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#REDIRECT [[Ballpark]]
{{Short description|Sports venue type}}
A '''baseball stadium''' is any [[stadium]] that is primarily used as a venue for [[baseball]], and which generally includes a [[Baseball field|playing field]], spectator seating areas, pedestrian walkways, bathrooms, dining areas, vendor areas, offices, and recreational areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baseball Stadium Definition |url=https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/baseball-stadium |website=Law Insider |access-date=13 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Types of baseball parks==

===Wooden ballparks===
[[File:WorldSeries1903-640.jpg|thumb|right|The Huntington Avenue Grounds during the [[1903 World Series]].]]

The first professional baseball venues were large '''wooden ballparks''' with seats mounted on wood platforms. Although known for being constructed out of wood, they featured iron columns for better support. Some included one tier of inclined seating, topped with either a flat roof or, in some instances, a small upper tier. The outfield was bordered by tall walls or fences covered in advertisements, much like today's minor league parks. These advertisements were sometimes fronted with bleacher seats, or "bleaching boards". Wood, while prone to decomposition, was a relatively inexpensive material.

However, the use of wood as the primary material presented a major problem, especially as baseball continued to thrive. Over time, the wooden stands aged and dried. Many parks caught fire, and some were leveled completely. This problem, along with the popularization of baseball and expectations for long-term use of the parks were major factors that drove the transition to the new standard materials for ballparks: steel and concrete.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} Some famous wooden parks, such as the [[Polo Grounds III]] in New York and [[National League Park (Philadelphia)|National League Park]] in Philadelphia, burned and were rebuilt with fire-resistant materials (Polo Grounds IV and Baker Bowl). Others were simply abandoned in favor of new structures built elsewhere. These new fire-resistant parks often lasted for many decades, and (retrospectively) came to be known as "jewel boxes".{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} There are no more professional ballparks in existence left with this architectural trend, with the last one, Oriole Park V, burning down in 1944.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
|-
| [[American League Park]]
| [[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Washington Senators (1901–60)|Senators]]
| 1901
| 1911
| 1911
| Destroyed by fire. Now residential.
|-
| [[Bennett Park (Detroit)|Bennett Park]]
| [[Detroit]]
| [[Detroit Tigers|Tigers]]
| 1896
| 1911
| 1911
| Replaced on site by [[Tiger Stadium (Detroit)|Tiger Stadium]]. Now site of the Detroit's Police Athletic League.
|-
| [[Columbia Park]]
| [[Philadelphia]]
| [[Oakland Athletics|Athletics]]
| 1901
| 1909
| 1913
| Now residential.
|-
| [[Eastern Park]]
| [[Brooklyn]]
| [[Brooklyn Grooms|Grooms]]
| 1891
| 1897
| unknown
| Now site of a car junkyard.
|-
| [[Exposition Park (Pittsburgh)|Exposition Park]]
| [[Pittsburgh]]
| [[Pittsburgh Pirates|Pirates]]
| 1890
| 1909
| 1915
| Once a [[railroad yard]], now parking for [[PNC Park]]. [[Interstate 279]] runs over a portion of the property.
|-
| [[Hilltop Park]]
| [[Manhattan]]
| [[New York Highlanders|Highlanders]]
| 1903
| 1912
| 1914
| Now site of [[New York–Presbyterian Hospital]]
|-
| [[Huntington Avenue Grounds]]
| [[Boston]]
| [[Boston Americans|Americans]]
| 1901
| 1911
| 1912
| Now site of [[Northeastern University|Northeastern]]'s [[Solomon Court at Cabot Center]].
|-
| [[Kennard Street Park]]
| [[Cleveland]]
| [[Cleveland Blues (NL)|Blues]]
| 1879
| 1884
| unknown
|
|-
| [[League Park]]
| [[Cleveland]]
| [[Cleveland Indians|Indians]]<br />[[Cleveland Spiders|Spiders]]
| 1891
| 1909
| 1909
| Now Baseball Heritage Museum and Fannie M. Lewis Community Park at League Park centered on the original diamond.<ref name="cleveland.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/tribe/index.ssf/2014/08/league_park_reopens_to_a_histo.html|title=League Park reopens to a historic appreciation, beautiful restoration and hopeful future|work=cleveland.com|date=August 24, 2014|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref><ref name="mlblogs.com">{{cite web|url=http://tribevibe.mlblogs.com/2014/08/29/baseball-heritage-museum-moves-to-fitting-place-renovated-league-park/|title=Baseball Heritage Museum moves to fitting place — renovated League Park « TribeVibe|work=TribeVibe|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lloyd Street Grounds]]
| [[Milwaukee]]
| [[Milwaukee Brewers (1894–1901)|Brewers]]
| 1895
| 1903
| unknown
|
|-
| [[National League Park]]
| [[Cleveland]]
| [[Cleveland Blues (NL)|Blues]]<br />[[Cleveland Spiders|Spiders]]
| 1887
| 1890
| unknown
|
|-
| [[National League Park (Philadelphia)|National League Park]]
| [[Philadelphia]]
| [[Philadelphia Phillies|Phillies]]
| 1887
| 1894
| 1894
| Destroyed by fire. Rebuilt as [[Baker Bowl]]. Now commercial.
|-
| [[Oriole Park I]]
| [[Baltimore]]
| [[Baltimore Orioles (19th century)|Orioles]]
| 1882
| 1889
| {{circa|1890}}
|
|-
| [[Oriole Park II]]
| [[Baltimore]]
| [[Baltimore Orioles (19th century)|Orioles]]
| 1890
| 1891
| {{circa|1892}}
|
|-
| [[Oriole Park III]]
| [[Baltimore]]
| [[Baltimore Orioles (19th century)|Orioles]]
| 1891
| 1900
| {{Circa|1901}}
|
|-
| [[Oriole Park IV]]
| [[Baltimore]]
| [[Baltimore Orioles (1901–1902)|Orioles]]
| 1901
| 1902
| {{circa|1903}}
|
|-
| [[Palace of the Fans]]
| [[Cincinnati]]
| [[Cincinnati Reds|Reds]]
| 1902
| 1911
| 1911
| Replaced on site by [[Crosley Field]]. Now parking and commercial.
|-
| [[Polo Grounds I]]
| [[Manhattan]]
| [[New York Gothams|Gothams]], [[New York Metropolitans|Metropolitans]]
| 1880
| 1889
| 1889
| Destroyed by street construction. Now part of West 111th Street.
|-
| [[Polo Grounds II]]
| [[Manhattan]]
| [[New York Giants (PL)|Giants]]
| 1889
| 1891
| 1911
| Site served as parking for [[Polo Grounds IV]] until the Mets moved to [[Shea Stadium]] after the 1963 season. Now public housing.
|-
| [[Polo Grounds III]]
| [[Manhattan]]
| [[History of the New York Giants|Giants]]
| 1890
| 1911
| 1911
| Destroyed by fire. Rebuilt as Polo Grounds IV. Now public housing.
|-
| [[Recreation Park (Detroit)|Recreation Park]]
| [[Detroit]]
| [[Detroit Wolverines|Wolverines]]
| 1881
| 1888
| 1894
| Now site of the [[Detroit Medical Center]]
|-
| [[Robison Field]]
| [[St. Louis]]
| [[St. Louis Cardinals|Cardinals]]
| 1893
| 1920
| 1926
| Now site of [[Beaumont High School (St. Louis, Missouri)|Beaumont High School]]
|-
| [[South End Grounds]]
| [[Boston]]
| [[Boston Beaneaters|Beaneaters]]
| 1871
| 1914
| 1914
| Now parking for [[Ruggles (MBTA station)|Mass Transit station]]
|-
| [[South Side Park]]
| [[Chicago]]
| [[Chicago Colts|Colts]]<br />[[Chicago White Sox|White Sox]]
| 1893
| 1940
| 1940
| Now site of the [[Chicago Housing Authority]]'s Wentworth Gardens
|-
| [[Terrapin Park]] (Oriole Park V)
| [[Baltimore]]
| [[Baltimore Terrapins|Terrapins]]
| 1914
| 1944
| 1944
| Destroyed by fire. Now commercial
|-
| [[Washington Park I]]
| [[Brooklyn]]
| [[Brooklyn Grays|Grays]]
| 1883
| 1891
| unknown
|
|-
| [[Washington Park II]]
| [[Brooklyn]]
| [[Brooklyn Superbas|Superbas]]
| 1898
| 1913
| 1913
| Replaced by concrete and steel Washington Park 1914
|-
| [[West Side Park I]]
| [[Chicago]]
| [[History of the Chicago Cubs#1870: The Chicago White Stockings Base Ball Club|White Stockings]]
| 1885
| 1891
| unknown
| Now site of the [[Andrew Jackson Language Academy]].
|-
| [[West Side Park II]]
| [[Chicago]]
| [[Chicago Cubs|Cubs]]
| 1893
| 1915
| 1915
| Now site of the [[University of Illinois Medical Center]].
|}

===Jewel box ballparks===
{{More citations needed|date=July 2010}}
[[File:Fenway from Legend's Box.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fenway Park]] is the oldest active ballpark in [[Major League Baseball]]. The famed [[Green Monster]] is the left field fence.]]

The earliest ballparks built or rebuilt of [[reinforced concrete]], brick, and steel are now known as the '''jewel box ballparks''' or '''classic parks'''. Two-tiered grandstands became much more prevalent in this era, as well. The [[Baker Bowl]] in Philadelphia, which opened in 1895, was the first to use steel and brick as the primary construction materials and included a [[cantilever]]ed upper deck seating area that hung out over the lower seating area. Although it did not use reinforced concrete in its construction, Baker Bowl is considered the first of the jewel box parks. The first of to use reinforced concrete was [[Shibe Park]], which opened in 1909, also in Philadelphia.

The upper decks were typically held up by steel pillars that obstructed the view from some seats in the lower level. However, because of the supports used , the upper decks could come very close to the field. The two-tiered design was the standard for decades, until the [[New York Yankees]] built [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]]. To accommodate the large crowds [[Babe Ruth]] drew, Yankee Stadium was built with three tiers. This became the new standard until some recently built parks reverted to two, including PNC Park in 2001.

Most jewel box parks were built to fit the constraints of actual city blocks, often resulting in significantly asymmetrical outfield dimensions and large outfield walls to prevent easy home runs. Notable examples included [[League Park]] in Cleveland, which had a {{convert|40|ft|m|adj=on}}-tall wall in right field, and the [[Green Monster]], the {{convert|37|ft|m|adj=on}}-tall left field wall at [[Fenway Park]] in Boston. Notable exceptions include Shibe Park and [[Comiskey Park]], which were built on rectangular city blocks that were large enough to accommodate symmetrical left and right fields.

Other sports, such as [[Association football|soccer]] and [[American football|football]], were often played at these sites (Yankee Stadium, for example, was designed to accommodate football). In contrast to the later multi-purpose parks, the seats were generally angled in a configuration suitable for baseball. The "retro" ballparks built in the 1990s and beyond are an attempt to capture the feel of the jewel box parks. The only jewel box parks still used by Major League Baseball are Fenway Park and [[Wrigley Field]].
====MLB====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Lights installed
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
|-
| [[Baker Bowl]]
| [[Philadelphia]]
| [[Philadelphia Phillies|Phillies]]
| 1895
| Never
| 1938
| 1950
| Now commercial
|-
| [[Braves Field]]
| [[Boston]]
| [[Boston Braves (baseball)|Braves]]
| 1915
| 1946
| 1952
| 1955
| Reconfigured into [[Boston University]]'s [[Nickerson Field]]. Only demolished Jewel Box ballpark with a portion of its original stands still standing and in use.
|-
| [[Comiskey Park]]
| [[Chicago]]
| [[Chicago White Sox|White Sox]]
| 1910
| 1939
| 1990
| 1991
| Now parking for [[Guaranteed Rate Field]].
|-
| [[Crosley Field]]
| [[Cincinnati]]
| [[Cincinnati Reds|Reds]]
| 1912
| 1935
| 1970
| 1972
| Now parking and commercial.
|-
| [[Ebbets Field]]
| [[Brooklyn]]
| [[Brooklyn Dodgers|Dodgers]]
| 1913
| 1938
| 1957
| 1960
| Now residential.
|-
| [[Fenway Park]]
| [[Boston]]
| [[Boston Red Sox|Red Sox]]<br />[[Atlanta Braves|Braves]]
| 1912
| 1947
| —
| —
| Active. Renovated heavily from 2002 to 2011
|-
| [[Forbes Field]]
| [[Pittsburgh]]
| [[Pittsburgh Pirates|Pirates]]
| 1909
| 1940
| 1970
| 1971
| Now site of [[University of Pittsburgh]]'s Posvar Hall. Parts of the outfield wall survive.
|-
| [[Griffith Stadium]]
| [[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Washington Senators (1901–1960)|Senators]]
| 1911
| 1941
| 1961
| 1965
| Now site of the [[Howard University]] Hospital.
|-
| [[League Park]]
| [[Cleveland]]
| [[Cleveland Indians|Indians]]
| 1910
| Never
| 1946
| 1951
| Now Baseball Heritage Museum, housed in the stadium's original ticket office, and Fannie M. Lewis Community Park at League Park centered on the original diamond, but with an artificial surface instead of the original grass field.<ref name="cleveland.com"/><ref name="mlblogs.com"/>
|-
| [[Polo Grounds IV]]
| [[Manhattan]]
| [[New York Giants (baseball)|Giants]]<br />[[New York Yankees|Yankees]]<br />[[New York Mets|Mets]]
| 1911
| 1940
| 1963
| 1964
| Now public housing
|-
| [[Shibe Park]]
| [[Philadelphia]]
| [[Philadelphia Athletics|Athletics]]<br />[[Philadelphia Phillies|Phillies]]
| 1909
| 1939
| 1970
| 1976
| Now site of the Deliverance Evangelistic Church.
|-
| [[Sportsman's Park]]
| [[St. Louis]]
| [[St. Louis Browns|Browns]]<br />[[St. Louis Cardinals|Cardinals]]
| 1902 (rebuilt 1909)
| 1940
| 1966
| 1966
| Now site of the [[Herbert Hoover]] Boys and Girls Club, with the original playing field still in use for youth sports.
|-
| [[Tiger Stadium (Detroit)|Tiger Stadium]]
| [[Detroit]]
| [[Detroit Tigers|Tigers]]
| 1912
| 1948
| 1999
| 2009
| The Tigers continued to use this site until 1999. Now site of the Detroit's Police Athletic League, with the playing field still in use for youth sports, but with an artificial surface instead of the original grass field.
|-
| [[Wrigley Field]]
| [[Chicago]]
| [[Chicago Cubs|Cubs]]
| 1914
| 1988
| —
| —
| Active. [[Wrigley Field renovations|Renovation]] began in 2014 and was fully completed by Opening Day 2019.
|-
| [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]]
| [[The Bronx]]
| [[New York Yankees|Yankees]]
| 1923
| 1946
| 2008
| 2010
| Renovated in 1973–76. Structure demolished and now "Heritage Field" in [[Macombs Dam Park]].
|}

====NPB====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Lights installed
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
|-
| [[Korakuen Stadium]]
| [[Tokyo]]
| [[Yomiuri Giants]]{{efn|group=NPBJewel|Also used by six other professional teams.}}
| 1937
| ?
| 1987
| 1988
| The Tokyo Dome Hotel sits in the former right-center field area. The remainder of the site is a plaza for the Dome and hotel.
|-
| [[Koshien Stadium]]
| [[Nishinomiya]]
| [[Hanshin Tigers]]
| 1924
| 1956
| —
| —
| Active. Originally built for the [[Japan High School Baseball Federation]] for its [[High school baseball in Japan|national tournaments]], and still hosts said events. Extensively renovated several times, most recently in 2007–2010, but retains most of its original character.
|-
| [[Meiji Jingu Stadium]]
| [[Tokyo]]
| [[Tokyo Yakult Swallows]]
| 1926
| 1946
| —
| —
| Active. Originally built for college baseball, and still serves as a home for events at that level.
|}

===Multi-purpose stadiums===
[[File:ThreeRiversStadium.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of [[Three Rivers Stadium]], circa 2000]]
{{Main|Multi-purpose stadium}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2011}}

From the 1960s until the arrival of retro parks in 1992, baseball built many '''multi-purpose ballparks'''. Also derisively known as "concrete donuts", "cookie-cutters", or "giant ashtrays", they were usually tall and circular or square structures made entirely of, usually bare, reinforced concrete. The parks were built to hold baseball as well as football, soccer, and other sports. One of the earliest baseball stadiums that incorporated this type of design was [[Cleveland Stadium]] (built 1932), which featured an oval grandstand that was more friendly to goal-centered sports like football. A park built to suit all sports well, which was co-owned by the teams or the city, seemed advantageous to all, especially because it was less expensive to maintain one stadium rather than two. Some parks that were originally built for one sport were renovated to accommodate multiple sports.

The shape of the parks generally depended on the original use. Baseball parks that were renovated to accommodate football, like [[Candlestick Park]] and [[Anaheim Stadium]], were usually asymmetrically shaped. Football stadiums that were renovated to accommodate baseball, like [[Hard Rock Stadium|Sun Life Stadium]] and [[Mile High Stadium]], were usually of a rectangular shape, though Mile High actually started its life in 1948 as a [[Minor League Baseball]] park known as Bears Stadium. Parks that were built to serve both were usually circular and completely enclosed on all sides. These were the parks that gained multi-purpose parks the reputation as bland cookie-cutter structures. The first of these parks was [[Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium|DC Stadium]] (renamed RFK Stadium in 1969) in the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]]. RFK is unique in that it hosted two different baseball [[team sport|teams]], and that it was the first to ''originally'' be intended for multiple sports.

A notable variant among the cookie-cutter stadia was [[Shea Stadium]]. Its grandstand extended just beyond the foul poles and did not completely enclose the field. Plans were made to enclose the grandstand and build a dome, but engineers discovered that the structure could not handle the load of the proposed dome. Thus, the area behind the outfield fence remained open.

One major innovation of the multi-purpose parks was the [[cantilever]]ed upper deck. In earlier ballparks, the columns used to support the upper decks obstructed the view from some seats in the lower deck. In the new design, the upper decks were extended upwards and the columns were removed. However, even though the extension counterbalanced some of the weight, the upper decks could no longer extend as close to the field and had to be moved back. Also, the roofs could no longer be as large, and often only covered the top 15 or so rows. This exposed fans to the elements.

Besides the drawbacks of the cantilever design, there were other issues with these parks. With few exceptions, seating was angled to face the center of the field of play, rather than home plate. [[Luxury box]]es, which were a part of football culture, were now introduced to baseball, and were usually placed below the upper decks, pushing upper deck seating farther from the field. The furthest seats in these parks were {{convert|500|ft|m}} or more from the plate. The capacities of these stadiums were larger than previous baseball stadiums. Typical game attendance did not fill the stadiums. Due to the rectangular shape needed for football or soccer, outfield dimensions were generally symmetrical, and even seats at field level down the lines could be far from the action.

Multi-purpose stadiums also posed issues for their non-baseball tenants. The "cookie-cutters" with swiveling, field-level sections proved problematic. Because the front rows were too close to the field, the fans had difficulty seeing over the football benches. This was evident in the [[movable seating]] sections in RFK Stadium. The first ten rows of the football configuration were practically at field level, and fans in those sections often stood up on their seats to get a better view. Other stadiums overcame this simply by covering those seats, not bothering to sell them. Despite being cost-effective, these problems eventually caused the parks to become unfashionable.

The multi-purpose architecture reached a climax when Toronto's SkyDome (now [[Rogers Centre]]) opened in 1989. It had state-of-the-art amenities including a retractable roof, hotel, and a restaurant behind the outfield from where patrons could view the games.

Only one of the purely open-air multi-purpose parks is still in use today: [[Oakland Coliseum]]. The Athletics plan to move out of Oakland Coliseum and build a new ballpark of their own in the future, and their former co-tenants, the NFL [[Oakland Raiders]], moved to Las Vegas in 2020.

''Note: To reduce redundancy, this table does not list the indoor stadiums of the multi-purpose era in this section.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
!Football
|-
| [[Anaheim Stadium]]*
| [[Anaheim, California]]
| [[Los Angeles Angels|Angels]]
| 1966
| —
| —
| Active. Renovated in 1979–80 to multipurpose and in 1996–98 back to baseball-only.
| Rams
|-
| [[Arlington Stadium]]
| [[Arlington, Texas]]
| [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Rangers]]
| 1965
| 1993
| 1994
| Now parking for [[Choctaw Stadium]].
| N/A
|-
| [[Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium]]
| [[Atlanta]]
| [[Atlanta Braves|Braves]]
| 1966
| 1996
| 1997
| Site served as parking for [[Turner Field]] until the Braves moved to [[Truist Park]] after the 2016 season. Currently vacant, although [[Georgia State Panthers baseball|Georgia State University]] plans to build a new ballpark within the original stadium footprint.
| Falcons
|-
| [[Busch Memorial Stadium]]
| [[St. Louis]]
| [[St. Louis Cardinals|Cardinals]]
| 1966
| 2005
| 2005
| Plaza area for [[Busch Stadium|Busch Stadium III]].
| Cardinals <br /> Rams
|-
| [[Candlestick Park]]*
| [[San Francisco]]
| [[San Francisco Giants|Giants]]
| 1960
| 2013
| 2015
| Renovated in 1971–72 to multipurpose; closed for baseball in 1999; demolished in 2015. Site currently vacant; most recent redevelopment plans call for an office complex.
| Raiders* <br /> 49ers
|-
| [[Cleveland Municipal Stadium]]
| [[Cleveland]]
| [[Cleveland Indians|Indians]]
| 1931
| 1995
| 1996
| Now site of [[FirstEnergy Stadium]].
| Indians <br /> Rams <br /> Browns
|-
| [[Canadian National Exhibition Stadium]]**
| [[Toronto]]
| [[Toronto Blue Jays|Blue Jays]]
| 1959
| 1989
| 1999
| Now site of [[BMO Field]].
| ''Argonauts''
|-
| [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Memorial Stadium]]
| [[Baltimore]]
| [[Baltimore Orioles|Orioles]]
| 1950
| 1997
| 2001
| Now residential. Includes the Cal Ripken, Sr. Youth Development Field in the footprint of field, but with an artificial surface instead of the original grass field.
| Colts <br /> ''Stallions'' <br /> Ravens
|-
| [[Mile High Stadium]]*
| [[Denver]]
| [[Colorado Rockies|Rockies]]
| 1948
| 2001
| 2002
| Originally a minor-league baseball stadium in 1948. Now parking for [[Empower Field at Mile High]].
| Broncos
|-
| [[RingCentral Coliseum|Oakland Coliseum]]
| [[Oakland, California]]
| [[Oakland Athletics|Athletics]]
| 1966
| —
| —
| Active; Athletics plan to move to a new ballpark in the indefinite future.
| Raiders
|-
| [[San Diego Stadium|Qualcomm Stadium]]
| [[San Diego]]
| [[San Diego Padres|Padres]]
| 1967
| 2020
| 2021
| Closed for baseball in 2003 and demolished in 2021. Site to be occupied by [[San Diego State University|SDSU]] Mission Valley, a mixed-use complex whose most notable structure will be [[Snapdragon Stadium]] (opening in 2022).
| Chargers
|-
| [[Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium]]
| [[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Washington Senators (1961–71)|Senators]]<br />[[Washington Nationals|Nationals]]
| 1961
| 2020
| —
| Inactive; closed for baseball in 2007. To be demolished by 2021.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/district-to-raze-rfk-stadium-by-2021--but-not-necessarily-so-redskins-can-build-a-new-one/2019/09/05/48b18fc6-cfea-11e9-87fa-8501a456c003_story.html?arc404=true| title = Bye-bye, bouncy seats: District to raze RFK Stadium by 2021 - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
| Redskins
|-
| [[Riverfront Stadium]]
| [[Cincinnati]]
| [[Cincinnati Reds|Reds]]
| 1970
| 2002
| 2002
| Now [[Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum]].
| Bengals
|-
| [[Rogers Centre]]{{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| [[Toronto]]
| [[Toronto Blue Jays|Blue Jays]]
| 1989
| —
| —
| Active
| ''Argonauts'' <br /> Bills
|-
| [[Shea Stadium]]
| [[Queens]]
| [[New York Mets|Mets]]<br />[[New York Yankees|Yankees]]
| 1964
| 2008
| 2009
| Now parking for [[Citi Field]] and the [[USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center]].
| Jets <br /> Giants
|-
| [[Hard Rock Stadium|Sun Life Stadium]]**
| [[Miami Gardens, Florida]]
| [[Miami Marlins|Marlins]]
| 1987
| —
| —
| Active; built as a football-only stadium in 1987, renovated in 1991–92 to multipurpose, closed for baseball in 2012. Heavily renovated into football only in 2015. Since [[2019 Miami Open|2019]], also the main stadium for tennis' [[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]].
| Dolphins
|-
| [[Three Rivers Stadium]]
| [[Pittsburgh]]
| [[Pittsburgh Pirates|Pirates]]
| 1970
| 2000
| 2001
| Now largely parking for [[Heinz Field]] and [[PNC Park]]. [[Stage AE]] and the [[Root Sports Pittsburgh]] studios occupy parts of the site.
| Steelers
|-
| [[Veterans Stadium]]
| [[Philadelphia]]
| [[Philadelphia Phillies|Phillies]]
| 1971
| 2003
| 2004
| Now parking for [[Citizens Bank Park]], [[Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia)|Wells Fargo Center]] and [[Lincoln Financial Field]].
| Eagles
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>A baseball-only ballpark converted to a multi-purpose stadium.

<nowiki>**</nowiki>A football-only stadium converted to a multi-purpose stadium.

{{double-dagger}} denotes stadium is also a retractable-roof ballpark

===Modern ballparks===
[[File:Dodger Stadium from bullpen.jpg|thumb|Dodger Stadium's varicolored seats]]

While most teams turned to multi-purpose stadiums, some built baseball-only stadiums. While these shirked some of the conventions of multi-purpose stadiums, they did include some of the new features. The most notable influences were the cantilevered upper decks, the use of seating colors other than green, fairly plain concrete exteriors, and symmetrical outfields. While the multi-purpose stadiums have become all but extinct, some modern stadiums, such as [[Dodger Stadium]] and [[Kauffman Stadium]], have been hailed{{by whom|date=January 2015}} for aging beautifully. Rather than build new stadiums, the teams have decided instead to renovate the current structures, adding a few newer conveniences. Several of the modern stadiums built as such have remained in use, with no indication of being demolished.

While Cleveland Stadium is the ancestor to the multi-purpose ballpark, the ancestor of the modern ballpark is [[Milwaukee County Stadium]]. It was the first to feature a symmetrical, round outfield fence. It also featured the rounded V-shaped grandstand and colorful seats that are common among modern stadiums. Coincidentally, it also would have been one of the earlier examples of a converted park as well. It was supposed to replace a minor league facility, and serve as home of the minor league team until a major league franchise could be lured to the city. However, the Braves came to Milwaukee earlier than expected, and the minor league team never played in the stadium.

The first two truly modern stadiums were built by the two New York teams who moved to California, the Giants and the Dodgers. [[Candlestick Park]] was created first, but was converted to a multi-purpose park to accommodate the [[San Francisco 49ers|49ers]]. Dodger Stadium has been upgraded a number of times, but remains baseball-only and its original design is still largely intact.

Anaheim Stadium, which was initially modeled closely on Dodger Stadium, was expanded for football, but once the Rams departed, most of the extra outfield seating was peeled back, returning the structure to something closer to its original design.

The original Yankee Stadium is an exceptional case. Yankee Stadium was a jewel box park, albeit a very large one. It was showing its age in the 1970s, and the stadium was extensively renovated during 1973–75, converting it into more of a modern style ballpark. Many of the characteristics that defined it as a classical jewel box were also retained, so the remodeled Stadium straddled both categories.

New Comiskey Park (now [[Guaranteed Rate Field]]) was the last modern ballpark to be built in North America. A series of renovations have been made to make it appear more like a retro-classic ballpark.

Although they were purposefully built for baseball, some of these stadiums also hosted professional soccer and football teams at times. The [[Minnesota Vikings]] played at Metropolitan Stadium during the Twins' entire tenure there, and the [[Green Bay Packers#Stadium history|Green Bay Packers]] played a few home games at Milwaukee County Stadium every year from 1953 through 1994. A few of them, including Metropolitan Stadium, also hosted [[North American Soccer League (1968-84)|NASL]] teams during the 1970s.

The only modern stadiums still used by Major League Baseball are [[Dodger Stadium]], [[Angel Stadium]], [[Kauffman Stadium]], and [[Guaranteed Rate Field]], although the latter has been renovated into a Retro-classic ballpark while Angel Stadium and Kauffman Stadium have been renovated into Retro-modern ballparks.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
|-
| [[Angel Stadium]]
| [[Anaheim, California]]
| [[Los Angeles Angels|Angels]]
| 1966
| —
| —
| Active. Renovated in 1979–80 for football and in 1996–98 back to baseball-only.
|-
| [[Candlestick Park]]
| [[San Francisco]]
| [[San Francisco Giants|Giants]]
| 1960
| 2013
| 2015
| Renovated in 1971–72 for football.
|-
| [[Dodger Stadium]]
| Los Angeles
| [[Los Angeles Dodgers|Dodgers]]<br />[[Los Angeles Angels|Angels]]
| 1962
| —
| —
| Active. Renovated heavily from 2012 to 2020.
|-
| [[Guaranteed Rate Field]]
| [[Chicago]]
| [[Chicago White Sox|White Sox]]
| 1991
| —
| —
| Active. Renovated heavily from 2001 to 2011.
|-
| [[Kauffman Stadium]]
| [[Kansas City, Missouri]]
| [[Kansas City Royals|Royals]]
| 1973
| —
| —
| Active. Renovated heavily from 2007 to 2009.
|-
| [[Metropolitan Stadium]]
| [[Bloomington, Minnesota]]
| [[Minnesota Twins|Twins]]
| 1956
| 1981
| 1985
| Now site of the [[Mall of America]].
|-
| [[Milwaukee County Stadium]]
| [[Milwaukee]]
| [[Milwaukee Braves (1953–65)|Braves]]<br />[[Milwaukee Brewers|Brewers]]
| 1953
| 2000
| 2001
| Now site of [[Helfaer Field]] along with parking for [[American Family Field]].
|-
| [[Tropicana Field]]
| [[St. Petersburg, Florida]]
| [[Tampa Bay Rays|Rays]]
| 1990
| —
| —
| Active. Indoor ballpark.
|-
| [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium I]]
| [[The Bronx]]
| [[New York Yankees|Yankees]]
| 1923
| 2008
| 2010
| Renovated heavily from 1973 to 1976. Now a part of [[Macombs Dam Park]].
|}

===Indoor stadiums===
[[File:Tropicana Field Playing Field Opening Day 2010.JPG|thumb|[[Tropicana Field]], currently the only active indoor-only MLB baseball park]]

An important type of stadiums is the '''indoor park'''. These parks were covered with a fixed roof, usually a hard concrete dome. Reasons to build indoor parks were varied. The [[Astrodome]], the first indoor sports stadium ever built, was built to escape the hot and very humid climate of Houston and the [[Kingdome]] was built to escape Seattle's constant fall and winter rains. In Japan, domed stadiums were built to escape frequently rainy climates, as well as extreme snowfall in Sapporo. There is little to no natural light in these parks, necessitating the use of one of the most distinguishing aspects of an indoor park: artificial turf. While roofing technology now allows grass to be grown in indoor venues (see [[Forsyth Barr Stadium]], a rugby venue in New Zealand with an [[ETFE]] roof), the first generation of indoor parks predated such roofs. Since there was not enough light to grow grass, artificial turf was installed, and this affected the game. Artificial turf was harder, and thus a ball hit on the ground moved faster and bounced high. This, coupled with the usually dull white or gray roofs that could camouflage a fly ball, caused what Twins fans called a "dome-field advantage".

A park of note is [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] in Montreal. The park was designed with a large tower that loomed over top. Cables came down from the top of the tower to connect to the large oval center of the roof. This oval center was supposed to be lifted by the cables, opening the park up if the weather was pleasant. However, the mechanism never worked correctly, and what was supposed to be a retractable roof was initially not used, then used for only a short period of time, and later replaced with a permanently fixed roof, making the stadium a strictly indoor facility.

Another notable park was the [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]] in [[Minneapolis]], which instead of a rigid masonry roof was covered by inflatable fiberglass sheeting, held up by air pressure. A drawback to this design, at least in Minnesota's severe winter climate, was revealed when the dome collapsed three times in its first three years of operation due to accumulated snow. The [[Tokyo Dome]] has a similar roof; due to Tokyo's considerably milder winter climate, that stadium has not had the Metrodome's snow-related issues.

Indoor parks faced many of the same problems of the multi-purpose parks. [[Tropicana Field]] is the only indoor-only or fixed-dome park left hosting a Major League Baseball team, and [[Rays Ballpark|may be replaced]] in the near future. Japan still has several fixed-dome parks designed primarily for baseball. One of these, the [[Sapporo Dome]], has an uncommon feature of two separate playing surfaces. Baseball is played on a permanently installed artificial surface within the dome, while a permanent grass pitch is attached to the structure and mechanically slid into the dome for use in [[Association football|soccer]] matches.

====MLB====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
!Football
|-
| [[Astrodome]]
| [[Houston]]
| [[Houston Astros|Astros]]
| 1965
| 2004
| —
| Structure still standing but has not seen regular use since its closure. Most recently served as a shelter for people displaced by [[Hurricane Katrina]] and [[Hurricane Rita]].
| Oilers
|-
| [[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]]
| [[Minneapolis]]
| [[Minnesota Twins|Twins]]
| 1982
| 2013
| 2014
| Now site of [[U.S. Bank Stadium]], which opened in 2016.
| Vikings
|-
| [[Kingdome]]
| [[Seattle]]
| [[Seattle Mariners|Mariners]]
| 1976
| 2000
| 2000
| Now site of [[Lumen Field]], which opened in 2002.
| Seahawks
|-
| [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]]
| [[Montreal]]
| [[Montreal Expos|Expos]]
| 1976
| —
| —
| Built for the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Installed in April 1987, the roof was retracted about 80 times before it was closed for good in 1991. Roofless in 1998, second roof installed in 1999. Closed for baseball in 2004 when Expos moved to Washington, D.C., and became the [[Washington Nationals]].
| ''Alouettes''
|-
| [[Tropicana Field]]
| [[St. Petersburg, Florida]]
| [[Tampa Bay Rays|Rays]]
| 1990
| —
| —
| Active. Modern ballpark.
| N/A
|}

{{notelist|group=MLBindoor}}

====NPB====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
!Other sports/notes
|-
| [[Kyocera Dome Osaka]]
| [[Osaka]]
| [[Orix Buffaloes]]{{efn|group=NPBindoor|Originally built for the [[Kintetsu Buffaloes]], which merged with the [[Orix BlueWave]] to create the current Orix Buffaloes.}}{{efn|group=NPBindoor|Also used by the [[Hanshin Tigers]] for season openers and August home games when their normal home of [[Koshien Stadium]] is being used for [[High school baseball in Japan|national high school tournaments]].}}
| 1997
| —
| —
| Active. Modern ballpark.
| None.
|-
| [[MetLife Dome]]
| [[Tokorozawa, Saitama|Tokorozawa]]
| [[Saitama Seibu Lions]]
| 1979
| —
| —
| Active. Modern ballpark. Originally an open-air stadium; dome added in two phases over 1997 and 1998.
| None.
|-
| [[Sapporo Dome]]
| [[Sapporo]]
| [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]]
| 2001
| —
| —
| Active. Can be defined as either a modern or contemporary ballpark. Fixed roof with two playing surfaces—artificial turf for baseball, slide-in grass pitch for soccer. Set for replacement as a baseball venue in 2023 by [[ES CON Field Hokkaido]].
| Soccer ([[Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo]]).
|-
| [[Tokyo Dome]]
| [[Tokyo]]
| [[Yomiuri Giants]]
| 1988
| —
| —
| Active. Modern ballpark with inflatable roof.
| None on a regular basis; has hosted occasional American football games. Also a major [[Professional wrestling in Japan|pro wrestling]] venue, most notably for [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling|NJPW]]'s [[January 4 Tokyo Dome Show|Wrestle Kingdom]].
|-
| [[Vantelin Dome Nagoya]]
| [[Nagoya]]
| [[Chunichi Dragons]]{{efn|group=NPBindoor|Occasionally used by two other NPB teams, the [[Kintetsu Buffaloes]] and [[Orix BlueWave]] (now merged into the [[Orix Buffaloes]]).}}
| 1997
| —
| —
| Active. Modern ballpark.
| None.
|}

===Retractable-roof ballparks===
[[File:Rogers Centre open and closed.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rogers Centre]] is the first functional retractable-roof stadium, shown with the roof both opened and closed.]]

The indoor parks were built for several different reasons, chief among those weather. However, as multi-purpose parks became unfashionable, so did indoor parks. This led to the creation of '''retractable-roof parks'''. These allowed shelter from the elements, but still could be open when the weather was pleasant. To be able to support the roof, most were closed in on all sides like multi-purpose and indoor parks.

Because the roof needs to go somewhere when not covering the field, a distinguishing characteristic of the retractable roof park is a large extension of the interior spaces to either one side of the field or both sides that the roof sits on when retracted. The only exception to this is [[American Family Field]], whose fan-shaped roof folds in upon itself and hangs behind the stands down the foul lines. Often, when retracted, the roof still hangs over the field, casting large shadows. This is countered at American Family Field by large panes of glass under the roof. While most stadiums seal up when the roof is closed, others remain partially open, such as [[T-Mobile Park]], whose roof acts as an "umbrella" to shield from Seattle's frequently rainy weather.

Pittsburgh's [[Civic Arena (Pittsburgh)|Civic Arena]] was the first sports building in the world with a retractable roof; however, the building was originally constructed for the [[Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera]], which moved out in 1969 due to dissatisfaction with the acoustics in the arena. The arena's long-term tenants, the NHL's [[Pittsburgh Penguins]], never played with the roof open, and the arena itself was never used for baseball (and was too small to be used for that sport). While Montreal's Olympic Stadium was the first baseball park to have a retractable roof, the roof was plagued by numerous problems, and was never fully used. This made Rogers Centre the first fully functional retractable-roof park. It managed to succeed where Olympic Stadium failed, building a multi-section roof that folded upon itself, retracting over the hotel in center field.

Retractable-roof parks can vary greatly in style, from the utilitarian ([[Rogers Centre]]), to those infused with retro elements (such as [[Minute Maid Park]]), to the contemporary ([[loanDepot Park]]). The style of each park reflects the popular architecture of the era in which it was built. (This differs from indoor ballparks, all of which were built during the time of multi-purpose parks, and thus reflected the same "flying-saucer" style.) When [[Rogers Centre]] opened in 1989, baseball was near the end of the modern and multi-purpose era. [[Chase Field]], [[T-Mobile Park]], [[Minute Maid Park]], and [[American Family Field]] all opened in the middle of the retro era. When loanDepot Park opened in 2012 as Marlins Park, it introduced a new and different style, and perhaps the beginning of a new era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadspin.com/5898747/marlins-park-camden-yards-and-the-end-of-the-retro-ballpark|title=Marlins Park, Camden Yards, And The End Of The Retro Ballpark|author=Barry Petchesky|work=Deadspin|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> The [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] built [[Globe Life Field]] in the retro style similar to their previous ballpark, [[Choctaw Stadium|Globe Life Park]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rangers, Arlington announce new ballpark|url=http://m.mlb.com/news/article/179136026/plans-unveiled-for-new-rangers-ballpark|access-date=May 20, 2016|newspaper=MLB.com|date=May 20, 2016}}</ref>

Therefore, the term "retractable-roof ballpark/stadium" is not a description of the overall architectural style of the building, but of the functional aspect of it. For this reason, retractable-roof parks are also dual-listed in style-based types of ballparks. For example, the 4 retractable-roof parks built in the United States during the retro era are also considered to be retro-modern ballparks.
==== MLB ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
|-
| [[American Family Field]]
| [[Milwaukee]]
| [[Milwaukee Brewers|Brewers]]
| 2001
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Chase Field]]
| [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
| [[Arizona Diamondbacks|Diamondbacks]]
| 1998
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Globe Life Field]]
| [[Arlington, Texas]]
| [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Rangers]]
| 2020
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[LoanDepot Park]]
| [[Miami]]
| [[Miami Marlins|Marlins]]
| 2012
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Minute Maid Park]]
| [[Houston]]
| [[Houston Astros|Astros]]
| 2000
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]]
| [[Montreal]]
| [[Montreal Expos|Expos]]
| 1976
| —
| —
| Installed in April 1987, the roof was retracted about 80 times before it was closed for good in 1991. Roofless in 1998, second roof installed in 1999. Last used regularly in 2004 when Expos moved to Washington, D.C., and became the [[Washington Nationals]]. The [[Toronto Blue Jays]] currently host an exhibition game in the venue.
|-
| [[Rogers Centre]]
| [[Toronto]]
| [[Toronto Blue Jays|Blue Jays]]
| 1989
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[T-Mobile Park]]
| [[Seattle]]
| [[Seattle Mariners|Mariners]]
| 1999
| —
| —
| Active
|}

==== NPB ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
|-
| [[Fukuoka PayPay Dome]]
| [[Fukuoka]]
| [[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]]
| 1993
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[ES CON Field Hokkaido]]
| [[Kitahiroshima, Hokkaido|Kitahiroshima]]
| [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]]
| 2023 (planned)
| —
| —
| Under construction
|}

===Retro-classic ballparks===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2012}}
{{advert section|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Camden Yards.jpg|thumb|[[Camden Yards]] started the nostalgic craze with a smaller, red brick and forest green stadium.]]

HOK Sport, now known as [[Populous (company)|Populous]], designed [[Sahlen Field]] in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] to attract a major league franchise to the city. The stadium opened in 1988 as home of the [[Buffalo Bisons]], but was passed over in the [[1993 Major League Baseball expansion]] (Sahlen Field was eventually used as a temporary MLB facility by the [[Toronto Blue Jays]] in the [[2020 Major League Baseball season|2020 season]] and [[2021 Major League Baseball season|2021 season]] due to Canada's travel restrictions following the outbreak of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada|COVID-19]]). HOK Sport would take what they learned in Buffalo about styling a '''retro-classic ballpark''', or '''retro ballpark''', to their major league project in Baltimore.

In 1992, [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]] opened in [[Baltimore]]. Going in a different direction from the multi-purpose and modern ballparks, Camden Yards harkened back to the old jewel box parks. This began the trend of building retro-classic ballparks in [[Major League Baseball]].

The retro parks were built with all the luxuries of the newer parks, such as luxury boxes and more restrooms and concession areas, along with new additions, such as indoor concourses that are open to the field, allowing fans to always have a view of the game. However (except for a few exceptions harkening back to the wooden ballpark era), the aesthetics shifted back to jewel box conventions, which included the use of green seats, bricks, stone, and green-painted exposed steel.

A major divergence from jewel boxes was the layout of the grandstand. The focus was now on everyone in the park having a good view. Columns were missing as with the modern parks, but the upper deck was drawn back and shrunk, while the middle tiers grew in size, causing a stepped effect. The [[Cantilever|cantilevered]] upper deck was no longer a large necessity. However, since these new upper decks were drawn back, the shape of the inclined seating was clearly expressed on the exterior, a feature that is a hallmark of modern parks.

Like the jewel box parks, the outfield fences were angled rather than the gradual curve of the newer parks, and often had quirky dimensions. The requirements for minimum distance to the outfield fences were frequently waived during this time.

Teams with multi-purpose and indoor parks longed for this beautiful and classic look, and began systematically demolishing them and moving to either retro-classic or retro-modern parks. Since Camden Yards opened, two-thirds of all major league teams have opened new ballparks, each of which contain unique features. The most important feature was that they were built primarily for baseball, although these venues have also hosted football, soccer and [[ice hockey]] games. [[Turner Field]] was originally constructed as [[Centennial Olympic Stadium]] for the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] and was retrofitted to baseball the following year.

[[Guaranteed Rate Field]] has an unusual place in ballpark history. It was the last modern park built, a year before Camden Yards and hence just missing the retro movement. It was viewed as obsolete only a year into its life. The White Sox responded with a series of renovations to give the park more retro charm. This included the changing from a cantilever upper deck to a flat roof with columns, the change from a symmetrical fence to a more recognizably-shaped asymmetrical fence, and the adoption of a primarily dark-green color scheme, reminiscent of the original Comiskey Park. Upper deck seating was also reduced to eliminate locations which had proven unpopular with fans, and often went conspicuously unsold.

The most recent retro-classic ballparks were built in New York City. Queens' [[Citi Field]] is modeled after [[Ebbets Field]], and the Bronx's [[Yankee Stadium]] is modeled after the pre-renovation "[[Yankee Stadium (1923)|House that Ruth Built]]". Both parks opened in 2009.

Teams are now trending away from the retro-classic look and are instead building retro-modern and contemporary ballparks. Turner Field was the first retro-classic park replaced, as the [[Atlanta Braves]] moved to [[Truist Park]] after the 2016 season, while the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] moved from [[Choctaw Stadium|Globe Life Park in Arlington]] to the retractable-roof [[Globe Life Field]] in 2020.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
|-
| [[Busch Stadium III]]
| [[St. Louis]]
| [[St. Louis Cardinals|Cardinals]]
| 2006
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Citi Field]]
| [[Queens]]
| [[New York Mets|Mets]]
| 2009
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Citizens Bank Park]]
| [[Philadelphia]]
| [[Philadelphia Phillies|Phillies]]
| 2004
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Comerica Park]]
| [[Detroit]]
| [[Detroit Tigers|Tigers]]
| 2000
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Coors Field]]
| [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]
| [[Colorado Rockies|Rockies]]
| 1995
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Choctaw Stadium|Globe Life Park in Arlington]]
| [[Arlington, Texas]]
| [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Rangers]]
| 1994
| —
| —
| Active. Closed for baseball in 2019. Redeveloped as a multi-purpose stadium for [[North Texas SC]], then of [[USL League One]] and now of [[MLS Next Pro]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ballparkdigest.com/2017/08/24/globe-life-retains-rangers-ballpark-naming-rights/|title=Globe Life Retains Rangers Ballpark Naming Rights|last=Reichard|first=Kevin|website=Ballpark Digest|date=August 24, 2017|access-date=August 24, 2017}}</ref> since renamed Choctaw Stadium.
|-
| [[Guaranteed Rate Field]]
| [[Chicago]]
| [[Chicago White Sox|White Sox]]
| 1991
| —
| —
| Active. Renovated heavily from 2001 to 2011. Originally a Modern ballpark.
|-
| [[Oracle Park]]
| [[San Francisco]]
| [[San Francisco Giants|Giants]]
| 2000
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]]
| [[Baltimore]]
| [[Baltimore Orioles|Orioles]]
| 1992
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[PNC Park]]
| [[Pittsburgh]]
| [[Pittsburgh Pirates|Pirates]]
| 2001
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Sahlen Field]]
| [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]
| [[Toronto Blue Jays|Blue Jays]]
| 1988
| —
| —
| Active. Temporary home of the Blue Jays for the 2020 and 2021 seasons.
|-
| [[Turner Field]]
| [[Atlanta]]
| [[Atlanta Braves|Braves]]
| 1996
| —
| —
| Active. Closed for baseball in 2016. Redeveloped as Georgia State Stadium, now known as [[Center Parc Stadium]], for [[Georgia State Panthers football]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Atlanta's Reed promises enormous middle-class development at Turner Field|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/news/atlanta-mayor-set-to-talk-braves-stadium/nbp6N/|first1=Greg |last1=Bluestein |first2=Katie |last2=Leslie |access-date=November 12, 2013|newspaper=Atlanta Journal-Constitution|date=November 12, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Yankee Stadium|Yankee Stadium II]]
| [[The Bronx]]
| [[New York Yankees|Yankees]]
| 2009
| —
| —
| Active
|}

===Retro-modern ballparks===
[[File:Progressive Field sign.jpg|thumb|[[Progressive Field]] was the first retro park with a modern exterior]]

While Camden Yards influenced nearly every ballpark built after it, not all fully adhere to its design. Those that deviate to incorporate more modern-looking elements are called '''retro-modern ballparks'''.

[[Progressive Field]], originally Jacobs Field, was built two years after Camden Yards, and featured the angular, asymmetrical fences of varying heights, a smaller upper deck, stepped tiers, and an unobtrusive singular color scheme. While the interior has all the hallmarks of a retro park, the exterior did not feature the look of the jewel box parks. It could not truly be called a retro-classic park.

Many of today's parks have followed in this second school of retro. Rather than brick, the exteriors heavily feature white- or gray-painted steel. If there is any masonry, it is sandstone or limestone. Some feature progressive elements such as curtain walls, or retractable roofs.<ref name="theatlanticcities.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2012/03/retro-ballpark-movement-officially-over/1597/|title=Is the Retro Ballpark Movement Officially Over?|author=Mark Byrnes|work=CityLab|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref>

[[Angel Stadium|Angel Stadium of Anaheim]] has seen many changes throughout the years. It was originally a modern park, similar to the Angels' previous home, [[Dodger Stadium]]. When the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s [[Los Angeles Rams]] left the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] in 1980 and set up shop in what was then Anaheim Stadium, the first round of renovations began. The grandstand was expanded to completely enclose the stadium, turning it into a multi-purpose park. The Rams left in 1994, leaving the Angels alone in the large, 65,000-seat stadium. After a two-year renovation, the steel was painted green, and what concrete remained was painted sandstone, including the sweeping curve of the entrance plaza. The seating configuration was significantly altered, most notably by tearing out most of the outfield seating except for parts of the lower decks in left and right fields, to more closely resemble the original design from the park's first 15 years. The finished product in 1998 was a retro-modern ballpark.

In the same year, [[Chase Field]] opened as Bank One Ballpark for the expansion [[Arizona Diamondbacks]], it incorporated a retractable roof and a swimming pool — elements that did not exist in jewel-box ballparks. Despite the absence of MLB history in the [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] area and an overwhelming roof design, much of the interior was still built with all of the hallmarks of retro, similar to [[Progressive Field]]. Although Chase Field was not the [[Rogers Centre|first retractable-roof ballpark]] in history, it was the first in a wave of four retractable-roof ballparks (opening within just four years) to follow the retro-modern pattern.

During the second decade of retro, [[Petco Park]] and [[Kauffman Stadium]] followed the construction and renovation concepts of [[Progressive Field]] and [[Angel Stadium]], respectively. Meanwhile, the period saw another subset of three new retro-modern stadiums that pushed away from classic parks even more.

When [[Great American Ball Park]] opened in 2003, it featured a contemporary-looking, glass-wrapped facade. Such prominent use of elements that were unfamiliar even to pre-1992 modern stadiums signaled that some stadium planners were more willing to incorporate designs that looked into the 21st century as much as they did the 20th. Five years later, [[Nationals Park]] built off Cincinnati's design, making yet more liberal use of glass along with white concrete that would not clash with architecture in [[Washington, D.C.|the District]]. Nationals Park became the first stadium to [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|go green]] while still offering all of the amenities — another concept that looked ahead instead of behind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://washington.nationals.mlb.com/was/ballpark/information/index.jsp?content=facts_figures|title=Nationals Park Information – Facts & Figures|work=Washington Nationals|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> The retro-modern style climaxed in 2010 with the sculptured, contemporary exterior and canopy of [[Target Field]], rendering it almost unrecognizable from the outside. Its cantilevered glass on top of a limestone base was designed partly to functionally fit the tiny 8-acre plot in the middle of a bustling transportation interchange. But the principal architect of Target Field, Earl Santee of [[Populous (company)|Populous]], said that the exterior was also an artistic interpretation of the culture of Minnesotans: a dichotomy of cosmopolitan and natural.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.citypages.com/blotter/2010/04/target_field_is.php |title=Earl Santee talks about his Target Field architecture |author=Judd Spicer |work=City Pages |access-date=October 14, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608055628/http://blogs.citypages.com/blotter/2010/04/target_field_is.php |archive-date=June 8, 2015 }}</ref> Designing the building as a metaphor for people was a different way of thinking about ballpark architecture.

The exterior of the later retro-contemporary trio of ballparks progressively evolved further and further from jewel-box or even modern-style parks. Yet, in the stands and on the field they still have the familiar classic feel while implementing the marks of retro (i.e., unique-shaped fences, forest green or other singular color scheme, etc.).<ref name="theatlanticcities.com"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
|-
| [[American Family Field]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| [[Milwaukee]]
| [[Milwaukee Brewers|Brewers]]
| 2001
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Angel Stadium|Angel Stadium of Anaheim]]
| [[Anaheim, California]]
| [[Los Angeles Angels|Angels]]
| 1966
| —
| —
| Active. Renovated heavily from 1979 to 1980, and again from 1996 to 1998. Originally a modern ballpark.
|-
| [[Chase Field]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
| [[Arizona Diamondbacks|Diamondbacks]]
| 1998
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Globe Life Field]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| [[Arlington, Texas]]
| [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Rangers]]
| 2020
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Great American Ball Park]]
| [[Cincinnati]]
| [[Cincinnati Reds|Reds]]
| 2003
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Kauffman Stadium]]
| [[Kansas City, Missouri]]
| [[Kansas City Royals|Royals]]
| 1973
| —
| —
| Active. Renovated heavily from 2007 to 2009. Originally a modern ballpark.
|-
| [[Minute Maid Park]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| [[Houston]]
| [[Houston Astros|Astros]]
| 2000
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Nationals Park]]
| [[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Washington Nationals|Nationals]]
| 2008
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Petco Park]]
| [[San Diego]]
| [[San Diego Padres|Padres]]
| 2004
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Progressive Field]]
| [[Cleveland]]
| [[Cleveland Guardians|Guardians]]
| 1994
| —
| —
| Active. Renovated heavily from 2014 to 2016, and again beginning in 2022
|-
| [[T-Mobile Park]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| [[Seattle]]
| [[Seattle Mariners|Mariners]]
| 1999
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Target Field]]
| [[Minneapolis]]
| [[Minnesota Twins|Twins]]
| 2010
| —
| —
| Active
|-
| [[Truist Park]]
| [[Atlanta]]
| [[Atlanta Braves|Braves]]
| 2017
| —
| —
| Active
|}

===Contemporary ballparks===
[[File:Marlins Park front plaza.jpg|thumb|Marlins Park, now known as [[LoanDepot Park]], has a contemporary, Miami-centric design with a sculptural glass and curved depiction of "water merging with land", Miami-Deco tiles, and a bright multi-color scheme.]]

Prior to the start of the 2012 baseball season, ''[[USA Today]]'' stated that "Miami's new stadium perhaps provides a coda to the [[Postmodern architecture|postmodern]] Camden Yards era".<ref name="USA Today">{{cite web |title=Marlins see future in modern, artistic park |url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/local/florida/marlins-see-future-in-modern-artistic-park/67-376289392 |website=wtsp.com |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=3 April 2012}}</ref> After 2 decades of the retro style dominating ballpark architecture, a new type of design emerged in 2012 with the opening of the venue now known as [[LoanDepot Park]], snapping the consecutive streak of 20 new (plus 3 renovated) MLB retro stadiums. This latest style's purpose is to make the fan experience the present-day culture of the stadium's surrounding city or area, and rejects the basic notion of retro. Stadium planners are calling the style '''[[Contemporary architecture|contemporary]].'''

A [[Rays Ballpark|contemporary stadium for Tampa Bay]] was designed, but the project was cancelled. ''The New Yorker'' wrote regarding the new MLB architecture: "The retro mold has finally been broken, but this might be the last chance a new style gets for some time."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/sportingscene/2012/04/the-new-marlins-ballpark.html|title=The End of the Retro Ballpark|author=Reeves Wiedeman|date=April 6, 2012|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref>

A park in a similar style is currently being built for the [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]] of [[Nippon Professional Baseball]], and is expected to open in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ballparkdigest.com/2018/11/05/new-for-2023-hokkaido-ballpark/ |title=New for 2023: Hokkaido Ballpark |first=Kevin |last=Reichard |website=Ballpark Digest |date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Ballpark
!Location
!Team
!Opened
!Closed
!Demo'd
!Current status
|-
| [[LoanDepot Park|loanDepot park]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| [[Miami]]
| [[Miami Marlins]]
| 2012
| —
| —
| Active
|-
|-
| [[ES CON Field Hokkaido]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}
| [[Kitahiroshima, Hokkaido|Kitahiroshima]]
| [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]]
| 2023 (planned)
| —
| —
| Under construction
|}

==Current Major League stadiums==
{{Main|List of Major League Baseball stadiums}}
[[File:CardinalDimensions.png|thumb|The cardinal outfield dimensions, along with the backstop]]

The numbers indicate the number of feet from home plate to the wall of that part of the field. Left and Right Field normally refer to the distances along the foul lines. Left Center and Right Center are the approximate power alley figures. Center Field could mean straightaway center field or it could mean to the deepest part of the center field area. Backstop refers to the distance behind home plate to the backstop screen. These numbers <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andrewclem.com/Baseball/Dimensions.html|title=Clem's Baseball ~ Stadium dimensions|work=andrewclem.com|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> are one researcher's opinion of the true values and may differ from the numbers marked on the wall/fence by as much as {{convert|30|ft|m}}. Capacity<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baseballguru.com/joemock/ballparkchart.htm|title=The Baseball Guru – Major League Ballparks since 1900, sorted chronolgically by franchise by Joe Mock|work=baseballguru.com|access-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> figures may also vary.

In 1958 MLB instituted a rule mandating that parks built thereafter have minimum outfield distances of 325' down the lines and 400' to center; older parks were grandfathered. Since 1991, however, numerous waivers have been granted, as can be seen from the table.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!Stadium||Team || City || Cap. || LF || LC || CF || RC || RF || BS
|-
| [[American Family Field]] || [[Milwaukee Brewers]] || [[Milwaukee]] || 41,900 || 344′ || 370′ || 400′ ||374′||337′|| 54′
|-
|[[Angel Stadium|Angel Stadium of Anaheim]]|| [[Los Angeles Angels]] || [[Anaheim, California]] || 45,957 || 330′ || 382′ || 400′|| 365′ ||330′|| 59′
|-
|[[Busch Stadium]]|| [[St. Louis Cardinals]] || [[St. Louis]] || 43,975 || 335′ || 375′ || 400′ ||375′||335′|| 55′
|-
|[[Chase Field]]|| [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] || [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] || 48,519 || 330′ || 376′ || 407′ ||376′||335′|| 58′
|-
|[[Citi Field]]|| [[New York Mets]] || [[Queens|Queens, New York]] || 41,922 || 335′ || 379′ || 408′ ||383′ ||330′|| 45′
|-
|[[Citizens Bank Park]]|| [[Philadelphia Phillies]] || [[Philadelphia]] || 43,651 || 329′ || 355′ || 401′||357′ ||330′|| 60′
|-
|[[Comerica Park]]|| [[Detroit Tigers]] || [[Detroit]] || 41,574 || 345′ || 370′ || 420′ ||388′||330′|| 62′
|-
|[[Coors Field]]|| [[Colorado Rockies]] || [[Denver]] || 50,398 || 347′ || 390′ || 415′ ||382′||350′|| 54′
|-
|[[Dodger Stadium]]|| [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] || [[Los Angeles]] || 56,000 || 330′ || 368′ || 400′† ||368′||330′|| 53′
|-
|[[Fenway Park]]|| [[Boston Red Sox]] || [[Boston]] || 37,673* || 310′ || 389′9′′ †† || 420′ || 380′ || 302′|| 60′
|-
| [[Globe Life Field]] || [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] || [[Arlington, Texas]] || 40,300 || 329′ || 372′ || 407′ || 374′ || 326′ || 42′
|-
|[[Great American Ball Park]]|| [[Cincinnati Reds]] || [[Cincinnati]] || 42,319 || 328′ || 365′ || 404′ ||365′||325′|| 52′
|-
|[[Guaranteed Rate Field]]|| [[Chicago White Sox]] || [[Chicago]] || 40,615 || 335′ || 375′ || 400′ ||375′||330′|| 60′
|-
|[[Kauffman Stadium]]|| [[Kansas City Royals]] || [[Kansas City, Missouri]] || 37,903 || 330′ || 387′ || 410′ ||387′||330′|| 50′
|-
|[[LoanDepot Park|loanDepot park]]|| [[Miami Marlins]] || [[Miami]] || 36,742 || 344′ || 386′ ||407′||392′||335′|| 47′
|-
|[[Minute Maid Park]]|| [[Houston Astros]] || [[Houston]] || 41,574 || 315′ || 404' || 409'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimpagels/2017/01/06/death-of-houstons-tals-hill-continues-demise-of-baseballs-on-field-oddities/#508f73c73667|title=Death of Houston's Tal's Hill Continues Demise Of Baseball's On-Field Oddities|work=Forbes|access-date=February 22, 2017}}</ref> || 408' || 326′ || 56′
|-
|[[Nationals Park]]|| [[Washington Nationals]] || [[Washington, D.C.]] || 41,888 || 336′ || 377′ || 402′ ||370′ || 335′ || 53'2″
|-
|[[Oakland Coliseum|RingCentral Coliseum]] || [[Oakland Athletics]] || [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] || 35,067** || 330′ || 362′ || 400′ ||362′||330′|| 66′
|-
|[[Oracle Park]]|| [[San Francisco Giants]] || [[San Francisco]] || 41,915 || 339′ || 399′ || 391′ || 415′ || 309′ || 48′
|-
|[[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]]|| [[Baltimore Orioles]] || [[Baltimore]] || 45,971 || 333′ || 364′ || 410′ || 373′||318′||58′
|-
|[[Petco Park]]|| [[San Diego Padres]] || [[San Diego]] || 41,164 || 334′ || 378′ || 396′ ||387′||322′|| 45′
|-
|[[PNC Park]]|| [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] || [[Pittsburgh]] || 38,362 || 325′ || 389′ ||399′ ||364′||320′|| 55′
|-
|[[Progressive Field]]|| [[Cleveland Guardians]] || [[Cleveland]] || 34,830<ref name=2021cliarb>{{cite web |title=2021 Cleveland Indians Media Guide|url=https://pressbox.athletics.com/Publications/MLB%20Media%20Guides/2021%20Cleveland%20Indians%20Media%20Guide.pdf|publisher=[[Major League Baseball Advanced Media]]|year=2021|access-date=August 10, 2021|page=15}}</ref> ||325′ || 370′ || 410′††† || 375′ || 325′ || 60′
|-
|[[Rogers Centre]]|| [[Toronto Blue Jays]] || [[Toronto]] || 49,282 || 328′ || 375′|| 400′ ||375′||328′|| 60′
|-
|[[T-Mobile Park]]|| [[Seattle Mariners]] || [[Seattle]] || 47,574 || 331′ || 375′ || 405′ ||365′||326′|| 62′
|-
|[[Target Field]]|| [[Minnesota Twins]] || [[Minneapolis]] || 38,649<ref>{{cite web |last1=Neal |first1=La Velle |title=Suspended Jorge Polanco speaks to his Twins teammates |url=http://www.startribune.com/suspended-jorge-polanco-speaks-to-his-twins-teammates/477583143/ |website=Star Tribune |access-date=September 4, 2018 |date=March 22, 2018 |quote=...the official capacity of Target Field has changed to 38,649, down from 38,885.}}</ref> || 339′ || 377′ || 404′ ||367′|| 328′|| 46'
|-
|[[Tropicana Field]]|| [[Tampa Bay Rays]] || [[St. Petersburg, Florida]] || 25,000*** ||315′ || 370′ || 404′ ||370′||322′|| 50′
|-
|[[Truist Park]] || [[Atlanta Braves]] || [[Cumberland, Georgia]] || 41,149 || 335′ || 385′ || 400′ || 375′ || 325′ || {{sort|100|TBA}}
|-
|[[Wrigley Field]]|| [[Chicago Cubs]] || [[Chicago]] || 42,495 || 355′ || 368′ || 400′ ||368′||353′||60′
|-
|[[Yankee Stadium]]|| [[New York Yankees]] || [[The Bronx]] || 49,642 ||318′ ||399′ || 408′ ||385′ || 314′ || 52′4″
|}

<nowiki>* </nowiki>Fenway Park is 37,227 during day games

<nowiki>** </nowiki>Oakland Coliseum is expandable to 55,945.

<nowiki>*** </nowiki>Tropicana Field is expandable to 42,735.
†Actual distance to center field is {{convert|400|ft|m|0}}; the {{convert|395|ft|m|0}} markings are to the left and right of dead center.<ref name="Cathedrals">{{cite book|last=Lowry|first=Phillip|title=Green Cathedrals|url=https://archive.org/details/greencathedralsu0000lowr_u1c9|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Walker & Company|location=New York City|isbn=0-8027-1562-1}}</ref>

††At Fenway Park, deep center is {{convert|379|ft|m|0}} and straightaway center is {{convert|389.75|ft|m|0}}.

†††At Progressive Field, the distance to deep center field is {{convert|410|ft|m|0}} and straightaway center is {{convert|400|ft|m|0}}.

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|group=main}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Baseball parks}}
{{MLB Ballparks}}
{{NPB Ballparks}}
{{Baseball}}

[[Category:Baseball venues| ]]
[[Category:Sports venues by type]]
[[Category:Sports venues]]

Latest revision as of 11:21, 28 November 2022

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