia and the Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania, signed the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.[269]
- October 18 – The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which had been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.[270]
- October 20
- The Harare Declaration is signed in Harare, Zimbabwe, laying down the Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria.[271]
- A large suburban firestorm centered in Oakland Hills, California, kills 25 people and injures 150 others.[272]
- A 6.8 Mw earthquake strikes Uttarkashi, India, killing at least 768 people and destroying thousands of homes.[273]
- October 21 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released.[274][275]
- October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia.[276][277]
- October 27 – The first free parliamentary elections in Poland since 1928 are held.[278]
- October 28 – November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern U.S. coast and Atlantic Canada, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.[279][280]
- October 29 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.[281][282]
- October 31 – November 3 – The Halloween blizzard hits the U.S. Upper Midwest, killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage.[283][284]
November
![A severely damaged brick and concrete tower, pierced with numerous shell holes](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vukovar-watertower-after-war.jpg/164px-Vukovar-watertower-after-war.jpg)
- November 4 – 5 – End of Apartheid: The African National Congress leads a general strike, demanding representation in the government and an end to the value-added tax.[citation needed]
- November 5 – China and Vietnam restore diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War.[285][286]
- November 6 – The CPSU and its republic-level division, the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, are banned in the Russian SFSR by presidential decree.[287][288]
- November 7 – The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in Nature.[289][290]
- November 9 – The British JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power.[citation needed]
- November 14
- American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103.[291][292][293]
- Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile.[294]
- Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland free.[295]
- November 18
- Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The forces of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb paramilitaries take the Croatian town of Vukovar after the 87-day Battle of Vukovar. They kill more than 260 Croatian prisoners of war.[296]
- An Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend district, Azerbaijan.[297][298]
- November 21 – The UN Security Council recommends Egypt's deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali to be the next Secretary-General of the UN.[299]
- November 23 – Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain vote to dissolve the party and found the think-tank Democratic Left in its place.[300]
- November 24 – Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies in London from AIDS induced pneumonia. In an unrelated incident, Kiss drummer Eric Carr dies from heart cancer.[301][302]
- November 26 – The National Assembly of Azerbaijan abolishes the autonomous status of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and renames several cities to their Azeri names.[citation needed]
- November 27 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The UN Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.[303]
December
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/164px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg)
- December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum.[304][305]
- December 4
- Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years of captivity as a hostage in Beirut – the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon.[306][307]
- John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California.[308]
- December 8
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine sign an agreement officially ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.[309][310]
- December 11 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Croatian forces kill 18 Serbs and one Hungarian in the village of Paulin Dvor, Croatia.[311]
- December 12
- The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja.[312][313]
- Ukraine becomes the first post-Soviet republic to decriminalize homosexuality.[314]
- December 15 – The Egyptian ferry Salem Express sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450 people.[315][316]
- December 16 – The UN General Assembly adopts UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86, repealing a previous resolution adopted in 1975 which had ruled that Zionism is a form of racism.[317]
- December 19
- Paul Keating defeats Bob Hawke in a Labor Party leadership ballot and consequently becomes the Prime Minister of Australia; he is sworn in the following day.[318]
- Skarnsund Bridge opens in Norway, becoming the world's longest cable-stayed bridge for two years with a span of 530 metres (1,739 ft).[citation needed]
- December 21 – The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time.[319]
- December 22 – Armed opposition groups launch a military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.[citation needed]
- December 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin sends a letter to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, stating that Russia should be a successor to the collapsing Soviet Union within the UN Organization.[citation needed]
- December 25
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolving of the 69-year-old state.[320][321]
- The Russian SFSR officially renames itself the Russian Federation.[322]
- December 26 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Supreme Soviet meets for the last time, formally dissolves the Soviet Union, and adjourns sine die, ending the Cold War. All remaining Soviet institutions eventually cease operation on December 31.[323][324]
Births
Births |
---|
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pixie_Lott_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Pixie_Lott_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg)
- January 1 – Mark L. Young, American actor
- January 2 – Ben Hardy, English actor
- January 3 – Goo Hara, South Korean singer and actress (d. 2019)
- January 4 – Charles Melton, American actor and model
- January 7
- Eden Hazard, Belgian football player[325]
- Caster Semenya, South African athlete[326]
- Mj Rodriguez, American actress and singer[327]
- January 9
- Álvaro Soler, Spanish-German singer[328]
- Ruby Soho, American professional wrestler
- January 10 – Merab Dvalishvili, Georgian professional mixed martial artist
- January 12
- Pixie Lott, British singer[329]
- Harika Dronavalli, Indian chess player
- January 15
- Darya Klishina, Russian long jumper[330]
- Zubaira Tukhugov, Russian mixed martial artist
- January 16 – Michael Avedon, American photographer
- January 17
- Trevor Bauer, American baseball player[331]
- Willa Fitzgerald, American actress[332]
- January 19 – Erin Sanders, American actress
- January 20 – Jolyon Palmer, British racing driver, motorsport commendator and columnist
- January 21
- Nayel Nassar, Egyptian American professional equestrian
- Javier Calvo, Spanish actor, director and writer
- Craig Roberts, Welsh actor, writer and director[333]
- January 23 – Steve Birnbaum, American footballer[334]
- January 25 – Ariana DeBose, American actress, singer and dancer
- January 26 – Nico Mirallegro, English actor
- January 28 – Calum Worthy, Canadian actor and musician
- January 29 – Hugh Grosvenor, British aristocrat, billionaire and businessman
- January 31
- Ju Wenjun, Chinese chess player[335]
- Ted Hooper, American born Taiwanese athlete
February
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ed_Sheeran-6886_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Ed_Sheeran-6886_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bonnie_Wright_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/100px-Bonnie_Wright_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Malese_Jow_at_WonderCon_2014.jpg/100px-Malese_Jow_at_WonderCon_2014.jpg)
- February 1 – Jasmine Tookes, American model
- February 4 – Mathew Leckie, Australian footballer
- February 5 – Henriette Confurius, German actress
- February 6
- Maxi Iglesias, Spanish actor and model
- Aleksandar Katai, Serbian footballer[336]
- February 8
- Genzebe Dibaba, Ethiopian middle- and long-distance runner
- Wahbi Khazri, Tunisian footballer
- February 10 – Emma Roberts, American actress and singer[337]
- February 11
- Laurent Duvernay-Tardif, Canadian American football player
- Georgia May Foote, English actress and model
- February 14
- Raquel Calderón Argandoña, Chilean actress, singer, and lawyer
- Karol G, Colombian reggaeton singer and songwriter
- Anna Kiesenhofer, Austrian Olympic cyclist and mathematician
- February 17
- Ed Sheeran, English singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer, and actor[338]
- Bonnie Wright, English actress, film director, screenwriter, model, and producer[339]
- Burak Deniz, Turkish actor and model
- Jeremy Allen White, American actor
- February 18
- Malese Jow, American actress and singer
- Henry Surtees, British racing driver (d. 2009)
- February 20
- Sally Rooney, Irish author and screenwriter
- Hidilyn Diaz, Filipina Olympic weightlifter and airwoman[340]
- February 21
- Riyad Mahrez, French-Algerian footballer
- Solar, South Korean singer and actress
- Joe Alwyn, English actor[341]
- Brian Ortega, American professional mixed martial artist
- February 22 – Robin Stjernberg, Swedish pop singer
- February 24 – O'Shea Jackson Jr., American actor and rapper
- February 25 – Rachael Ostovich, American professional mixed martial artist[342]
- February 26 – CL, South Korean singer and dancer
- February 28 – Sarah Bolger, Irish actress
March
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tyler%2C_The_Creator_%288048745695%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Tyler%2C_The_Creator_%288048745695%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Devon_Werkheiser_2019_%2826o_xcyTX1M%29.jpg/100px-Devon_Werkheiser_2019_%2826o_xcyTX1M%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Luan_Santana_Citibank_Hall_%2841171200671%29.jpg/100px-Luan_Santana_Citibank_Hall_%2841171200671%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FRA-ARG_%2810%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/100px-FRA-ARG_%2810%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg)
- March 1 – Zabit Magomedsharipov, Russian professional mixed martial artist
- March 2 – Jake Picking, American actor
- March 3 – Park Cho-rong, South Korean singer and actress
- March 4
- Aoi Nakamura, Japanese actor
- Alexander Naddour, American artistic gymnast[343]
- March 5 – Ramiro Funes Mori, Argentine footballer
- March 6
- Tyler, The Creator, American rapper
- Rodrigo, Brazilian footballer
- March 7 – Daisy Head, English actress
- March 8 – Devon Werkheiser, American actor, singer, and musician
- March 9 – Brenna O'Brien, Canadian actress and artist
- March 11
- Linlin, Chinese singer
- Poonam Pandey, Indian Bollywood actress
- Jack Rodwell, English footballer
- Jack Rodwell, American professional racing driver
- March 13
- Luan Santana, Brazilian singer
- Tristan Thompson, Canadian basketball player
- Lê Quang Liêm, Vietnamese chess player
- March 14 – Greta Onieogou, Canadian actress[344]
- March 15 – Nigel Ng, Malaysian Chinese stand-up comedian and internet celebrity
- March 16 – Wolfgang Van Halen, American musician
- March 17 – Cordarrelle Patterson, American football player
- March 19 – Garrett Clayton, American actor and singer
- March 21 – Antoine Griezmann, French footballer[345]
- March 22 – Roberto Merhi, Spanish racing driver
- March 23 – Madelyn Deutch, American actress, director, musician and writer[346]
- March 26 – Kyle Van Noy, American football player
- March 28
- Hoya, South Korean singer and actor
- Derek Carr, American football player[347]
- March 29
- Irene, South Korean singer, rapper, television host, and model
- N'Golo Kanté, French footballer[348]
- Hayley McFarland, American actress[349]
April
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jamie_Lynn_Spears.jpg/100px-Jamie_Lynn_Spears.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AJ_Michalka_-_portrait_2019.jpg/100px-AJ_Michalka_-_portrait_2019.jpg)
- April 3
- Hayley Kiyoko, American singer and actress
- Josh Gordon, American football player[350]
- April 4 – Jamie Lynn Spears, American singer and actress
- April 7 – Anne-Marie, English singer[351]
- April 8 – Minami Takahashi, Japanese singer and celebrity
- April 9 – Gai Assulin, Israeli footballer[352]
- April 10
- AJ Michalka, American actress, voice actress, singer and musician
- Conor Leslie, American actress
- April 11
- Thiago Alcântara, Spanish footballer
- James Magnussen, Australian swimmer[353]
- April 15
- Javier Fernandez, Spanish figure skater
- Anastasia Vinnikova, Belarusian singer
- Ghostemane, American rapper, singer and songwriter
- April 17 – Shinsaku Uesugi, Japanese chess player
- April 20 – Luke Kuechly, American football player
- April 21
- Frank Dillane, English actor
- Max Chilton, British racing driver
- April 23 – Kyle Juszczyk, American football player
- April 25 – Alex Shibutani, American ice dancer
- April 27 – Darren Barnet, American actor[354]
- April 30 – Travis Scott, American rapper
May
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MJK31621_Lena_Meyer-Landrut_%28T2_Trainspotting%2C_Berlinale_2017%29.jpg/100px-MJK31621_Lena_Meyer-Landrut_%28T2_Trainspotting%2C_Berlinale_2017%29.jpg)
- May 2
- Jeong Jinwoon, South Korean idol singer and actor
- Ilya Zakharov, Russian diver
- Farruko, Puerto Rican singer and songwriter
- May 3 – Carlo Acutis, English-born Italian Catholic computer programmer, beatified (d. 2006)
- May 5 – Raúl Jiménez, Mexican footballer
- May 6 – Shamier Anderson, Canadian actor
- May 7
- Gaurav Chaudhary, Indian Youtuber[355]
- Daniel Juncadella, Spanish racing driver
- May 8 – Laura Chimaras, Venezuelan actress
- May 9
- Majlinda Kelmendi, Kosovan judoka
- May 11 – Sam Harding, Australian Paralympic athlete
- May 12 – Jennifer Damiano, Filipino singer and actor
- May 13 – Francisco Lachowski, Brazilian model
- May 15 – Gerald Santos, American actress and singer
- May 16
- Grigor Dimitrov, Bulgarian tennis player[356]
- Joey Graceffa, American Youtuber, actor, author, singer and producer[357]
- May 17 – Johanna Konta, Australian-born tennis player
- May 19
- Savannah Marshall, British professional boxer
- Danielle Macdonald, Australian actress
- May 22
- Sophia Abrahão, Brazilian actress
- Suho, South Korean singer, actor, and model
- May 23 –
- Lena Meyer-Landrut, German singer
- Suguru Osako, Japanese long-distance runner
- May 24 – Erika Umeda, Japanese singer[358]
- May 25 – Derrick Williams, American basketball player
- May 26 – Samuel Ross, British fashion designer, creative director and artist[359]
- May 27 – Beauden Barrett, New Zealand rugby union player
- May 28 – Alexandre Lacazette, French footballer
- May 29 – Tan Zhongyi, Chinese chess player[360]
- May 31 – Azealia Banks, American singer[361]
June
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Natasha_Dupeyr%C3%B3n_in_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Natasha_Dupeyr%C3%B3n_in_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2_minutes_with_Emily_Ratajkowski_%282%29.jpg/100px-2_minutes_with_Emily_Ratajkowski_%282%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Willa_Holland_2017.jpg/100px-Willa_Holland_2017.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Christa_Theret_Cabourg_2016.jpg/100px-Christa_Theret_Cabourg_2016.jpg)
- June 1 – Zazie Beetz, German-American actress[362]
- June 3 –
- Natasha Dupeyrón, Mexican actress and singer
- Pico Alexander, American actor[363]
- June 4
- Lorenzo Insigne, Italian footballer
- Ben Stokes, English international cricketer
- Kathryn Prescott, English actress
- Quincy, American actor and singer
- June 5
- Martin Braithwaite, Danish footballer
- Ninja, American online streamer, Youtuber and professional gamer
- June 6 – Ashley Park, American actress, dancer and singer
- June 7
- Emily Ratajkowski, American model and actress[364]
- India Oxenberg, American film producer, writer, actress, and television personality
- Fetty Wap, American rapper, singer and songwriter
- Olivia Rogowska, Australian tennis player[365]
- June 10
- Pol Espargaró, Spanish motorcycle racer
- Juan Jesus, Brazilian footballer
- June 13
- Ryan Mason, English professional football coach and footballer
- Jessie Reyez, Canadian singer and songwriter
- Katie Nageotte, American Olympic athlete
- Will Claye, American Olympic athlete
- June 14
- André Carrillo, Peruvian footballer
- Kostas Manolas, Greek footballer
- Jesy Nelson, English singer[366]
- June 16
- Siya Kolisi, South African rugby union player
- Joe McElderry, British singer and model
- Tameka Yallop, Australian footballer[367]
- June 17 – Staz Nair, British actor and singer
- June 18 – Willa Holland, American model and actress[368]
- June 19 – Neta Rivkin, Israeli rhythmic gymnast
- June 20 – Kalidou Koulibaly, French-Senegalese footballer
- June 21
- J. C. Greyling, Namibian rugby union player
- Tyler Childers, American singer and songwriter
- Tashi and Nungshi Malik, Indian climbers
- June 23
- Katie Armiger, American singer
- Fakhreddine Ben Youssef, Tunisian footballer
- June 24 – Max Ehrich, American actor, singer, and dancer
- June 25
- Christa Théret, French actress
- Victor Wanyama, Kenyan footballer
- June 26 – Natsuki Hanae, Japanese voice actor
- June 27
- Madylin Sweeten, American actress
- Oliver Stark, British actor
- June 28
- Kevin De Bruyne, Belgian footballer
- Kang Min-hyuk, South Korean drummer, actor, and singer
- Seohyun, South Korean singer and actress
- Will Stevens, British racing driver[369]
- June 29
- Kawhi Leonard, American basketball player
- Suk Hyun-jun, South Korean footballer
- Addison Timlin, American actress
- June 30 – Margaret, Polish singer and songwriter
July
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mitchel_Musso_2%2C_Walmart_Soundcheck_2011.jpg/100px-Mitchel_Musso_2%2C_Walmart_Soundcheck_2011.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/James_Rodriguez_2018.jpg/100px-James_Rodriguez_2018.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Seppe_Smits.jpg/100px-Seppe_Smits.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Alexandra_Shipp_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/100px-Alexandra_Shipp_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Web_Summit_2017_-_Centre_Stage_Day_3_SAM_7762_%2838233160166%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Web_Summit_2017_-_Centre_Stage_Day_3_SAM_7762_%2838233160166%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
- July 1 – Logan Thomas, American football player
- July 2
- Kim Go-eun, South Korean actress
- Burna Boy, Nigerian singer, rapper and songwriter[370]
- July 3 – Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, Russian tennis player[371]
- July 5 – Jason Dolley, American actor and musician
- July 7
- Alesso, Swedish DJ and music producer
- Eve Hewson, Irish actress
- Choi Tae-joon, South Korean actor and singer
- July 8
- Virgil van Dijk, Dutch footballer[372]
- Thuso Mbedu, South African actress
- July 9 – Mitchel Musso, American actor, musician and singer
- July 10 – Atsuko Maeda, Japanese singer and actress
- July 12
- James Rodríguez, Colombian footballer
- Erik Per Sullivan, American actor
- Pablo Carreño Busta, Spanish tennis player
- July 13 – Seppe Smits, Belgian snowboarder[373]
- July 15
- Derrick Favors, American basketball player
- Evgeny Tishchenko, Russian heavyweight boxer
- July 16
- Alexandra Shipp, American actress
- Andros Townsend, English footballer[374]
- July 20 – Merxat, Chinese actor
- July 21 – Sara Sampaio, Portuguese model
- July 22
- Tomi Juric, Australian footballer
- Taylor Lewan, American football player[375]
- Tennys Sandgren, American tennis player
- July 23
- Lauren Mitchell, Australian artistic gymnast
- Kianoush Rostami, Iranian weightlifter
- July 24 – Emily Bett Rickards, Canadian actress[376]
- July 25 – Amanda Kurtović, Norwegian handball player
- July 28 – Kantemir Balagov, Russian film director, screenwriter and cinematographer
- July 30 – Daria Kondakova, Russian rhythmic gymnast
- July 31 – Filipa Azevedo, Portuguese singer
August
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Keith_Stanfield_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/100px-Keith_Stanfield_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Young_Thug_in_2021.png/100px-Young_Thug_in_2021.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dylan_O%27Brien_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/100px-Dylan_O%27Brien_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg)
- August 2 – Evander Kane, Canadian ice hockey player
- August 3 – Ismail Juma, Tanzanian long-distance runner (d. 2017)
- August 5
- Brooke Marie Bridges, American actress
- Wi Ha-joon, South Korean actor and model
- Esteban Gutiérrez, Mexican racing driver
- August 6
- Irina Kulikova, Russian fashion model
- Jiao Liuyang, Chinese swimmer
- Dan Ige, American mixed martial artist
- Kacey Rohl, Canadian actress
- August 7
- Mike Trout, American baseball player[377]
- Robin Frijns, Dutch motor racing driver
- August 8 – Joël Matip, German footballer[378]
- August 9
- Alexa Bliss, American professional wrestler
- Hansika Motwani, Indian actress
- August 10 – Pratyusha Banerjee, Indian television actress (d. 2016)
- August 11 – Estelle Nze Minko, French handball player
- August 12
- Lakeith Stanfield, American actor and rapper
- Khris Middleton, American professional basketball player
- August 16
- Evanna Lynch, Irish actress
- Young Thug, American hip hop artist
- August 17 – Austin Butler, American actor
- August 18 – Brianna Rollins-McNeal, American track and field athlete
- August 20 – Cory Joseph, Canadian basketball player
- August 22 – Federico Macheda, Italian footballer
- August 23 – Jennifer Abel, Canadian diver
- August 24 – Enrique Hernández, Puerto Rican professional baseball player[379]
- August 26 – Dylan O'Brien, American actor
- August 28 – Kyle Massey, American actor
- August 30 – Gaia Weiss, French model and actress
- August 31 – António Félix da Costa, Portuguese racing driver
September
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Run_This_Town_cast_-_Mena_Massoud_%2833463322988%29.jpg/100px-Run_This_Town_cast_-_Mena_Massoud_%2833463322988%29.jpg)
- September 4
- Adrien Bart, French sprint canoeist
- Carter Jenkins, American actor
- September 5 – Skandar Keynes, English political adviser and actor[380]
- September 8
- Park So-dam, South Korean actress[381]
- Joe Sugg, English YouTuber, actor, presenter and author[382]
- September 9
- Kelsey Chow, American actress
- Oscar dos Santos Emboaba Júnior, Brazilian footballer
- Lauren Daigle, American singer and songwriter[383]
- Hunter Hayes, American singer, songwriter, record producer and multi-instrumentalist[384]
- September 11
- Jordan Ayew, Ghanaian footballer
- Kygo, Norwegian DJ and record producer
- September 12 – Thomas Meunier, Belgian footballer
- September 13 – Ksenia Afanasyeva, Russian artistic gymnast
- September 14
- Nana, South Korean singer, actress, and model
- Shayne Topp, American actor and comedian
- September 15 – Alex Florea, Romanian singer
- September 16 – Marlon Teixeira, Brazilian model
- September 17
- Minako Kotobuki, Japanese actress and singer
- Mena Massoud, Canadian actor
- Sanne Wevers, Dutch gymnast[385]
- Scott Hoying, American singer, musician and songwriter
- September 20 – Spencer Locke, American actress
- September 21 – Dipika Pallikal Karthik, Indian squash player
- September 22
- Khairul Anuar Mohamad, Malaysian archer
- Moneybagg Yo, American rapper
- Pascal Martinot-Lagarde, French athlete
- September 23 – Key, Korean singer
- September 24 – Owen Farrell, English professional rugby player
- September 25
- Emmy Clarke, American actress
- Alexander Rossi, American race car driver
- Shin Lim, Canadian-American magician
- September 26 – Charlotte Spencer, English actress, dancer and singer
- September 27
- Simona Halep, Romanian tennis player[386]
- Islam Makhachev, Russian professional mixed martial artist[387]
- Thomas Mann, American actor
- September 30
- Thomas Röhler, German track and field athlete (javelin)
- David Bakhtiari, American football player
October
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Princess_Mako_and_Princess_Kako_at_the_Tokyo_Imperial_Palace_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Princess_Mako_and_Princess_Kako_at_the_Tokyo_Imperial_Palace_%28cropped%29.jpg)
- October 1
- Sam Shankland, American chess player[388]
- Gus Kenworthy, British-American Olympic freestyle skier, actor, and YouTuber[389]
- October 2
- Roberto Firmino, Brazilian footballer
- Joana Heidrich, Swiss beach volleyball player
- October 4
- Nicolai Kielstrup, Danish singer
- Leigh-Anne Pinnock, English singer and songwriter[390]
- October 6 – Roshon Fegan, American actor, rapper, and dancer
- October 7
- Nicole Jung, Korean-American singer
- Lay Zhang, Chinese singer, actor, dancer, and producer
- October 10
- Gabriella Cilmi, Australian singer[391]
- Lali Espósito, Argentine actress, singer, dancer, and model
- Mariana Pajón, Colombian cyclist
- Xherdan Shaqiri, Swiss footballer
- Kevin Alves, Brazilian Canadian figure skater and actor
- October 11 - Toby Fox, American video game developer and video game composer[392]
- October 16
- Phan Thi Ha Thanh, Vietnamese artistic gymnast
- Jedward, Irish pop duo
- Shardul Thakur, Indian international cricketer
- October 17 – Brenda Asnicar, Argentine actress and singer
- October 18
- Tyler Posey, American actor and musician
- Toby Regbo, English actor
- October 20 – Mitchell Marsh, Australian international cricketer
- October 21 – Artur Aleksanyan, Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler
- October 22 – Tatiana Martínez, Mexican actress
- October 23
- Emil Forsberg, Swedish footballer
- Princess Mako of Akishino, Japanese princess[393]
- October 24 – Kelvin Gastelum, American professional mixed martial artist[394]
- October 26 – Amala Paul, Indian film actress
- October 30
- Artemi Panarin, Russian ice hockey player
- Tomáš Satoranský, Czech basketball player
November
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jiang_Yuyuan.jpg/100px-Jiang_Yuyuan.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shailene_Woodley_March_18%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Shailene_Woodley_March_18%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg)
- November 1
- Jiang Yuyuan, Chinese gymnast
- Anthony Ramos, American actor, singer and songwriter[395]
- Owen Miller, British Paralympic athlete
- November 3 – Jimmy Garoppolo, American football player
- November 4
- November 6 – Camila Finn, Brazilian model
- November 8 – DanTDM, English YouTuber, gamer, musician, author and actor
- November 11 – Christa B. Allen, American actress
- November 12 – Takatoshi Abe, Japanese track and field athlete[397]
- November 13
- Devon Bostick, Canadian actor
- Matt Bennett, American actor[398][399]
- November 14
- Taylor Hall, Canadian ice hockey player
- Graham Patrick Martin, American actor
- November 15 – Shailene Woodley, American actress, producer, and activist[400]
- November 16 – Park Hyung-sik, South Korean singer, dancer and actor[401]
- November 20 – Kim Se-yong, South Korean singer and actor
- November 21
- Almaz Ayana, Ethiopian long-distance runner[402]
- Dmitry Martynov, Russian actor
- November 22
- Andrey Vovk, Ukrainian chess player
- Anastasia Ivankova, Belarusian rhythmic gymnast
- November 23 – Christian Cueva, Peruvian footballer
- November 24 – Baghdad Bounedjah, Algerian footballer
- November 25 – Disguised Toast, Taiwanese-Canadian video game streamer, YouTuber, and Internet personality[403]
- November 27 – Himanshi Khurana, Indian model, actress and singer[404]
- November 29 – Becky James, Welsh racing cyclist[405]
December
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jillian_Rose_Reed_February_2015.jpg/100px-Jillian_Rose_Reed_February_2015.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Louis_Tomlinson_November_2014.jpg/100px-Louis_Tomlinson_November_2014.jpg)
- December 1 – Sun Yang, Chinese swimmer
- December 2
- Chloe Dufour-Lapointe, Canadian freestyle skier[406]
- Brandon Knight, American basketball player[407]
- Charlie Puth, American singer
- December 4
- Max Holloway, American professional mixed martial artist
- Hayley Arceneaux, American physician assistant and astronaut[408]
- December 6
- Milica Mandić, Serbian taekwondo athlete
- CoCo Vandeweghe, American tennis player
- December 9
- Choi Min-ho, South Korean rapper and TV host[409]
- Prince Joachim of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este, Belgian prince
- PnB Rock, American rapper, singer and songwriter[410]
- December 10
- Kiki Bertens, Dutch tennis player[411]
- KiKi Layne, American actress
- December 11 – Anna Bergendahl, Swedish singer
- December 12 – Jaime Lorente, Spanish actor and model
- December 14
- Offset, American rapper
- Stefflon Don, British rapper and singer
- December 15
- Eunice Cho, Korean-American actress
- Alana Haim, American musician and actress[412]
- December 19
- Jorge Blanco, Mexican musician, singer, dancer, and actor
- Sumire Uesaka, Japanese voice actress and singer
- Keiynan Lonsdale, Australian actor, dancer, singer and songwriter
- Robert Hess, American chess player
- December 20
- Jorginho, Brazilian-Italian footballer
- Jillian Rose Reed, American actress
- December 22 – DaBaby, American rapper
- December 23 – ASAP Bari, American streetwear designer and entrepreneur
- December 24 – Louis Tomlinson, British singer
- December 26
- Andritany Ardhiyasa, Indonesian footballer
- Eden Sher, American actress
- Trevor Siemian, American football player[413]
- December 27 – Chloe Bridges, American actress
- December 28 – Belime, Lebanese-born singer
- December 30
- Camila Giorgi, Italian tennis player[414]
- Jessica Springsteen, American equestrian
Deaths
Deaths |
---|
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Steve_Clark.jpeg/120px-Steve_Clark.jpeg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Olav_V_of_Norway.jpg/120px-Olav_V_of_Norway.jpg)
- January 2 – Renato Rascel, Italian actor and singer (b. 1912)[415]
- January 4
- Poon Lim, Chinese sailor (b. 1918)
- Richard Maibaum, American film producer, playwright and screenwriter (b. 1909)
- January 5 – Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (b. 1922)
- January 8 – Steve Clark, English guitarist (b. 1960)
- January 11 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- January 12
- Keye Luke, Chinese-born actor (b. 1904)
- Vasco Pratolini, Italian writer (b. 1913)
- January 14 – Salah Khalaf, Palestinian officer (b. 1933)
- January 17 – King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
- January 19 – John Russell, American actor (b. 1921)
- January 22 – Kenas Aroi, Nauruan politician (b. 1942)
- January 25
- Lilian Bond, English actress (b. 1908)
- Frank Soo, English footballer and manager (b. 1914)
- January 28 – Red Grange, American football player (Chicago Bears) and member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1903)
- January 29 – Yasushi Inoue, Japanese historian (b. 1907)
- January 30
- John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- John McIntire, American actor (b. 1907)
February
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Salvador_E._Luria_ca.1969.jpg/120px-Salvador_E._Luria_ca.1969.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Margot_Fonteyn_-_1960s.jpg/120px-Margot_Fonteyn_-_1960s.jpg)
- February 1 – Carol Dempster, American actress (b. 1901)
- February 3 – Nancy Kulp, American actress (b. 1921)
- February 5
- Pedro Arrupe, Spanish priest (b. 1907)
- Dean Jagger, American actor (b. 1903)
- February 6
- Salvador Luria, Italian-born American Nobel biologist (b. 1912)
- Danny Thomas, American singer, comedian, and actor (b. 1912)
- María Zambrano, Spanish essayist and philosopher (b. 1904)
- February 13 – Arno Breker, German sculptor (b. 1900)
- February 14 – John A. McCone, American politician, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (b. 1902)
- February 21
- John Sherman Cooper, American politician (b. 1901)
- Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (b. 1919)
- February 24 – Jean Rogers, American actress (b. 1916)
- February 25 – Sverre Hansen, Norwegian long jumper (b. 1899)
March
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Elisaveta_Bagriana.jpg/120px-Elisaveta_Bagriana.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/John_Kerr_1965.jpg/120px-John_Kerr_1965.jpg)
- March 1 – Edwin H. Land, inventor of the Polaroid instant camera (b. 1909)
- March 2 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (b. 1928)[416]
- March 3 – William Penney, Baron Penney, British nuclear physicist (b. 1909)[417]
- March 12 – Ragnar Granit, Finnish neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900)[418]
- March 14
- March 15 – Robin Hill, British plant biochemist (b. 1899)[421]
- March 18 – Vilma Bánky, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1901)[422]
- March 21 – Leo Fender, American instrument maker (b. 1909)[423]
- March 23 – Elisaveta Bagriana, Bulgarian poet, Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1893)[424]
- March 24 – Sir John Kerr, Governor-General of Australia (b. 1914)[425]
- March 25 – Marcel Lefebvre, French Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1905)[426]
- March 27 – Aldo Ray, American actor (b. 1926)[427]
- March 29 – Lee Atwater, American political consultant and strategist (b. 1951)[428]
April
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DavidLean1965.jpg/120px-DavidLean1965.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Steve_Marriott_%28Humble_Pie%29.jpg/120px-Steve_Marriott_%28Humble_Pie%29.jpg)
- April 1
- Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1894)
- Paulo Muwanga, Ugandan military officer and statesman, 3rd Prime Minister of Uganda and 6th President of Uganda (b. 1921)
- April 3 – Graham Greene, English novelist (b. 1904)[429]
- April 4 – Max Frisch, Swiss writer (b. 1911)[430]
- April 5
- Sonny Carter, American astronaut (b. 1947)
- John Tower, American politician (b. 1925)
- William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle, former Governor-General of Australia (b. 1909)
- April 9 – Forrest Towns, American Olympic athlete (b. 1914)
- April 10
- Kevin Peter Hall, American actor (b. 1955)
- Natalie Schafer, American actress (b. 1900)
- April 16 – David Lean, English film director (b. 1908)
- April 20
- Steve Marriott, English musician (b. 1947)
- Don Siegel, American film director (b. 1912)
- Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Mongolian Communist leader, former Party General Secretary, Prime Minister of Mongolia (b. 1916)
- April 23 – Johnny Thunders, American guitarist, singer and songwriter (b. 1952)
- April 26 – Carmine Coppola, American composer and conductor (b. 1910)
- April 27 – Robert Velter, French cartoonist (b. 1909)
May
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg/120px-Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rajiv_Gandhi_%281987%29.jpg/120px-Rajiv_Gandhi_%281987%29.jpg)
- May 1
- Cesare Merzagora, Italian politician (b. 1898)
- Richard Thorpe, American film director (b. 1896)
- May 3 – Jerzy Kosiński, Polish-American writer (b. 1933)[431]
- May 4 – Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egyptian singer and composer (b. 1902)
- May 6 – Wilfrid Hyde-White, British actor (b. 1903)[432]
- May 8
- Jean Langlais, French composer and organist (b. 1907)[433]
- Rudolf Serkin, Austrian pianist (b. 1903)
- May 14 – Jiang Qing, Chinese radical revolutionary, widow of Mao Zedong (b. 1914)
- May 15
- Shintaro Abe, Japanese politician (b. 1924)
- Ronald Lacey, English actor (b. 1935)
- May 21
- Lino Brocka, Filipino film director (b. 1939)
- Rajiv Gandhi, 6th Prime Minister of India (b. 1944)
- May 22
- Derrick Henry Lehmer, American mathematician (b. 1905)
- Stan Mortensen, English footballer (b. 1921)
- May 23
- Jean Van Houtte, Belgian politician, 38th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1907)
- Wilhelm Kempff, German pianist (b. 1895)
- May 24 – Gene Clark, American singer (b. 1944)
- May 29 – Coral Browne, Australian actress (b. 1913)
- May 31 – Angus Wilson, English novelist (b. 1913)[434]
June
- June 1 – David Ruffin, American singer (b. 1941)
- June 2 – Hailu Yimenu, Ethiopian politician, acting Prime Minister of Ethiopia
- June 3 – Eva Le Gallienne, English-born actress (b. 1899)
- June 6 – Stan Getz, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1927)
- June 9 – Claudio Arrau, Chilean-born pianist (b. 1903)
- June 14 – Peggy Ashcroft, British actress (b. 1907)
- June 15
- Happy Chandler, 2nd commissioner of Major League Baseball (b. 1898)
- W. Arthur Lewis, Saint Lucian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
- June 18 – Joan Caulfield, American actress (b. 1922)
- June 19 – Jean Arthur, American actress (b. 1900)
- June 24 – Rufino Tamayo, Mexican painter (b. 1899)[435]
- June 28 – Hans Nüsslein, German tennis player (b. 1910)
- June 29 – Henri Lefebvre, French sociologist and philosopher (b. 1901)
July
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Michael_Landon_1990.jpg/120px-Michael_Landon_1990.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lee_Ann_Remick%2C_London%2C_1974.jpg/120px-Lee_Ann_Remick%2C_London%2C_1974.jpg)
- July 1 – Michael Landon, American actor, writer, director, and producer (b. 1936)
- July 2 – Lee Remick, American actress (b. 1935)[436]
- July 5 – Mildred Dunnock, American actress (b. 1901)
- July 6
- Mudashiru Lawal, Nigerian footballer (b. 1954)
- Anton Yugov, Bulgarian Communist politician, 35th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1904)
- July 8 – James Franciscus, American actor (b. 1934)
- July 11 – Mokhtar Dahari, Malaysian footballer (b. 1953)
- July 12 – Hitoshi Igarashi, Japanese interpreter (b. 1947)
- July 15 – Roger Revelle, American scientist and scholar (b. 1909)
- July 16 – Robert Motherwell, American painter (b. 1915)
- July 18 – Ambrus Nagy, Hungarian fencer and Olympic silver medalist (1956) (b. 1927)
- July 24 – Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-born Yiddish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)[437]
- July 25 – Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician, former member of the CPSU Politburo and Deputy Prime Minister (b. 1893)
- July 27 – Pierre Brunet, French figure skater (b. 1902)
- July 29 – Christian de Castries, French general (b. 1902)
August
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ali_Sabri_1966.jpg/120px-Ali_Sabri_1966.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg/120px-Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg)
- August 3 – Ali Sabri, Egyptian politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920)[citation needed]
- August 4 – Yevgeny Dragunov, Russian weapons designer (b. 1920)
- August 5
- Paul Brown, American football coach (b. 1908)
- Soichiro Honda, Japanese engineer and industrialist (b. 1917)
- August 6
- Shapour Bakhtiar, Iranian politician, 45th Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1915)
- Harry Reasoner, American journalist and newscaster (b. 1923)
- August 8
- James Irwin, American astronaut (b. 1930)
- Ivan Kozhedub, Soviet aviator (b. 1920)
- August 13 – James Roosevelt, American businessman, Marine, activist, and politician (b. 1907)
- August 16 – Luigi Zampa, Italian film-maker (b. 1905)
- August 22
- Colleen Dewhurst, Canadian-born American actress (b. 1924)
- Boris Pugo, Latvian communist politician, Soviet minister of the Interior (b. 1937)
- August 23 – Florence B. Seibert, American biochemist (b. 1897)
- August 24 – Sergey Akhromeyev, Marshall of the Soviet Union, Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (b. 1923)
- August 30
- Cyril Knowles, English footballer and manager (b. 1944)
- Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor (b. 1925)
September
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ted_Geisel_NYWTS_2_crop.jpg/120px-Ted_Geisel_NYWTS_2_crop.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Miles_Davis_by_Palumbo.jpg/120px-Miles_Davis_by_Palumbo.jpg)
- September 2 – Alfonso García Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911)
- September 3
- Frank Capra, Italian-born American film director (b. 1897)
- Daniel Prenn, Russian-born German, Polish, and British tennis player (b. 1904)[438]
- September 4 – Tom Tryon, American actor and writer (b. 1926)[439]
- September 7 – Edwin McMillan, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
- September 8
- Alex North, American film composer (b. 1910)[440]
- Brad Davis, American actor (b. 1949)
- September 10 – Jack Crawford, Australian tennis champion (b. 1908)
- September 13 – Joe Pasternak, Hungarian-born film director (b. 1901)
- September 17 – Zino Francescatti, French violinist (b. 1902)
- September 24 – Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel), American author (b. 1904)[441]
- September 25
- Klaus Barbie, German Gestapo leader in Lyon (b. 1913)
- Viviane Romance, French actress (b. 1912)
- September 27 – Oona O'Neill, English actress (b. 1925)
- September 28 – Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer (b. 1926)
October
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gene_Roddenberry_crop.jpg/120px-Gene_Roddenberry_crop.jpg)
- October 2 – Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (b. 1914)
- October 6 – Igor Talkov, Russian singer, poet, and composer (b. 1956)
- October 7 – Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (b. 1916)
- October 9 – Roy Black, German schlager actor and singer (b. 1943)
- October 11 – Redd Foxx, American comedian and actor (b. 1922)
- October 12
- Aline MacMahon, American actress (b. 1899)
- Arkady Strugatsky, Soviet-Russian sci-fi author (b. 1925)
- Regis Toomey, American actor (b. 1898)
- October 13 – Daniel Oduber Quirós, Costa Rican politician, 37th President of Costa Rica (b. 1921)
- October 16 – Ole Beich, Danish musician (b. 1955)
- October 17 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American singer (b. 1919)
- October 24 – Gene Roddenberry, American television producer (b. 1921)
- October 25 – Bill Graham, American promoter (b. 1931)
- October 27
- Howard Kingsbury, American Olympic rower – Men's eights (b. 1904)
- Andrzej Panufnik, Polish musician and composer (b. 1914)
- October 29 – Mario Scelba, Italian politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Italy and President of the European Parliament (b. 1901)
November
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Studio_publicity_Gene_Tierney.jpg/120px-Studio_publicity_Gene_Tierney.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Freddie_Mercury_performing_in_New_Haven%2C_CT%2C_November_1977.jpg/120px-Freddie_Mercury_performing_in_New_Haven%2C_CT%2C_November_1977.jpg)
- November 2
- Irwin Allen, American film and television producer (b. 1916)
- Mort Shuman, American singer, pianist and songwriter (b. 1938)
- November 5
- Fred MacMurray, American actor (b. 1908)
- Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (b. 1923)
- November 6 – Gene Tierney, American actress (b. 1920)
- November 7 – Tom of Finland, Finnish artist (b. 1920)
- November 9 – Yves Montand, French actor and singer (b. 1921)
- November 10 – Eva Bosáková, Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (b. 1931)
- November 13 – Paul-Émile Léger, Canadian cardinal (b. 1904)
- November 14 – Tony Richardson, English film and theater director (b. 1928)
- November 17 – Adrian Quist, Australian tennis player (b. 1913)
- November 18 – Gustáv Husák, Czechoslovak politician, 9th President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1913)
- November 19 – Reggie Nalder, Austrian actor (b. 1907)
- November 21 – Daniel Mann, American film director (b. 1912)
- November 23 – Klaus Kinski, German actor (b. 1926)
- November 24
- Eric Carr, American drummer (b. 1950)
- Freddie Mercury, British lead singer and pianist (b. 1946)[442]
- November 25 – Eleanor Audley, American actress (b. 1905)
- November 26 – Ed Heinemann, American aircraft designer (b. 1908)
- November 29
- Ralph Bellamy, American actor (b. 1904)
- Nasirdin Isanov, 1st Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (b. 1943)
- Frank Yerby, African American historical novelist (b. 1916)[443]
December
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Richard_Speck_cropped.jpg/120px-Richard_Speck_cropped.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Franco_Maria_Malfatti.jpg/120px-Franco_Maria_Malfatti.jpg)
- December 1
- Pat O'Callaghan, Irish athlete (b. 1906)
- George Stigler, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- December 5 – Richard Speck, American mass murderer (b. 1941)
- December 6 – Sir Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
- December 7 – Gordon Pirie, English athlete (b. 1931)
- December 8 – Buck Clayton, American jazz trumpet player (b. 1911)
- December 9 – Berenice Abbott, American photographer (b. 1898)
- December 10 – Franco Maria Malfatti, Italian politician (b. 1927)
- December 11 – Artur Lundkvist, Swedish author (b. 1906)[444]
- December 12 – Eleanor Boardman, American actress (b. 1898)
- December 15 – Vasily Zaytsev, Russian World War II hero (b. 1915)
- December 18 – George Abecassis, English racing driver (b. 1913)
- December 20 – Walter Chiari, Italian actor (b. 1924)
- December 22 – Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer (b. 1900)
- December 27 – Hervé Guibert, French writer and photographer (b. 1955)[445]
- December 28 – Cassandra Harris, Australian actress (b. 1948) [446]
Nobel Prizes
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/120px-Nobel_medal.png)
- Chemistry – Richard R. Ernst
- Economics – Ronald Coase
- Literature – Nadine Gordimer
- Peace – Aung San Suu Kyi
- Physics – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
- Physiology or Medicine – Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
References
- ^ "India's economy: One more push". The Economist. July 21, 2011.
- ^ Kraft, Scott (June 18, 1991). "S. Africa Repeals Apartheid Basis". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
- ^ Paltrow, Scot J. (April 18, 1991). "Dow's Close Tops 3,000 Barrier for First Time : Stocks: The index had passed the mark on other days, but retreated before the end of tradings". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
- ^ Cameron, Keith (June 11, 2011). "Nirvana kill hair metal". the Guardian. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ Thompson, Derek (May 8, 2015). "1991: The Most Important Year in Pop-Music History". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
- ^ "U.S. Sales Database". www.riaa.com. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
- ^ Greenhouse, Steven (January 1, 1991). "Czechs Begin Shift to a Free Market". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ^ Cvetkovski, Nikola. "The Georgian – South Ossetian Conflict". Danish Association for Research on the Caucasus. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
- ^ "The Lantern 8 January 1991 — Ohio State University Newspaper Archives". osupublicationarchives.osu.edu. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (January 9, 1991). "CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; Iraqi, in Geneva, Says Pressure Won't Work". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Drozdiak, William; Hoffman, David (January 9, 1991). "Baker and Aziz Arrive in Geneva". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "South African major mass killings timeline 1900-2012 | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Congress Authorizes Gulf War : Historic act: The vote in both houses, supporting Bush and freeing troops to attack Iraq, is decisive and bipartisan. It is the strongest move since Tonkin Gulf". Los Angeles Times. January 13, 1991. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ "On This Day 13 January, 1991: Bloodshed at Lithuanian TV station". BBC News. January 13, 1991. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
- ^ "Adoption of the Declaration of Independence, the Barricades (1990–1991) | Aizsardzības ministrija". www.mod.gov.lv. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "U.N. Gives Iraq Until Jan. 15 to Leave Kuwait or Face War : Gulf crisis: Historic measure passes 12 to 2, with China abstaining. It is only the second time the Security Council has voted to use military force". Los Angeles Times. November 30, 1990. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Bruce (December 2006). "Cape Verde: The Most Democratic Nation in Africa?". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 495. doi:10.1017/S0022278X06002060. S2CID 144361839.
- ^ Edwin E. Moïse. "Limited War : The Stereotypes". Clemson University. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- ^ Operation Desert Storm globalsecurity.com
- ^ Rostker, Bernard (2000). "Information Paper: Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles". Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control from 2000 to 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
- ^ Fetter, Steve; Lewis, George N.; Gronlund, Lisbeth (January 28, 1993). "Why were Casualties so low?" (PDF). Nature. 361 (6410). London: Nature Publishing Group: 293–296. doi:10.1038/361293a0. hdl:1903/4282. S2CID 4343235.
- ^ Kifner, John (January 23, 1991). "WAR IN THE GULF: TEL AVIV; 3 DIE 96 ARE HURT IN ISRAELI SUBURB". The New York Times.
- ^ Atkinson, Rick; Balz, Dan (January 23, 1991). "Scud Hits Tel Aviv, Leaving 3 Dead, 96 Hurt". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
- ^ "Harald V | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "The Day After Eastern Folds: Many Passengers Are Left Up in the Air : Travel: Some connect with other carriers, several are left on standby status. The 62-year-old airline finally succumbed to a number of infirmities". Los Angeles Times. January 20, 1991. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ^ Airways (December 4, 2016). "December 4, 1991: The Last 'Clipper' Flight". Airways Magazine. Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ^ "The SAS Operations | Gulf-war | Britain's Small Wars". britains-smallwars.com. Retrieved August 18, 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Woodbury, Jo (January 2015). The Bougainville Independence Referendum: Assessing the Risks and Challenges Before, During and After the Referendum (PDF). Indo-Pacific Strategy Papers. Canberra: Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS), Australian Defence College. p. 7.
- ^ "Mohamed Siad Barre | president of Somalia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "New President of Somalia Is Sworn In". Los Angeles Times. January 29, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "1991". omalley.nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Noble, Kenneth B. (September 15, 1991). "Two Black Groups and Pretoria Sign Peace Agreement". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ AirLand Reversal – Airforcemag.com, February 2014
- ^ United States. National Transportation Safety Board (1995). Aircraft Accident Report. U.S. Government. p. 107.
- ^ "Afghanistan/Pakistan Earthquake Feb 1991 UNDRO Situation Reports 1 - 6 - Afghanistan". ReliefWeb. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "55 Significant Earthquakes where Country = AFGHANISTAN". The Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
- ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (February 6, 2021). "Street Fighter 2 turns 30 years-old". Eurogamer. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
- ^ Joseph Whitaker (1994). An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ... J. Whitaker. p. 900.
- ^ Whitney, Craig R. (February 8, 1991). "I.R.A. Attacks 10 Downing Street With Mortar Fire as Cabinet Meets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Terror at 10 Downing St. : Prime Minister, War Cabinet Unhurt in IRA Mortar Attack". Los Angeles Times. February 7, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Taylor, Alan. "Operation Desert Storm: 25 Years Since the First Gulf War - The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (1997). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 90-411-0439-9.
- ^ Stanley, Alessandra (February 14, 1991). "WAR IN THE GULF: THE OVERVIEW; IRAQ SAYS U.S. KILLED HUNDREDS OF CIVILIANS AT SHELTER, BUT ALLIES CALL IT MILITARY POST". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ RFE/RL Research Report. RFE/RL, Incorporated. 1993. p. 19.
- ^ Anatol Lieven (1994). The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence. Yale University Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-300-06078-2.
- ^ Schmidt, William E. (February 19, 1991). "2 RAIL TERMINALS IN CENTRAL LONDON HIT BY I.R.A. BOMBS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "13. Albania (1913-present)". uca.edu. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Adil Carcani, prime minister of Albania'". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Binder, David (February 23, 1991). "Albanian Names Cabinet Amid Unrest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Thai Coup Leaders Plan Elections in Six Months : Takeover: The military junta also says it wants to amend the constitution. The whereabouts of the deposed prime minister are unknown". Los Angeles Times. February 25, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Pace, Eric (August 7, 1999). "Sunthorn Kongsompong, 68; Thai General Led 1991 Coup". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "DOD: Information Paper- Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles". Iraqwatch.org. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
- ^ a b "Timeline of the Persian Gulf War". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Boustany, Nora (February 27, 1991). "Saddam Tells Iraqis of Pullout But Claims 'Dignified' Victory". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Persian Gulf War | Definition, Summary, History, Dates, Combatants, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "BANGLADESH: parliamentary elections Jatiya Sangsad, 1991". archive.ipu.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Crossette, Barbara (March 1, 1991). "General's Widow Wins Bangladesh Vote". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Estonia, Latvia Vote Overwhelmingly for Independence : Baltics: Secession from the Soviet Union passes by wide margins in both republics. The next test is a countrywide referendum on Gorbachev's plan". Los Angeles Times. March 4, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Clines, Francis X. (March 4, 1991). "Latvia and Estonia Vote for Sovereignty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Co-pilot Cries 'Oh My God' Seconds Before Plane Crashes". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Aviation Accident Report AAR-01-01". www.ntsb.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Sao Tome and Principe (10/24/11)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "São Tomé and Príncipe: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "The Holliday Videotape, George Holliday Video of King Beating". University of Missouri Kansas City Law School.
- ^ Mydans, Seth (March 6, 1992). "Police Beating Trial Opens With Replay of Videotape". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ "INDIA'S PRIME MINISTER RESIGNS". Christian Science Monitor. March 7, 1991. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "India's Prime Minister Resigns". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Chandra Shekhar | prime minister of India". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Bethlehem, D. Daniel L.; Weller, Marc (1997). The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law: General Issues. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. XXVI. ISBN 9780521463041. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- ^ "Governing Salvadoran Party Wins Legislative Vote". The New York Times. Reuters. March 24, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Nohlen, p284
- ^ "Exxon Agrees to $1 Billion Settlement of Oil Spill". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Canada (1993). Transboundary Air Pollution: Agreement Between the United States of America and Canada, Signed at Ottawa March 13, 1991 with Annexes. Department of State. p. 18.
- ^ "Sheikh Jābir al-Aḥmad al-Jābir al-Ṣabāḥ | emir of Kuwait". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Peirce, Gareth (March 12, 2011). "The Birmingham Six: Have we learned from our disgraceful past?". The Guardian. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
- ^ R v McIlkenney (1991) 93 Cr.App.R. 287–318.
- ^ "History of the U.S. and Albania". U.S. Embassy in Albania. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ Sun, Baltimore. "Confused Soviet Referendum". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "March Referendum". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. June 29, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Finnish Parliament: Average Age Under 40". The New York Times. AP. March 20, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Sierra Leone Civil War". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ "The Sierra Leone War begins". African American Registry. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ "Official Result in Benin Vote Shows Big Loss for Kerekou (Published 1991)". The New York Times. AP. March 26, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- ^ "Military Leader of Mali Overthrown, Arrested". The Washington Post. March 26, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Treaty of Asunción | South America [1991]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "SICE: Trade Agreements: Treaty of Asuncion". www.sice.oas.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Albania: Elections held in 1991 Inter-Parliamentary Union
- ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p137 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ Filatochev, Igor; Bradshaw, Roy (1992). "The Soviet Hyperinflation: Its Origins and Impact throughout the Former Republics". Soviet Studies. 44 (5): 739–759. doi:10.1080/09668139208412045. ISSN 0038-5859. JSTOR 152269.
- ^ "The Economic Collapse of the Soviet Union". www.sjsu.edu. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "United Nations Security Council | Treaties & Regimes | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Security Council Resolution 687". www.un.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Jr, John H. Cushman (April 5, 1991). "Senator Heinz and 6 Others Killed In Midair Crash Near Philadelphia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ King, Larry (April 5, 1991). "Sen. Heinz, 6 others die in Pa. plane-copter collision Two children killed as debris hits school". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Gross, Jane (April 6, 1991). "6 Are Killed as 8-Hour Siege By Gang Ends in California". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "3 Vietnamese Brothers in Shoot-Out Led Troubled Lives : Crime: They had problems in school and apparently felt like failures. Some teachers express surprise at violence of siege at Sacramento store". Los Angeles Times. April 15, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Crash That Killed 23 Laid to Faulty Propellor Controls". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "1st Soviet Troops Leave Poland". Chicago Tribune. April 10, 1991.
- ^ "The 1991 "Angola Cyclone" - STORM2K". www.storm2k.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Fusani, Claudia (April 12, 1991). "May - Day, May - Day Ci ha speronato una bettolina". la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 5. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
- ^ de la Rosa, Denise; Crawford, Dean; Franz, Diana R. (January 1, 2004). "Trading on the Warsaw stock exchange—from reopening in 1991–2000". Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation. 13 (2): 121–134. doi:10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2004.09.003. ISSN 1061-9518.
- ^ "Factbox: High profile art thefts". Reuters. August 27, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (April 15, 1991). "Lost and Found: Huge van Gogh Theft Fails". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "The history of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)". www.ebrd.com. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Riding, Alan (April 16, 1991). "EUROPEAN NATIONS TO LIFT SANCTIONS ON SOUTH AFRICA". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Weisman, Steven R. (April 16, 1991). "Gorbachev on Peace Mission to Japan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "A History of The Dow Jones Industrial Average". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Norris, Floyd (April 18, 1991). "Market Place; At Last, Dow Closes Above 3,000". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Edward Carpenter (January 1, 1997). Cantuar: The Archbishops in Their Office. A&C Black. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-264-67449-0.
- ^ "Today in Earthquake History". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Quake Hits Costa Rica and Panama : Disaster: The 7.4 temblor kills at least 19. Damage is heavy in Caribbean coastal area". Los Angeles Times. April 23, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "History of Constitutional Revisions in the Republic of China". www.taiwandocuments.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Feldman, Harvey, ed. (1991). Constitutional Reform and the Future of the Republic of China. Taiwan in the Modern World. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 1, 3–7, 39. ISBN 9780873328807.
- ^ "Prime Minister Ousted; Feminists Win Big in Election". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "NATO Who's who?: PM Iceland". www.nato.int. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "Timeline for supercell that produced the Wichita/Andover Tornado". www.weather.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "The April 26, 1991 Great Plains Tornado Outbreak". www.weather.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ United States. Central Intelligence Agency (1989). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. p. 134.
- ^ United Nations. Dept. of Public Information (December 24, 1992). Yearbook of the United Nations. 45.1991(1992). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 416. ISBN 0-7923-1970-2.
- ^ Nikoleishvili, I. "Earthquake in Racha and Middle Age Monuments". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ Arafiev, S.S.; Rogozhin E.A.; Bykova V.V. & Dorbath C. (2006). "Deep Structure of the Racha Earthquake Source Zone from Seismic Tomography Data" (PDF). Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth. 42 (1): 27–40. Bibcode:2006IzPSE..42...27A. doi:10.1134/s1069351306010034. S2CID 128784815. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011.
- ^ 32nd 1991 (1991). The Europa World Year Book, 1991. Europa Publications Limited. p. 1664. ISBN 978-0-946653-69-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Wright, George. The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945, 1997. Page 159.
- ^ "PA-X: Peace Agreements Database". www.peaceagreements.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power". Time. pp. 50–57. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
- ^ "Nepal profile - Timeline". BBC News. February 19, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Address by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to a Joint Meeting of the United States Congress | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Queen Addresses Joint Congress Session". Los Angeles Times. May 17, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Edith Cresson | premier of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Drozdiak, William (May 18, 1991). "France The Female Prime Minister". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "20 Years After Secession, Somaliland Still Seeks Recognition | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Beaubien, Jason (May 30, 2017). "Somaliland Wants To Make One Thing Clear: It Is NOT Somalia". NPR. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Sudetic, Chuck (May 20, 1991). "Croatia Votes for Sovereignty and Confederation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "A look back at Rajiv Gandhi assassination: Rare images from the past". The New Indian Express.
- ^ The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 1992. p. 107.
- ^ World Book, Inc; World Book Encyclopedia (February 1992). The World Book Year Book, 1992. World Book, Incorporated. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7166-0492-1.
- ^ Stephen Spector (March 15, 2005). Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews. Oxford University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-19-983910-0.
- ^ Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p614 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
- ^ Nohlen, p615
- ^ Jay Levinson; Hayim Granot (2002). Transportation Disaster Response Handbook. Academic Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-12-445486-6.
- ^ Krauss, Clifford (May 28, 1991). "ETHIOPIAN REBELS STORM THE CAPITAL AND SEIZE CONTROL". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Mount Unzen | volcano, Japan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "The Communist government resigned Tuesday under an agreement by..." UPI. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Hard-line Communist picked as Albanian prime minister". UPI. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Wald, Matthew (June 6, 1991). "Severe Sun Storm Threatens Utilities". The New York Times: 16. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
- ^ "Large Solar Flares Since 1976". Space Weather Services. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
- ^ "Algerian Premier Dismissed Over Slow Pace of Reforms". Los Angeles Times. September 10, 1989. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "New Cabinet Named, Elections Plans Begin". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Fitzgerald, David (March 2019). "Support the Troops: Gulf War Homecomings and a New Politics of Military Celebration". Modern American History. 2 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1017/mah.2019.1. ISSN 2515-0456. S2CID 159284106.
- ^ Brown, DeNeen; Jordan, Mary (June 10, 1991). "On The Mall, The Celebration Lingers". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Twenty-six miners trapped in a Swaziland coal mine are rescued with help from South Africa. | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ FBIS Report: Central Eurasia. The Service. 1992. p. 7.
- ^ "Sri Lankans Accuse Army of Massacre". The New York Times. AP. June 14, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Albanian Socialist Party | political party, Albania". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Sudetic, Chuck (June 12, 1991). "Albania's Communists in Upheaval". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Mount Pinatubo: The June 1991 Eruptions. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center. 1992.
- ^ "INDIA: parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1991". archive.ipu.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "P.V. Narasimha Rao | prime minister of India". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Romero, John (May 24, 2010). "19 years later, Denver bank massacre still a mystery". Denver: KDVR. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
- ^ Wren, Christopher S. (June 18, 1991). "South Africa Scraps Law Defining People by Race". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Kraft, Scott (June 18, 1991). "South Africa Abolishes Race Registration Law". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Glass, Andrew. "Zachary Taylor's body exhumed, June 17, 1991". POLITICO. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Zachary Taylor Did Not Die of Arsenic Poisoning, Tests Indicate". Los Angeles Times. June 27, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Türkiye'nin 75 Yılı, Tempo yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998
- ^ "Appendix". Insight Turkey (7): 179–190. 1997. ISSN 1302-177X. JSTOR 26726878.
- ^ "Süleyman Demirel | president of Turkey". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "On This Day: Germany votes to move capital to Berlin". UPI. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Fisher, Marc (June 21, 1991). "Berlin Voted New Seat of Government". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Milestones: 1989–1992 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Soviet-Led Comecon Trading Bloc To Disband". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Andrews, Edmund L. (July 10, 1991). "Faulty Software Code Is Cited in Phone Disruptions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "PART ONE: Crashing the System". www.mit.edu. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Warsaw Pact | Summary, History, Countries, Map, Significance, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Who was first?". www.ericsson.com. September 5, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Arghire, Ionut (July 1, 2011). "20 Years Since the First GSM Call". softpedia. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ István Gyarmati; Theodor Winkler (2002). Post-Cold War Defense Reform: Lessons Learned in Europe and the United States. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-57488-577-4.
- ^ "South Africa Readmitted to Olympics Competition : Apartheid: Nation ends 21 years as a sports pariah because of racism. It is eligible for the 1992 Games". Los Angeles Times. July 10, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Honey, Peter. "Bush ends ban on trade with South Africa Executive order tied to 'profound' moves on apartheid". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Wines, Michael (July 30, 1991). "Washington at Work; Quintessential Spy Undone by His Own Loyalty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Johnston, David. "All Iran-contra charges against North dropped Prosecutors cite taint of testimony given to Congress". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "261 Die as a Flight for Muslim Pilgrims Crashes Near Jidda". The New York Times. The Associated Press. July 12, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Chemical Bank, Manufacturers Hanover officially merge". UPI. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Chemical Banking Corporation | American bank holding company". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Clines, Francis X. (May 23, 1991). "GORBACHEV PLEADS FOR $100 BILLION IN AID FROM WEST". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Whitney, Craig R. (September 2, 1991). "Gorbachev Asks British Leader for Economic Aid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Communal Violence in Mauritania and Senegal 1989-1992 | Climate-Diplomacy". climate-diplomacy.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Tyson Indicted; Allegedly Raped Beauty Hopeful". Los Angeles Times. September 10, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Brubaker, Bill (September 10, 1991). "Tyson Indicted on Rape, 2 Other Counts in Indiana". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Hazarika, Sanjoy (July 25, 1991). "India Retreats From Socialist Past". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Planet Believed Found Beyond Solar System". Los Angeles Times. July 25, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Lohr, Steve (August 12, 1991). "World-Class Fraud: How B.C.C.I. Pulled It Off -- A special report.; At the End of a Twisted Trail, Piggy Bank for a Favored Few". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "BCCI Case May Be History's Biggest Bank Fraud Scandal : Finance: Losses from seized institution may reach $15 billion. Some Third World central banks could collapse". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of 1991 (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Andrew Glass. "Bush and Gorbachev sign nuclear arms pact, July 31, 1991". POLITICO. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Keller, Bill (August 1, 1991). "Gunmen Kill 6 Lithuania Border Guards". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Remembering the Medininkai massacre". www.baltictimes.com. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Wren, Christopher S. (August 5, 1991). "Over 500 Are Rescued as Greek Cruise Ship Sinks Off South African Coast". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Eddings, Jerelyn. "South Africa probes cause of luxury liner's sinking". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Press Release: W3C Launches International Program Office for WAI". www.w3.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "A short history of the Web". CERN. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Ali Vakili Rad: The Perfect Murder and An Imperfect Getaway". France 24. May 19, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
- ^ "25 years ago today, the tallest structure on earth you've never heard of collapsed". Retrieved December 7, 2020.
- ^ Charity, Justin (August 12, 2021). "What's in a Nicktoon? How Nickelodeon Developed Its Eclectic Animation". The Ringer. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
- ^ "Precede HECHINGEN Frederick The Great Being Returned To Prussian Grave". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Fisher, Marc (August 17, 1991). "Frederick The Grave". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Postscript : Coming Home to Rest After 205 Years, 6 Stops : Frederick the Great wanted to be buried in the garden of his summer palace. Now, he's about to get his wish". Los Angeles Times. August 13, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "Hurricane Bob, August 18-19, 1991". www.weather.gov. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Hurricane Hits North Carolina and Moves North". The New York Times. August 19, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Hurricane Bob Howls Into New England After Lashing Long Island, East Coast". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Soviet Coup of 1991 | Soviet history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Moscow 1991: A coup that seemed doomed from the start". BBC News. August 18, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "25 years ago today: Iceland recognises Estonia and Latvia". Iceland Monitor. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Independence for Baltic States : Freedom: Moscow formally recognizes Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, ending half a century of control. Soviets to begin talks soon on new relationships with the three nations". Los Angeles Times. September 7, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Flag of Russia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Paul G. Lewis; Professor Paul Lewis (2001). Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe: The First Decade. Psychology Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-7146-5155-2.
- ^ "The Battle of Vukovar: Croatia's Hope to Defend Their Land – StMU History Media". Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "LINUX's History by Linus Torvalds". www.cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "History". tldp.org. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Who is the greatest ever?". October 12, 2003. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
- ^ "Lebanon's Aoun in Exile at French Villa : Mideast: Mutinous general is spirited out of Beirut under an amnesty for war crimes". Los Angeles Times. August 31, 1991. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Boustany, Nora (August 30, 1991). "Aoun Leaves Lebanon To Live In Exile". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Potier, Tim (2001). Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia : a legal appraisal. The Hague Boston: Kluwer Law International. p. 16. ISBN 9789041114778.
- ^ "Food Plant Fire Kills 25; Exits Blocked : Disaster: Chicken workers in North Carolina are trapped in a facility that had never been inspected for safety. Another 40 workers hurt". Los Angeles Times. September 4, 1991. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "The Tragic Story of the Hamlet Fire". NPR.org. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Reverting to Original Name, Sverdlovsk Is Yekaterinburg". The New York Times. Reuters. September 24, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "From Soviet Leningrad to St Petersburg". BBC News. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Schmemann, Serge (September 6, 1991). "SOVIET TURMOIL; SOVIET CONGRESS YIELDS RULE TO REPUBLICS TO AVOID POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC COLLAPSE". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ "Israel Frees 51 Arab Prisoners : Mideast: Officials act after receiving proof that a soldier captured in Lebanon is dead. The U.N. mediation success raises U.S. hopes for release of Western hostages". Los Angeles Times. September 12, 1991. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ "Hostage Talks Advance As Israel Frees Arab Prisoners". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ "Soviet Troops to Leave Cuba, Gorbachev Says". Los Angeles Times. September 12, 1991. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ "Cuba - National evolution and Soviet influence". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ "SWEDEN : parliamentary elections Riksdagen, 1991". archive.ipu.org. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Ingvar Carlsson: A Leader Who Put the Team Above Himself With PM-Sweden Election, Bjt". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Nations, United. "Member States". United Nations. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ December 2020, Stephanie Pappas-Live Science Contributor 17 (December 17, 2020). "Ötzi the Iceman may have scaled ice-free Alps". livescience.com. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
{{cite web}}
:|first=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Scientists reconstruct Ötzi the Iceman's frantic final climb". History. October 30, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Otzi | Discovery & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Lewis, Paul (September 28, 1991). "44 U.N. Inspectors Freed by Iraq With Secret Nuclear Documents". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ235/PLAW-105publ235.pdf
- ^ Association, American Library (July 18, 2019). "The Dead Sea Scrolls are opened to the public | Library Association | College & Research Libraries News". doi:10.5860/crln.52.10.629.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Wilford, John Noble (September 22, 1991). "Monopoly Over Dead Sea Scrolls Is Ended". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Library Lifts Veil on Dead Sea Scrolls : Antiquities: The Huntington breaks four decades of secrecy surrounding biblical texts". Los Angeles Times. September 22, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Beirut hostage war hero dies". The Independent. September 20, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Jack Mann 81; Was Beirut Hostage". The New York Times. AP. November 14, 1995. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "September 24th, 1991 Was the Best Day in Music History". InsideHook. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ "Bush Praises Salvadoran Leader's Peace Efforts". Los Angeles Times. June 13, 1991. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Gruson, Lindsey (March 22, 1990). "El Salvador and Rebels Reportedly Agree to Talks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front | political party, El Salvador". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "The Presidential Nuclear Initiatives (PNIs) on Tactical Nuclear Weapons at a Glance | Arms Control Association". www.armscontrol.org. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "Conviction over murder of Jesuit priests must break the chain of impunity". www.amnesty.org. September 11, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Silber, Laura (October 3, 1991). "Yugoslav Forces Attack Dubrovnik Resort". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Dubrovnik | Croatia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "This is about this country's lack of leadership". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Labaton, Stephen (November 22, 1991). "House Leaders Decide Against Vote on S.& L. Bailout Bill". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Prime Ministers Of Sweden Since World War II". WorldAtlas. April 25, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Clines, Francis X. (October 7, 1991). "Gorbachev Condemns Anti-Semitism, Past and Present". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Vincent J. Schodolski. "GORBACHEV RUES JEWISH EXODUS". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Harden, Blaine (October 8, 1991). "Yugoslav Jets Attack Palace in Zagreb". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "KGB Post-Soviet Developments - Russia / Soviet Intelligence Agencies". www.globalsecurity.org.
- ^ Signals Intelligence in the Post-cold War Era p. 24
- ^ "Security Council Resolution 715". www.un.org. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan profile - Timeline". BBC News. January 11, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p448 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
- ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p369 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ Nohlen & Stöver, p382
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Bulgaria. Movements Towards Democratization". Refworld. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 102nd Congress - 1st Session". www.senate.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Rosenthal, Andrew (June 28, 1991). "MARSHALL RETIRES FROM HIGH COURT; BLOW TO LIBERALS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Mitä Missä Milloin, Kansalaisen vuosikirja 1993, p. 21. Helsinki: Otava, 1992. ISBN 951-1-12269-X. (in Finnish)
- ^ Haberman, Clyde (October 19, 1991). "Israel and Soviets Restore Full Relations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Harare Commonwealth Declaration". Commonwealth Secretariat. 20 October 1991. Archived from the original on 7 February 2004. Retrieved 25 July 2007.
- ^ "EBRPD - The Oakland Hills Firestorm | Forward". www.ebparks.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Jain, Sudhir. K.; Singh, Ramesh P.; Gupta, Vinay K.; Nagar, Amit (1992), Garhwal Earthquake of Oct. 20, 1991 (PDF), EERI Special Earthquake Report, vol. 26, National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering, pp. 1–3
- ^ Boustany, Nora; Diehl, Jackson (October 22, 1991). "Hostage Turner Freed, Arrives in Damascus". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Hedges, Chris (October 23, 1991). "Ex-Beirut Hostage Is in Care of U.S." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Khmer Rouge | Facts, Leadership, Genocide, & Death Toll". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "UNITED NATIONS TRANSITIONAL AUTHORITY IN CAMBODIA (UNTAC) - Mandate". peacekeeping.un.org. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "POLAND : parliamentary elections Sejm, 1991". archive.ipu.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "The Ocean Prediction Center and "The Perfect Storm"". ocean.weather.gov. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "The Perfect Storm (1991) (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Data Collection - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Spacecraft Exploration of Gaspra". SpaceNext50 | Encyclopedia Britannica. May 16, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "The Halloween Blizzard of 1991". www.weather.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "On This Day: The Halloween Blizzard of 1991". National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). July 30, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Wilhelm, Kathy (November 6, 1991). "China and Vietnam Normalize Relations". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "China and Vietnam Normalize Relations". Los Angeles Times. November 6, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Communist Party Banned". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. September 1, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Yeltsin bans Communist Party". UPI. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Iijima, Sumio (November 1991). "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon". Nature. 354 (6348): 56–58. Bibcode:1991Natur.354...56I. doi:10.1038/354056a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4302490.
- ^ "The Discovery of Carbon Nanotubes - Basle, 22.11.2007". www.balzan.org (in Italian). Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "New Charges in Pan Am Flight 103 Bombing". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "WashingtonPost.com: Pan Am Flight 103 Report". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "2 to Be Charged in Pan Am Bombing : Lockerbie disaster: The Libyans are expected to be indicted today for the 1988 attack on Flight 103 that killed 270. Both reportedly are intelligence operatives". Los Angeles Times. November 14, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Shenon, Philip (November 15, 1991). "Joyous Sihanouk Returns to Cambodia From Exile". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Frankel, Glenn (November 19, 1991). "Hostages Waite, Sutherland Freed in Lebanon". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Witness Seized "Last Chance" to Escape Vukovar Massacre". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. March 8, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
- ^ Roman Glebov (November 25, 1991). "Республики. В Азербайджане сбит вертолет с VIP на борту" [Republics. A helicopter with VIP on board has been shot down in Azerbaijan.] (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
- ^ "Azerbaijan Association. 17 year passes since "Mi-8" military helicopter was shot in Garakand sky – complete list of the perished people". November 21, 2008. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
- ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali". United Nations Secretary-General. August 4, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "CPGB: History of the Communist Party of Great Britain". www.marxists.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Queen star dies after Aids statement". The Guardian. November 25, 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Eric Carr, 41, Is Dead; Rock Band's Drummer". The New York Times. The Associated Press. November 26, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "UNPROFOR". peacekeeping.un.org. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Ukrainian Independence Referendum". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. September 28, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Antonov, Nikola (August 25, 1991). "Ukraine Declares Independence, Sets Referendum". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Hedges, Chris (December 5, 1991). "THE LAST U.S. HOSTAGE; ANDERSON, LAST U.S. HOSTAGE, IS FREED BY CAPTORS IN BEIRUT". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "This Day in History: Journalist Terry Anderson Abducted in Beirut | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Arson Investigator-Novelist Is Charged With Setting Fires". The New York Times. The Associated Press. December 20, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "The Belavezha Accords signed". Presidential Library. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Belovezha Accords and Beyond: Delineating the Russian State. | National Technical Reports Library - NTIS". ntrl.ntis.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Serb leader Tadic apologises for 1991 Vukovar massacre". BBC News. November 4, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Braimah, Ayodale (August 11, 2014). "Abuja, Nigeria (1991- ) •". Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Eight countries that moved their capitals". BBC News. March 14, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ Ottosson, Daniel (May 2008). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults" (PDF). International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). p. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
- ^ "Survivors of Ferry Disaster in Red Sea Tell of Terror at Sea". AP NEWS. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Divers Recover Bodies of Captain And Others From Egyptian Ferry". The New York Times. The Associated Press. December 18, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "General Assembly Resolution 46/86, Revocation of Resolution 3379". mfa.gov.il. December 16, 1991. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ West, William (December 19, 2011). "Hawke and Keating: a masterclass in political killing". ABC News.
- ^ "NATO Update - Summary 1991". www.nato.int. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ "Mikhail Gorbachev: The man who lost an empire". BBC News. December 13, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Mikhail Gorbachev | Biography, Facts, Cold War, & Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Russia - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "collapse of the Soviet Union | Causes, Facts, Events, & Effects". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "END OF THE SOVIET UNION; Gorbachev's Six Tumultuous Years at Soviet Helm". The New York Times. December 26, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
- ^ "Eden Hazard". FIFA. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
- ^ "Caster Semenya". IOC. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
- ^ @MjRodriguez7 (January 6, 2016). "It's Officially my B-day Jan 7th! I'm 25!!!!!!!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "The Voice Kids 2021 am 24.4.21: Jury-Mitglied und Coach Alvaro Soler im Porträt". Augsburger Allgemeine (in German). April 24, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ Delilah Grace (November 8, 2011). Pixie Lott. Omnibus Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-85712-722-8.
- ^ "Drya Klishina profile". World Athletics. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ "Trevor Bauer Stats, Fantasy & News". MLB.com. Advanced Media Group. Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
- ^ "It's my birthday, and I'm feeling good about it". Twitter. January 17, 2018.
- ^ Rose, Lacey; O'Connell, Michael; Sandberg, Bryn Elise; Stanhope, Kate; Goldberg, Lesley (August 28, 2015). "Next Gen Fall TV: 10 Stars Poised for Breakouts". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
- ^ "Steve Birnbaum Stats, News, Bio". ESPN.
- ^ WGM title application. FIDE.
- ^ "Aleksandar Katai | MLSsoccer.com".
- ^ "Emma Roberts Biography: Film Actress, Singer, Television Actress (1991–)". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Additional on October 9, 2016 - ^ Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. Rowman & Littlefield. September 24, 2019. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-64143-316-7.
- ^ "Bonnie Wright Biography". Empire. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
- ^ "DIAZ, Hidilyn". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on August 6, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
- ^ "Joe Alwyn". Glamour. UK. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Joe Alwyn (Joseph Matthew Alwyn) was born 21 February 1991
- ^ “TUF FINALE” MIXED MARTIAL ARTS SHOW RESULTS DATE: July 6, 2018
- ^ "USA Gymnastics – Alexander Naddour". Usagym.org. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- ^ "Happy Birthday Greta". Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ "Joueur - Antoine Griezmann". French Football Federation (in French). Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ "MADELYN DEUTCH". ISSUE Magazine. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
BIRTH DATE: 3/23/91 BIRTH PLACE: The San Fernando Vall
- ^ "Derek Carr Profile". Fresno State Bulldogs Athletics. Fresno State. March 25, 2014. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
- ^ "N'Golo Kante". Chelsea FC. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ McFarland, Hayley [@hayleymcfarland] (March 29, 2015). "24". Retrieved September 17, 2021 – via Instagram.
- ^ "Josh Gordon Bio". baylorbears.com. Baylor Bears. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
- ^ Dodds, Emma (March 3, 2020). "Anne-Marie: Everything you need to know about the 'Lonely' singer". Archived from the original on May 14, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^ "Barça : Gai Assulin, le nouveau Messi s'est perdu en chemin". January 23, 2019.
- ^ "James Magnussen at Swimming Australia". Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ McGregor, Tait (May 1, 2020). "We've Compiled A Complete Guide With Every Little Fact About Yr New Crush Darren Barnet From 'Never Have I Ever'". MTV. Archived from the original on May 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|archive-date=
(help) - ^ Jain, Ananya (August 5, 2020). "Technical Guruji Biography : Here's Everything You Need To Know About Gaurav Chaudhary". IndiaTimes. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
- ^ 1991 at the Association of Tennis Professionals
- ^ "Famous Birthdays Today, May 16: Megan Fox, Joey Graceffa, Janet Jackson, Pierce Brosnan, Kelly Hyland, Tori Spelling". Yareah Magazine. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
- ^ "Erika Umeda profile" (in Japanese). Brand-New Music. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
- ^ "Samuel Ross – Continuous study of fashion design, installation art, sculpture & living space". www.samuel-ross.com. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- ^ WGM title application FIDE
- ^ Diep, Eric (May 31, 2013). "Today in Hip-Hop: Azealia Banks Celebrates 22nd Birthday". XXL. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
- ^ "Zazie Beetz". Empire Online. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ "Profile". Chimtic.netfirms.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
- ^ "Fashion Model Directory". Fashion Model Directory. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ "Profiles: Olivia Rogowska". Tennis Australia. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
- ^ "Little Mix Glam Up As They Hit The Town For Jesy's 21st Birthday (PICS)". Huffington Post. June 15, 2012. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
- ^ "Player profile – Tameka Butt". Brisbane Roar FC. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ "The Birth of Willa Holland". Californiabirthindex.org. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
- ^ "Will Stevens". DriverDB. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
- ^ Ibile, Fagbo (October 3, 2021). "Burna Boy's Biography". AllMusic.com. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
- ^ 1991 at the Women's Tennis Association
- ^ "Profile". Liverpool F.C. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
- ^ 1991 at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation
- ^ "Andros Townsend". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
- ^ "Tennessee Titans: Taylor Lewan". titansonline.com. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^ Caputo, Denise (July 24, 2018). "Happy Birthday, Emily Bett Rickards". FanFest News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
- ^ "Mike Trout Stats". Baseball Reference. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ "Joël Matip: Overview". ESPN. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
- ^ "Enrique Hernandez Stats". Baseball Almanac. 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
- ^ "Skandar Keynes | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos".
- ^ KProfiles - Park So-dam
- ^ Sugg, Joe (May 12, 2013). "Draw My Life | Thatcher Joe". YouTube. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
- ^ "Getting to Know Lauren Daigle". KGEB.
- ^ Dan Harr (September 14, 2011). "Hunter Hayes Celebrates His 20th Birthday at House of Blues". Music News Nashville. Archived from the original on November 10, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
- ^ "Olympedia – Sanne Wevers". www.olympedia.org. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
- ^ Halep/- 1991 at the Women's Tennis Association
- ^ Sherdog.com. "Islam Makhachev MMA Stats, Pictures, News, Videos, Biography - Sherdog.com". Sherdog. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ "Sam Shankland US Junior Champion in bidding war". ChessBase. July 22, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "Gus Kenworthy". teamusa.org. United States Olympic Committee. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
- ^ "Leigh-Anne Pinnock – 4th October". Capital. Archived from the original on April 29, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
- ^ "Gabriella Cilmi". Oxford Reference. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Fox, Toby [@tobyfox] (October 11, 2017). "It's my 26th birthday" (Tweet). Archived from the original on August 31, 2018 – via Twitter.
- ^ Turner, B. (January 12, 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2008: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. p. 717. ISBN 978-1-349-74024-6.
- ^ "Kelvin Gastelum's profile". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
- ^ Berg, Madeline (January 6, 2016). "From The Shower To 'Hamilton': 30 Under 30 Anthony Ramos' Path To Broadway". Forbes. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "Olta Boka Biography" (in Albanian). Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ 1991 at World Athletics
- ^ Matthew H(annukah) Bennett [@MattBennett] (November 13, 2010). "Thanks for all the birthday wishes. This is for you guys: http://www.mediafire.com/?dnkdmev8jl7lsmb" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Matthew H(annukah) Bennett [@MattBennett] (September 2, 2011). "Matt Bennett: Playin The Game Since 1991" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Shailene Diann Woodley, Born 11/15/1991". California Birth Index. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
- ^ Mark Russell (April 29, 2014). K-Pop Now!: The Korean Music Revolution. Tuttle Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4629-1411-1.
- ^ "Almaz Ayana profile". World Athletics. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- ^ OfflineTV (November 25, 2018). "Happy birthday @DisguisedToast. We love and appreciate you very much despite choosing this picture to post of all pics". Twitter. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Himanshi Khurana celebrates birthday with Asim Riaz". The Indian Express. November 28, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
- ^ "Becky James - rider profile". Cycling Weekly. December 17, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- ^ "Chloe Dufour-Lapointe". International Ski Federation. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^
- Career statistics and player information from NBA.com
- ^ "ARCENEAUX Hayley USA". Biographies of Space Tourists. SpaceFacts.de. May 12, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
- ^ Russell, Mark (April 29, 2014). K-Pop Now!: The Korean Music Revolution. Tuttle Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4629-1411-1.
- ^ "PnB Rock – Profile". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ^ "Kiki Bertens". WTA. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- ^ "10 Facts You Might Have Not Known About HAIM". yahoo.com. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
- ^ "Who is Trevor Siemian?". SI.com.
- ^ "Camila Giorgi". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ Oliviu Felecan; Daiana Felecan (October 2, 2014). Unconventional Anthroponyms: Formation Patterns and Discursive Function. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-4438-6862-4.
- ^ Sylvie Simmons, The Guardian (February 2, 2001). "The eyes have it". London.
- ^ "Lord Penney, 81, atomic scientist and father of British bomb, dies". New York Times. March 7, 1991. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
- ^ Emily J. McMurray (1995). Notable Twentieth-century Scientists: F-K. Gale Research. p. 811. ISBN 9780810391833.
- ^ Blau, Eleanor (March 15, 1991). "Howard Ashman Is Dead at 40; Writer of 'Little Shop of Horrors'". The New York Times.
- ^ Holden, Stephen (March 15, 1991). "Jerome (Doc) Pomus, 65, Lyricist For Some of Rock's Greatest Hits". NYTimes. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- ^ Bendall, D. S. (1994). "Robert Hill. 2 April 1899 – 15 March 1991". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 40: 142–170. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1994.0033. ISSN 0080-4606. S2CID 73043184.
- ^ "Vilma Banky, Hollywood Star With Short but Influential Career". The New York Times. December 12, 1992. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
- ^ "Leo Fender (American inventor and manufacturer)". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Detrez, Raymond (2010). The A to Z of Bulgaria. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780810872028.
- ^ "Sir John Kerr dies alone at 76: the storm goes on". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). March 26, 1991. p. 1. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
- ^ Greenhouse, Steven (April 3, 1991). "Archbishop Lefebvre, 85, Dies; Traditionalist Defied the Vatican". New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
- ^ Flint, Peter (March 28, 1991). "Aldo Ray, Actor, Is Dead at 64; Portrayed Lovable Tough Guys". The New York Times.
- ^ Michael, Oreskes (March 30, 1991). "Lee Atwater, Master of Tactics For Bush and GOP, Dies at 40". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
- ^ Diemert, Brian (1996). Graham Greene's thrillers and the 1930s. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780773566170.
- ^ Berwald, Olaf (2013). A companion to the works of Max Frisch. Rochester, New York: Camden House. p. 6. ISBN 9781571134189.
- ^ Stanley, Alessandra (May 4, 1991). "Jerzy Kosiński, The Writer, 57, Is Found Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
- ^ Julian Rollins (May 7, 1991). "Gentleman of the stage dies at 87". The Times. No. 64012. London. p. 3. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
- ^ Deborah Andrews (1992). Annual Obituary, 1991. St. James Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-1-55862-175-6.
- ^ Deborah Andrews (1992). Annual Obituary, 1991. St. James Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-55862-175-6.
- ^ "Rufino Arellanes Tamayo" (in Spanish). El Colegio Nacional. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- ^ Deborah Andrews (1992). Annual Obituary, 1991. St. James Press. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-55862-175-6.
- ^ Janet Hadda (March 24, 2003). Isaac Bashevis Singer: A Life. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-299-18693-7.
- ^ Daniel Prenn Men's Doubles Overview
- ^ "Author, actor Thomas Tryon dies of stomach cancer". Boca Raton News. Boca Raton, Florida. Associated Press. September 5, 1991. p. 4A. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ^ Deborah Andrews (1992). Annual Obituary, 1991. St. James Press. p. 572. ISBN 978-1-55862-175-6.
- ^ Lawrence Balter (2000). Parenthood in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-57607-213-4.
- ^ SCAN/info. The Network. 1991. p. 12.
- ^ William L. Andrews; Frances Smith Foster; Trudier Harris (February 15, 2001). The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature. Oxford University Press. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-19-803175-8.
- ^ Kumm, Bjorn (December 12, 1991). "Obituary: Artur Lundkvist". The Independent. London. p. 13.
- ^ "Herve Guibert, French Novelist, 36". New York Times. December 29, 1991. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ Rubin, Steven Jay (November 10, 2020). The James Bond Movie Encyclopedia. Chicago Review Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-64160-085-9.