List of wars involving Vietnam: Difference between revisions
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=Summary= |
=Summary= |
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Following is a list of premodern conflicts that occurred in the modern geographic territory of Vietnam regardless of ethnic or narrative-related gnome. |
Following is a list of premodern conflicts that occurred in the modern [[Geography of Vietnam|geographic territory]] of Vietnam regardless of ethnic or narrative-related gnome. |
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=== Ancient Vietnam === |
=== Ancient Vietnam === |
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* [[Lac Viet-Au Viet War]] (257 BC?) |
* [[Lac Viet-Au Viet War]] (257 BC?) |
Revision as of 19:53, 18 August 2022
This is a list of wars involving the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and its predecessor states.
History of Vietnam |
---|
Vietnam portal |
Pre-modern
Ancient (c. 257 BC–111 BC)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Lac Viet-Au Viet War
(257 BC?) |
Lạc Việt tribe | Âu Việt tribe | Lac Viet was annexed into Au Viet.
|
Baiyue-Qin War
(221 BCE – 214 BCE) |
Baiyue tribes
|
Qin Empire | Partial victory
|
Au Lac–Nanyue War
(207 BCE or 179 BCE) |
Âu Lạc under Thục dynasty | Nanyue under Triệu dynasty | Nanyue victory
|
Han–Nanyue War
(111 BCE) |
Nanyue under Triệu dynasty | Han Empire | Han victory |
Dominated (111 BC–905 AD)
First and Second Chinese Domination (111 BC – 544 AD)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Trung sisters' rebellion
(40–43) |
Trưng Sisters rebels in Lingnan | Han Empire | Rebellion defeated |
Jiaozhi revolts
(100, 136–144 AD) |
Chamic revolt in Rinan, by 136 it had been spreading to Jiaozhi. | Han dynasty | Rebellion defeated |
Jiuzhen revolt
(157 AD) |
Chu Đạt rebels in Jiuzhen | Han dynasty | Rebellion defeated |
Wuhu revolt
(178–181) |
Liang Long rebels in Hepu and Jiaozhi | Han dynasty | Rebellion defeated |
Independence of Champa
(192) |
Khu Liên revolts in Xianglin (Hue), southern part of Rinan | Han dynasty | Rebellion success, creation of the first Cham kingdom of Lâm Ấp. |
Lady Triệu Revolt
(248) |
Lady Triệu rebels in Jiuzhen | Wu | Rebellion defeated
|
Jin–Wu war
(263–280) |
Anti-Wu rebels in Jiaozhi, backed by Jin dynasty | Wu | Jin victory
|
Jin–Lâm Ấp war
(399–431) |
Jin dynasty | Lâm Ấp | Jin victory
|
Liu Song–Lâm Ấp war
(445–446) |
Liu Song dynasty | Lâm Ấp | Liu Song victory
|
Lý Bí Revolt
(542–545) |
Lý Bí rebels in Jiaozhi | Liang | Victory
|
Early Lý Dynasty (545–602)
Conflict | Early Lý Dynasty
and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Sui-Van Xuan War
(545–602) |
Vạn Xuân under Early Lý dynasty | Sui | Defeat |
Third Chinese Domination (602–905)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Sui–Lâm Ấp war
(605) |
Lâm Ấp | Sui dynasty | Sui victory
|
Lý Tự Tiên rebellion
(679) |
Lý Tự Tiên's Li rebels | Tang dynasty | Tang victory |
Mai Thúc Loan Revolt
(722–23) |
Mai Thúc Loan rebels in Annan | Great Tang | Tang victory |
Chen Xingfan revolt
(726–28) |
Chen Xingfan rebels in modern-day China-Vietnam borderlands | Great Tang | Tang victory |
Javanese raids in Vietnam coast
(767, 774 & 787) |
Javanese raiders | Tang dynasty, Champa | Tang victory |
Phùng Hưng Revolt
(791) |
Phùng Hưng rebels in Annan | Great Tang | Defeat |
Tang–Nanzhao war
(846–866) |
Nanzhao and local rebels in Northern Vietnam | Great Tang | Tang victory
|
Dynastic
Autonomous era under Khúc Family (905–938) and Ngô Dynasty (938–967)
Conflict | Khúc Family
and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
First Southern Han–Annan War
(930–931) |
Dương Đình Nghệ forces in Annan | Great Han | Victory
|
Second Southern Han-Annan War(938) | Ngô Quyền forces in Annan | Great Han | Victory
|
Warlord era (944–968)
Conflict | Ngô Dynasty
and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Coup d'état Dương Tam Kha (950) | Force of Dương Tam Kha | Force of Ngô Xương Ngập later added Ngô Xương Văn | Establish a position
|
12 Warlords Rebellion
(965–968) |
Đinh Bộ Lĩnh clan | 11 Warlords | Victory for Đinh Bộ Lĩnh clan
|
Đinh Dynasty (968–980)
Conflict | Đinh Dynasty
and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Dispute over the throne of the Dinh Dynasty (979) | Force of Đinh Điền, Nguyễn Bặc, Phạm Hạp | Force of Lê Hoàn | Changing dynasty
|
Early Lê Dynasty (980–1009)
Conflict | Early Lê Dynasty
and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
First Đại Cồ Việt-Song War
(981) |
Đại Cồ Việt under Early Lê dynasty | Great Song | Victory
|
Champa–Đại Cồ Việt war
(982) |
Đại Cồ Việt under Early Lê dynasty | Champa | Victory |
Dispute for the throne of Le Dynasty (1005) | Force of Lê Long Việt | Force of Lê Long Tích | Establish a position
|
Force of Lê Ngọa Triều | Force of Lê Long Cân, Lê Long Kính, Lê Long Đinh | Establish a position
|
Later Lý Dynasty (1009–1225)
Conflict | Later Lý Dynasty
and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Dali – Đại Cồ Việt war (1014) | Đại Cồ Việt under Later Lý dynasty | Dali Kingdom | Victory |
Third Rebellious Brothers (1028) | Đại Cồ Việt under Later Lý dynasty | Force of Đông Chinh Vương, Vũ Đức Vương, Dực Thánh Vương | Victory
|
Nong Quanfu rebellions (1038 –1039) | Đại Cồ Việt under Later Lý dynasty | Kingdom of Longevity | Victory
|
Nong Zhigao rebellions (1040 –1050) | Đại Cồ Việt under Later Lý dynasty | Kingdom of Changsheng | Victory |
Champa–Đại Cồ Việt War
(1044) |
Đại Cồ Việt under Later Lý dynasty | Champa | Victory |
Champa–Đại Việt War
(1069) |
Đại Việt under Later Lý dynasty | Champa | Victory |
Đại Việt–Song War
(1075–1077) |
Đại Việt under Later Lý dynasty | Great Song | Victory |
Đại Việt-Khmer War
(1123–1150)[1] |
Đại Việt under Later Lý dynasty | Khmer Empire | Victory |
Rebellions Quách Bốc (1209) | Đại Việt under Later Lý dynasty | Force of Quách Bốc | Victory
|
Rebellions Nguyễn Nộn (1213 – 1219) | Đại Việt under Later Lý dynasty | Force of Nguyễn Nộn |
Trần Dynasty (1225–1400)
Conflict | Trần Dynasty
and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Champa–Đại Việt War
(1252) |
Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Victory |
First Đại Việt-Mongol War
(1257–1258) |
Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Mongol Empire | Victory |
Second Đại Việt-Mongol War
(1284–1285) |
Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Great Yuan | Victory |
Third Đại Việt-Mongol War
(1287–1288) |
Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Great Yuan | Victory |
Đại Việt-Muang Sua War (1294-1301) | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Muang Sua | Victory |
Cham–Vietnamese War (1311) | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Victory
|
Cham–Vietnamese War (1318) | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Victory
|
Dispute over the Tran dynasty (1369-1370) | Force of Dương Nhật Lễ | Force of Trần Phủ | Victory
|
Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390) | Đại Việt under Trần dynasty | Champa | Defeat in early periods
Victory in final periods
|
Hồ Dynasty (1400–1407)
Conflict | Hồ Dynasty
and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Champa–Đại Ngu War
(1400–1407) |
Đại Ngu under Hồ dynasty | Champa | Victory[2][3] |
Đại Ngu-Ming War
(1406–1407) |
Đại Ngu under Hồ dynasty | Great Ming | Defeat |
Fourth Chinese Domination (1407–1427)
Conflict | Yue people | Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Later Trần revolt
(1407–1413) |
Later Trần rebels in Jiaozhi | Great Ming | Defeat |
Lam Sơn uprising
(1418–1427) |
Lam Sơn rebels in Jiaozhi | Great Ming | Victory
|
Later Lê Dynasty (1428–1778)
Conflict | Later Lê Dynasty
and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Đại Việt–Ngưu Hống war (1431–1432) | Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty | Black River Kingdom | Victory |
Champa-Đại Việt War
(1446) |
Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty | Champa | Victory |
Coup d'état Lê Nghi Dân (1459) | Force of Lê Nhân Tông | Force of Lê Nghi Dân | Establish a position
|
Counter-coup Lê Nghi Dân (1460) | Force of Lê Nghi Dân | Force of Nguyễn Xí, Đinh Liệt, Lê Lăng, Lê Niệm, Nguyễn Đức Trung | Establish a position
|
Champa–Đại Việt War
(1471) |
Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty | Champa | Victory
|
Đại Việt-Lan Xang War
(1478–1480)[4] |
Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty | Lan XangLan NaMuang PhuanAyutthayaAva | Victory |
Lê Tương Dực | |||
Trần Cảo Rebellion
(1516–1521) |
Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty | Trần Cảo's rebels | Victory
|
Lê-Mạc Civil War
(1533–1677) |
Southern Đại Việt under Later Lê dynasty | Northern Đại Việt under Mạc dynasty | Victory for Later Lê dynasty
|
First Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War
(1627–1672) |
Đàng Ngoài under Later Lê dynasty and Trịnh lords | Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords | Indecisive |
Dutch-Nguyễn War
(1643) |
Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords | Dutch East India Company | Victory for Nguyễn lords |
Cambodian Civil War
(1714–17)[5] |
Kaev Hua III | Thommo Reachea III | Defeat for Nguyễn lords |
Đại Việt-Siam War (1769–1773)[6][7] | Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords | Thonburi Kingdom | Defeat |
Second Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War
(1774–1775) |
Đàng Ngoài under Later Lê dynasty | Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords | Victory for Trịnh lords |
Tây Sơn Dynasty (1778–1802)
Conflict | Tây Sơn Dynasty and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Tây Sơn–Nguyễn Civil War
(1772–1777)[8] |
Tây Sơn rebels | Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords | Victory for Tây Sơn rebels
|
Đại Việt-Siam War
(1785) |
Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty | Rattanakosin Kingdom
Đàng Trong under Nguyễn lords |
Victory
|
Tây Sơn–Trịnh Civil War
(1775-1786)[8] |
Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty | Đàng Ngoài under Trịnh lords | Victory for Tây Sơn dynasty |
Đại Việt-Qing War
(1788–1789) |
Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty | Qing dynastyLater Lê dynasty | Victory for Tây Sơn dynasty |
Tây Sơn–Nguyễn Civil War
(1778–1802)[8] |
Đại Việt under Tây Sơn dynasty | Gia Long leading the Nguyễn lords | Regime change
|
Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1887)
Conflict | Nguyễn Dynasty and allies |
Opponents | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Cambodian Rebellion
(1811–1812) |
Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty
Ang Chan forces of Khmer |
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Ang Snguon forces of Khmer |
Victory |
Chao Anu Rebellion
(1825–1828) |
Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty
Anouvong forces of Laos |
Rattanakosin Kingdom | Defeat |
Siamese–Vietnamese War
(1831–1834) |
Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Rattanakosin Kingdom | Victory |
Lê Văn Khôi revolt
(1833–1835) |
Việt Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Lê Văn Khôi rebels | Victory
|
Đại Nam-Siam War
(1841–1845) |
Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Rattanakosin Kingdom | Inconclusive
|
Cochinchina Campaign
(1858–1862) |
Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | Second French Empire | Defeat
|
Tonkin Campaign
(1883–1886) |
Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | French Third Republic | Defeat |
Sino-French War
(1884–1885) |
Đại Nam under Nguyễn dynasty | French Third Republic | Both sides claimed victory[9][10] |
Colonial
French Indochina (1887–1954)
Republic
North Vietnam (1945–1976)
State of Vietnam and South Vietnam (1945–1975)
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Conflict | Vietnam and allies |
Opponents | Result | General Secretary |
---|---|---|---|---|
Insurgency in the Central Highlands
(1975–1992) |
Vietnam | FULRO | Victory
|
Lê Duẩn (until 10 July 1986)
Trường Chinh (until 18 December 1986) Nguyễn Văn Linh (until 28 June 1991) |
Insurgency in Laos
(1975–2007) |
Vietnam Laos |
Hmong insurgents | Victory
|
Lê Duẩn (until 10 July 1986)
Trường Chinh (until 18 December 1986) Nguyễn Văn Linh (until 28 June 1991) |
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
(1977–1989)[d] |
Democratic Kampuchea (1979–1982) Post-invasion: CGDK/NGC (1982–1990) Thailand (border clashes) |
Vietnam FUNSK Post-invasion: 1979–1989: Vietnam People's Republic of Kampuchea 1989–1991: State of Cambodia Supported by: Soviet Union Cuba Poland[24] Czechoslovakia[25] East Germany[26] |
Victory
|
Lê Duẩn (until 10 July 1986)
Trường Chinh (until 18 December 1986) Nguyễn Văn Linh (until 28 June 1991) |
Sino-Vietnamese War
(1979) |
Vietnam | China | Victory
|
Lê Duẩn |
Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–91
(1979–1991) |
Vietnam | China | Stalemate
|
Lê Duẩn (until 10 July 1986)
Trường Chinh (until 18 December 1986) Nguyễn Văn Linh (until 28 June 1991) |
Thai–Laotian Border War
(1987–1988) |
Vietnam Laos |
Thailand | Victory
|
Nguyễn Văn Linh |
Summary
Following is a list of premodern conflicts that occurred in the modern geographic territory of Vietnam regardless of ethnic or narrative-related gnome.
Ancient Vietnam
- Lac Viet-Au Viet War (257 BC?)
- Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes (221-214 BC)
- Au Lac–Nanyue War (207 or 179 BC)
- Han–Nanyue War (111 BC)
- Trung sisters' rebellion (39-43 AD)
- Jiaozhi revolts (100, 136-144 AD)
- Jiuzhen revolt (157 AD)
- Wuhu revolt (177-181 AD)
- Xianglin revolt (192 AD)
- Lady Triệu Revolt (248 AD)
- Jin–Wu war (263-280)
- Jin–Lâm Ấp war (399–431)
- Liu Song–Lâm Ấp war (445–446)
Medieval Vietnam (500–1527)
- Lý Bí Revolt (542)
- Sui-Van Xuan War (602)
- Sui–Lâm Ấp war (605)
- Lý Tự Tiên rebellion (679)
- Mai Thúc Loan Revolt (722–23)
- Chen Xingfan revolt (726–28)
- Javanese raids in Vietnam coast (767, 774 & 787)
- Phùng Hưng Revolt (791)
- Tang-Huanwang War (803–809)
- Khmer-Cham War (813)
- Tang–Nanzhao war (846–866)
- Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)
- Anarchy of the 12 Warlords (944–967)
- Khmer–Cham war (950)
- First Song-Đại Việt War (981)
- Champa–Đại Cồ Việt war (982)
- Nong Quanfu revolt (1038)
- Nong Zhigao rebellions (1040–1055)
- Champa–Đại Cồ Việt War (1044) or Lý Thái Tông's raid in Champa
- Khmer–Cham war (1050-51)[27]
- Champa–Đại Việt War (1069)
- Cham Civil War (1069–1074)
- Second Song–Đại Việt war (1075–77)
- Khmer–Cham war (1074–1080)
- Champa–Đại Việt War (1103)
- Đại Việt-Khmer War (1128–1150)
- Khmer invasion of Champa (1145–1149)
- Harivarman I vs Vamsaräja (1150)
- Cham Civil War (1150–1161)[28]
- Cham invasion of Angkor (1177–1181)
- Jayavarman VII's conquest of Champa (1190–1203)
- Đại Việt–Khmer War (1207)
- Champa–Đại Việt War (1252)
- First Mongol invasion of Đại Việt (1257–58)
- Mongol invasion of Champa (1283–85)
- Second Mongol invasion of Đại Việt (1285)
- Third Mongol invasion of Đại Việt (1287–88)
- Sukhothai–Đại Việt war (1313)
- Ailao–Đại Việt war (1335)
- Champa–Đại Việt War (1367–1390)
- Champa–Đại Ngu war (1401–1404)
- Ming conquest of Đại Việt (1406–1407)
- Later Trần revolts (1408–1413)
- Khmer–Cham war (1408–1410)
- Lam Sơn uprising (1418–1428)
- Khmer–Cham war (1421)
- Đại Việt–Ngưu Hống war (1432–1433)
- Champa–Đại Việt War (1446)
- Champa–Đại Việt War (1471) or Vietnamese conquest of Northern Champa.
- Đại Việt–Lan Xang War (1479–84)
- Trần Cảo Rebellion (1516–1521)
Early Modern (1527–1887)
- Lê-Mạc War (1533–1677)
- Trịnh–Nguyễn War (1627–1672)
- Cambodian Civil War (1714–1717)
- Vietnamese–Cambodian War of 1738–1750[29]
- Cambodian Civil War (1747–1750)
- Nguyễn–Thonburi war (1771–1773)
- Tây Sơn rebellion (1771–1789)
- Tây Sơn–Nguyễn war (1771–1787)
- Tây Sơn–Siam war (1785)
- Tây Sơn–Trịnh war (1786)
- Tây Sơn brothers war (1787–88)
- Qing (Chinese) intervention (1788–89)
- Second Tây Sơn–Nguyễn war (1789–1802)
- Tây Sơn–Vientiane war (1790–91): Tây Sơn invaded the Kingdom of Vientiane.
- Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia (1813–45)
- Ja Lidong's Rebellion (1822–23)
- Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion (1825–1827)
- Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion (1833–35)
- Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)
- Ja Thak Wa uprising (1834–1835)
- Cao Bá Quát's Rebellion (1854–56)
- Taiping invasions of Northern Vietnam (1850s–1870s)
- French conquest of Vietnam (1858–87)
- Cochinchina Campaign (1858–1862)
- Tạ Văn Phụng's Rebellion (1861–65)
- Văn Thân movement (1864–1885)
- Tonkin Campaign (1883–1889)
- Sino–French War (1884–1885)
Notes
- ^ Official start date at December 19, 1946, when France captured Hanoi. However, the conflict started already in September 1945, when British troops took Saigon during Operation Masterdom. The Haiphong conflict, lasting from March 3, 1946 until 1947, also lead to tensions between France and China.
- ^ Start date remains disputed, but North Vietnam did not intervene before 1959. Includes the Laotian Civil War, the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos and the Cambodian Civil War. First battle between the South Vietnamese army and FNL occurred at September 26, 1959; Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960 The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314–346; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
- ^ Official start date at December 19, 1946, when France captured Hanoi. However, the conflict started already in September 1945, when British troops took Saigon during Operation Masterdom. The Haiphong conflict, lasting from March 3, 1946 until 1947, also lead to tensions between France and China.
- ^ See also: Vietnamese border raids in Thailand.
Citations
- ^ Kohn, p. 524.
- ^ Dupuy, p. 483.
- ^ Kohn, p. 522.
- ^ Stuart-Fox, pp. 65-67.
- ^ Kohn, p. 445.
- ^ Kohn, p. 447.
- ^ Dupuy, p. 768.
- ^ a b c Kohn, p. 523.
- ^ Chen
- ^ Elleman, p. 297.
- ^ a b c d "Viện trợ của Trung Quốc đối với cuộc kháng chiến chống Pháp của Việt Nam - Quân đội nhân dân" [China's aid to Vietnam's anti-French resistance war - People's Army.]. 2013-12-02. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2021-10-27 – via web.archive.org.
- ^ a b http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2013/9311/pdf/DaoDucThuan_2013_02_05.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ a b "John Foster Dulles on the fall of Dien Bien Phu - Vidéo Dailymotion". Dailymotion. 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
- ^ a b LOGEVALL, FREDRIK (1993). "The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam". Diplomatic History. 17 (3): 421–445. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x. ISSN 0145-2096. JSTOR 24912244.
- ^ "Opinion | Thailand Bears Guilt for Khmer Rouge". The New York Times. March 24, 1993.
- ^ a b Richardson, Michael. "Singaporean Tells of Khmer Rouge Aid". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ "How Thatcher gave Pol Pot a hand". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ "Butcher of Cambodia set to expose Thatcher's role". The Guardian. 9 January 2000. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge
- ^ "Reagan Vows to Support Sihanouk's Forces". The New York Times. 12 October 1988. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ Michael Shafir (1985). Romania: Politics, Economics and Society : Political Stagnation and Simulated Change. Pinter. p. 187. ISBN 9780861874385.
- ^ Desaix Anderson (2002). An American in Hanoi: America's Reconciliation with Vietnam. Eastbridge. p. 104. ISBN 9781891936036.
- ^ Gerald Frost (1991). Europe in Turmoil: The Struggle for Pluralism. Praeger. p. 306. ISBN 9780275941291.
- ^ "Diplomats Recall Cambodia After the Khmer Rouge". The Cambodia Daily. 5 April 2003. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ Weiss, Thomas G.; Evans, Gareth J.; Hubert, Don; Sahnoun, Mohamed (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. International Development Research Centre (Canada). p. 58. ISBN 978-0-88936-963-4. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ^ "When Moscow helped topple the Khmer Rouge". www.rbth.com. March 19, 2016.
- ^ Kohn, George Childs (2013), Dictionary of Wars, Routledge, p. 594, ISBN 978-1-13-595494-9
- ^ Kohn, George Childs (2013), Dictionary of Wars, Routledge, p. 594, ISBN 978-1-13-595494-9
- ^ Kohn, George Childs (2013), Dictionary of Wars, Routledge, p. 594, ISBN 978-1-13-595494-9
References
- Chen, King C. "China's War Against Vietnam, 1979: A Military Analysis". School of Law University of Maryland. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present (Fourth ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270056-1.
- Elleman, Bruce A. (2001). Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989. Routledge. ISBN 0415214742.
- Kohn, George Childs (1999). Dictionary of Wars (Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-3928-3.
- Stuart-Fox, Martin (1998). The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline. White Lotus Press. ISBN 974-8434-33-8.