BT-7

BT-7, BT-7M
BT-7M on wheels. 1940
Type	Light cavalry tank
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1935–45
Wars	Soviet–Japanese Border Wars, World War II, Winter War
Production history
Designer	Morozov
Designed	1935
Manufacturer	KhPZ
Produced	1935–40
No. built	over 5328
Specifications (BT-7)
Mass	11.5 tonnes
Length	5.66 m
Width	2.29 m
Height	2.41 m
Crew	3
Armour	6–20 mm
Main armament	45-mm Model 32 tank gun (76.2 mm at BT-7A)
Secondary armament	7.62-mm DT machine gun
Engine	Model M-17T (V-2 at BT-7m) 500 hp /600 (V-2)
Power/weight	28 hp/tonne
Suspension	Christie
Fuel capacity	360 l
Operational range	376 km/ 460 km on wheels
Maximum speed	72 km/h (44 mph)

The BT-7 was the last in a series of Soviet cavalry tanks that were produced in large numbers between 1935 and 1940. They were lightly armoured, but reasonably well-armed for their time, and had much better mobility than other contemporary tank designs. The BT tanks were known by the nickname Betka from the acronym, or its diminutive Betushka.

The successor of the BT-7 Tank would be the famous T-34 medium tank, introduced in 1940, which would replace all of the Soviet fast tanks, infantry tanks, and medium tanks then in service.

BT (Russian: БТ) stands for fast tank ([Быстроходный танк, Bystrokhodny tank] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).

Development

The first prototypes of the BT-7 had a distinctive canted-ellipse shaped turret mounting both the main gun and a coaxial machine-gun. The specification also called for the project to allow for installation without any significant change to the framework of new guns: the 76 mm CT or PS-3 main gun (a short-barreled howitzer) and the 45 mm 20K model 1932/38, a long-barreled, high-velocity gun useful against tanks, but less effective than the 76 mm gun against infantry.

In the rear of the turret there was housed a rotating drum-type magazine for 18 76 mm shells or a radio station. The prototype underwent an extensive testing program in the summer and autumn of 1934. As a result of this testing, it was felt that a machine-gun was unnecessary on a tank with a 3-man crew, especially as it made the assembly of the turret more complicated.

Therefore, in early 1935, the tank went into production with a simpler design, incorporating the turret from the BT-5. (However, the idea of wheeled/tracked vehicle with a 76 mm cannon was not abandoned and the plant was commissioned to develop a new BT-7 turret from the turret of the T-26-4.) In the production model, a cylindrical turret housed a 45 mm 20K gun with a DT-model machine-gun. On some of the tanks, a model 71-TC radio with frame antenna was installed.

The crew consisted of three men: the commander (who also served as the gunner); the loader and the driver. In 1937 the company launched production of the BT-7 with a conical turret. Main armament remained the same, but the ammunition was increased to 44 rounds. All serving tanks now installed the DT machine gun in the rear niche. For the firing of the gun and coaxial machine gun at night, the tank was equipped with two special projector-type headlamps, and a mask placed on the gun. Subsequently, these lights were retrofitted to earlier models of the tank. Improvements were also made to the drive wheels, caterpillar tracks and gearbox by 1938.

In parallel with the main modification, 154 BT-7A artillery tanks were produced between 1936 and 1938, fitted with a larger turret and a 76 mm CT-type gun, 50 rounds of ammunition (40 in a tank with a portable radio).

In 1938, four experimental BT-8 tanks mounted with V-2 diesel engines were produced. After comparative tests of the BT-7 and BT-8, the diesel tanks were put into production in 1940 (under the designation BT-7M) with the powerplants being produced in a separate plant of the Voroshilovets factory to ensure supply. From December 1939, the BT-7A went into production with some minor modifications - additional bracing for rigidity, a manhole underneath, and a smaller air filter. The diesel tanks showed much-reduced fuel costs, and the petrol tanks were soon placed into reserve.

In November 1939, the Table of Organization and Equipment for a Soviet light tank brigade included the following units:

• 3 tank battalions, each containing

• 3 tank companies, each with 17 BT-7 or T-26 tanks;
• 1 signal platoon;
• 1 antitank platoon with 3 45 mm antitank guns;
• 1 antiaircraft machine gun (AA MG) platoon

• 1 reserve tank company, with 8 BT-7 or T-26 tanks;
• 1 signal company, with 5 T-37 tanks;
• 1 motorized infantry battalion, containing

• 3 motorized rifle companies;
• 1 signal platoon;
• 1 antitank platoon with 3 45 mm antitank guns;
• 1 AA MG platoon

• 1 additional AA MG platoon in brigade headquarters;
• 1 motor transport battalion;
• 1 reconnaissance battalion;
• 1 pioneer company;
• 1 medical company;
• 1 chemical company.

File:Bt7a 1.jpg

BT-7A artillery support tank was a self-propelled gun variant, armed with a 76 mm howitzer.

Several experimental tanks were conceived based on the BT series, for example the wheeled BT-IC, designed by NF Tsyganova, a platoon commander in the 4th Armoured Regiment of the Ukraine Military District and self-taught designer. The type successfully passed field tests but was not ordered in bulk. Another Tsyganova design was the S-2 "Turtle," with a new design of hull and turret. There was also the command tank CBT-7 with a fixed turret, the OT-7 mounting a flamethrower, the HBT-7 designed to protect from toxic contamination and lay smokescreens, the PBT bridgelayer and the TTBT-7 and Thubten-7 radio-controlled tanks (known at the time as Teletanki).

Shortly before Operation Barbarossa, the BT-7 underwent an up-armour programme. In 1940, Mariupol Ilyich Iron and Steel Works produced 50 sets of hinged homogeneous armor for the BT-7M, which increased the weight of the test tank to 18 tons. On the installation of these kits to military units, unfortunately, nothing is known.

Between 1935 and 1940, 5328 BT-7 tanks of all modifications (except BT-7A) were built. They were operated by the armored and mechanized forces of the Red Army for almost the entire war. Over 2000 BT-7 series tanks were lost in the first 12 months on the Eastern Front. Hundreds had been immobilized even before the invasion by poor maintenance, and had to be abandoned as all Soviet forces withdrew eastward. The survivors fought against the Wehrmacht in numbers gradually reduced by attrition, until superseded by more modern types in 1944. The BT-7 series continued in use elsewhere, including being used against Japanese forces (Battle of Khalkhyn Gol and Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation) in Manchuria in 1945.

References

File:Bt7 3.jpg

BT-7 tanks on parade.