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Quercetin -- Davis W. Lamson, MS, ND, and Matthew S. Brignall, ND 2000;5(3):196-208 -- Altern Med Rev |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Quercetin -- Davis W. Lamson, MS, ND, and Matthew S. Brignall, ND 2000;5(3):196-208 -- Altern Med Rev |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Vitamin C megadosage#Cancer|Vitamin C megadosage]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/21/8749 |title=Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo -- Chen et al. 104 (21): 8749 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Vitamin C megadosage#Cancer|Vitamin C megadosage]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/21/8749 |title=Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo -- Chen et al. 104 (21): 8749 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Glutathione#Cancer|Glutathione]]
*[[Glutathione]]


===Mixed results===
===Mixed results===

Revision as of 16:29, 17 July 2009

Alternative cancer treatments describes alternative and complementary treatments for cancer which have not been approved by a governing body (for instance, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)) as being effective. These treatments include chemicals, mixtures, herbs, devices, and manual procedures. They are generally not supported by evidence, either through lack of testing or through lack of statistically significant positive results. Concerns have been raised about the safety of certain treatments.

Such therapies can be categorized broadly into three groups: unproven cancer treatments that are offered as a substitute to standard cancer treatment; alternative treatments offered as a complement to standard cancer treatment rather than as a substitute; or treatments which have been proposed in the past, but which with testing in clinical trials were found not to be efficacious. Some of these obsolete or disproven treatments continue to be promoted, sold, and used.

Background

Medical science has made major advances in the treatment of cancer, from the development of chemotherapy in the 1940s through the recognition of the importance of adjuvant therapy and the development of newer targeted therapies. Nonetheless, cancer remains a common, frightening, and often incurable disease, and the side effects of chemotherapy and other cancer treatments can range from unpleasant to potentially fatal. These factors can increase the appeal of alternative treatments for cancer, which propose to offer fewer side effects and greater effectiveness than standard therapies. "Alternative" cancer treatments are typically those which have not undergone the rigorous scientific and clinical testing expected by the medical community. These cancer therapies appear and vanish frequently, and have throughout history.[1]

Today, about half of the practitioners who dispense alternative treatments are physicians, although they tend to be generalists rather than oncologists. As many as 60% of physicians have referred their patients to a complementary or alternative practitioner.[1]

Complementary and alternative cancer treatments are often grouped together, but this grouping is controversial.[1] Complementary treatments may receive more support within the mainstream medical community. A 2006 systematic review of the effectiveness of these techniques in reducing pain concluded that although several seemed promising, conclusive evidence was lacking.[2]

The most popular alternative cancer therapies are nutritional, including the macrobiotic diet, and other therapies include mind-body intervention, bioelectromagnetics, various biologic/pharmacologic treatments, and herbs.[1] The popularity and prevalence of different treatments varies widely by region.[3]

A 2006 systematic review 214 articles covering 198 clinical trials of alternative medicines concluded that many did not properly analyze the proper doses. It also reported that the methodology of many of the studies "is open to criticism".[4]

Examples of alternative treatment

None of the cancer treatments on this list have substantial evidence for their effectiveness in treating cancer. Some have shown some benefits as complementary therapy, to reduce pain. Vitamin C, perhaps the most well-known and controversial, is undergoing a clinical trial based on in vitro findings and theoretical speculation as to its in vivo effectiveness. Very few suppliers of alternative medicines have undertaken scientifically controlled clinical trials for their products, although occasional preliminary testing, or testing as adjuvant therapy, has been performed. For this reason, alternative therapies generally rely on testimonial or anecdotal evidence. In the United States, FDA regulations forbid the makers of unproven products from claiming efficacy against cancer.[citation needed]

The United States Federal Trade Commission recently acted against companies that made unsupported claims that their products, some of which included highly toxic chemicals, could cure cancer.[5] Targets included Omega Supply, Native Essence Herb Company, Daniel Chapter One, Gemtronics, Inc., Herbs for Cancer, Nu-Gen Nutrition, Inc., Westberry Enterprises, Inc., Jim Clark’s All Natural Cancer Therapy, Bioque Technologies, Inc., Cleansing Time Pro, and Premium-essiac-tea-4less.

Under consideration

Mixed results

Complementary therapy

Unknown

Disproven or scientifically implausible

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Cassileth, Barrie R. Alternative and Complementary Cancer Treatments The Oncologist, Vol. 1, No. 3, 173–179, June 1996
  2. ^ Bardia, Aditya; Barton, Debra L.; Prokop, Larry J.; Bauer, Brent A.; Moynihan, Timothy J. (2006). "Efficacy of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies in Relieving Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 24 (34): 5457. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.3725. PMID 17135649.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Cassileth, B. R.; Schraub, S.; Robinson, E.; Vickers, A. (2001). "Alternative medicine use worldwide". Cancer. 91 (7): 1390–1393. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20010401)91:7<1390::AID-CNCR1143>3.0.CO;2-C.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Vickers, Andrew J.; Kuo, Joyce; Cassileth, Barrie R. (2006). "Unconventional Anticancer Agents: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials" (w). Journal of Clinical Oncology. 24 (1): 136. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.8406. PMID 16382123.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2008/09/boguscures.shtm
  6. ^ "Antioxidants and Cancer III: Quercetin -- Davis W. Lamson, MS, ND, and Matthew S. Brignall, ND 2000;5(3):196-208 -- Altern Med Rev" (PDF). {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 29 (help)
  7. ^ "Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo -- Chen et al. 104 (21): 8749 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences".
  8. ^ "Medicine / In the Lab; Germs as a Tumor Foe?; Exposure to bacteria may help ward off cancer, studies show. Scientists are milking the concept with new drugs".
  9. ^ Deng, Gary; Vickers, Andrew J.; Yeung, K. Simon; D'andrea, Gabriella M.; Xiao, Han; Heerdt, Alexandra S.; Sugarman, Steven; Troso-sandoval, Tiffany; Seidman, Andrew D.; Hudis, Clifford A.; Cassileth, Barrie R. (2007). "Randomized, Controlled Trial of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Breast Cancer Patients". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 25 (35): 5584. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.0774.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Ernst E, Pittler MH, Wider B, Boddy K. (2007). "Acupuncture: its evidence-base is changing". Am J Chin Med. 35 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1142/S0192415X07004588. PMID 17265547.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Vadgama, J. V., Wu, Y., Shen, D., Hsia, S., & Block, J. "Effect of Selenium in Combination with Adriamycin or Taxol on Several Different Cancer Cells". Anticancer Research 2000;. 20:: 1391–1414.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Sundstrom H; et al. "Supplementation with selenium, vitamin E and their combination in gynaecological cancer during cytotoxic chemotherapy". Carcinogenesis. 1989 Feb; 10(2):: 273–178. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  13. ^ Nilsonne G, Sun X, Nyström C, Rundlöf A-K, Fernandes A P, Björnstedt M, and Dobra K (2006). "Selenite induces apoptosis in sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma cells through oxidative stress" Free Radical Biol. Med. 41(6): 874-885.[1]
  14. ^ Hills, Ben. "Fake healers. Why Australia's $1 billion-a-year alternative medicine industry is ineffective and out of control". Medical Mayhem. Retrieved 2008-03-06. Kefford is particularly concerned about cancer patients persuaded to undergo the much-hyped US Gerson diet program, which involves the use of ground coffee enemas which can cause colitis (inflammation of the bowel), fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and in some cases septicaemia. The US FDA has warned against this regime, which is known to have caused at least three deaths.
  15. ^ a b Vickers A (2004). "Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"?". CA Cancer J Clin. 54 (2): 110–8. doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110. PMID 15061600.
  16. ^ Questionable methods of cancer management: electronic devices/44/2/115.pdf
  17. ^ Limited only by the laws of physics
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