Republican Party (United States): Difference between revisions
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5 'And when you pray, do not imitate the hypocrites: they love to say their prayers standing up in the synagogues and at the street corners for people to see them. In truth I tell you, they have had their reward. |
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{{Distinguish|American Republican Party|Democratic-Republican Party|National Republican Party}} |
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{{Infobox political party |
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|name = Republican Party |
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|logo = [[File:Republicanlogo.svg|220px]] |
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|colorcode = #FF5663 |
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|chairman = [[Reince Priebus]] ([[Wisconsin|WI]]) |
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|leader1_title = Senate Leader |
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|leader1_name = [[Mitch McConnell]] ([[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Minority Leader]]) ([[Kentucky|KY]])<br/> [[Jon Kyl]] ([[Assistant party leaders of the United States Senate|Minority Whip]]) ([[Arizona|AZ]]) |
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|leader2_title = House Leader |
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|leader2_name = [[John Boehner]] ([[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]]) ([[Ohio|OH]])<br/> [[Eric Cantor]] ([[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|Majority Leader]]) ([[Virginia|VA]])<br/> [[Kevin McCarthy (California politician)|Kevin McCarthy]] ([[Party whips of the United States House of Representatives|Majority Whip]]) ([[California|CA]]) |
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|leader3_title = Chair of Governors Association |
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|leader3_name = [[Bob McDonnell]] ([[Virginia|VA]]) |
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|founded = 1854 |
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|predecessor = [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]]<br/>[[Free Soil Party]] |
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|headquarters = 310 First Street NE<br/>[[Washington, D.C.]] 20003 |
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|student_wing = [[College Republicans]] |
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|youth_wing = [[Young Republicans]] [[Teenage Republicans]] |
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|ideology = '''Modern:'''<br/>{{•}} [[Conservatism]] ([[Conservatism in the United States|American]])<br/>{{•}} [[Social conservatism]]<br/> {{•}} [[Fiscal conservatism]]<br/>{{•}} [[Economic liberalism]]<br/>{{•}} [[Libertarian conservatism]]<br/> |
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'''Historical:'''<br/>{{•}} [[Abolitionism]]<br/>{{•}} [[Classical liberalism]]<br/> |
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'''[[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)|Internal factions]]:'''<br/> {{•}} [[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Conservatives|Conservatives]]<br/>{{•}} [[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Moderates|Moderate Republicans]]<br/>{{•}} [[Libertarian Republican]]s<br/>'''Historical factions:'''<br/>{{•}}[[Radical Republicans]]<br/>{{•}} [[Carpetbagger]]<br/>{{•}} [[Scalawags]]<br/> {{•}} [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]]s<br/>{{•}} [[Half-Breed (politics)|Half-Breed]]s<br/>{{•}} [[Rockefeller Republican]]s |
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|international = [[International Democrat Union]] |
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|colors = [[Red states and blue states|Red]] |
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|seats1_title = [[United States Senate|Seats in the Senate]] |
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|seats1 = {{Infobox political party/seats|47|100|hex=#ff5663}} |
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|seats2_title = [[United States House of Representatives|Seats in the House]] |
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|seats2 = {{Infobox political party/seats|242|435|hex=#ff5663}} |
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|seats3_title = [[Governor (United States)|Governor]]ships |
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|seats3 = {{Infobox political party/seats|29|50|hex=#ff5663}} |
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|seats4_title = [[State legislature (United States)|State Upper House Seats]] |
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|seats4 = {{Infobox political party/seats|1001|1921|hex=#ff5663}} |
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|seats5_title = [[State legislature (United States)|State Lower House Seats]] |
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|seats5 = {{Infobox political party/seats|3021|5410|hex=#ff5663}} |
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|website = {{URL|http://www.gop.com/}} |
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|country = United States |
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}} |
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{{Politics of the United States}} |
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The '''Republican Party''' is one of the [[Two-party system|two]] [[Major party|major]] contemporary [[political parties in the United States]], along with the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the '''GOP''' (Grand Old Party). The [[Party platform|party's platform]] generally reflects [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservatism]] in the [[Politics of the United States|U.S. political spectrum]] and is considered [[centre-right|center-right]], in contrast to the [[centre-left|center-left]] Democratic Party.<ref name="egrigsby">{{cite book |last=Grigsby |first=Ellen|title=Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2008 |location=Florence |isbn=0495501123 | pages = 106–7 |quote=''In the United States, the Democratic Party represents itself as the liberal alternative to the Republicans, but its liberalism is for the most the later version of liberalism—modern liberalism.''}}</ref><ref name="sarnold">{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=N. Scott |title=Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=Florence |isbn=0495501123 | page = 3 |quote=''Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States.''}}</ref><ref name="jlevy">{{cite book |last=Levy |first= Jonah |title=The state after statism: new state activities in the age of liberalization |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |location=Florence |isbn=0495501123 | page = 198 |quote=''In the corporate governance area, the center-left repositioned itself to press for reform."}}</ref> |
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6 But when you pray, go to your private room, shut yourself in, and so pray to your Father who is in that secret place, and your Father who sees all that is done in secret will reward you. |
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In the [[112th United States Congress|112th Congress]], elected in [[United States House of Representatives elections, 2010|2010]], the Republican Party holds a majority of seats in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], and a minority of seats in the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. The party holds the majority of [[governor (United States)|governor]]ships, as well as the majority of [[List of U.S. state legislatures|state legislatures]], and control of one chamber in five states. |
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7 'In your prayers do not babble as the gentiles do, for they think that by using many words they will make themselves heard. |
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==History== |
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{{Main|History of the United States Republican Party}} |
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[[File:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|thumb|left|[[Abraham Lincoln]], the first Republican President (1861–1865)]] |
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[[File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|thumb|left|[[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[List of Presidents of the United States|26th]] President of the United States (1901–1909)]] |
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[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29, 1959.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dwight Eisenhower]], [[List of Presidents of the United States|34th]] President of the United States (1953-1961)]] |
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[[File:Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ronald Reagan]], [[List of Presidents of the United States|40th]] President of the United States (1981–1989)]] |
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8 Do not be like them; your Father knows what you need before you ask him. |
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Founded in Northern States in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-[[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] and ex-[[Free Soil]]ers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and the briefly popular [[Know Nothing|Know Nothing Party]]. The main cause was opposition to the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]], which repealed the [[Missouri Compromise]] by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil. The first public meeting where the name "Republican" was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20, 1854 in a schoolhouse in [[Ripon, Wisconsin]].<ref>[http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/tp&CISOPTR=46379&CISOSHOW=46363 ''The Origin of the Republican Party'', A.F. Gilman, Ripon College, 1914.]</ref> The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854 in [[Jackson, Michigan]]. By 1858, the Republicans dominated nearly all Northern states. The Republican Party first came to power in 1860 with the election of Lincoln to the Presidency and Republicans in control of Congress and the northern states. It oversaw the saving of the union, the destruction of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the [[American Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]], 1861-1877.<ref name=Gould2003>Gould</ref> The Republicans' initial base was in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and the upper [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]. With the [[Realigning election|realignment]] of parties and voters in the [[Third Party System]], the strong run of [[John C. Fremont]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1856|1856 Presidential election]] demonstrated it dominated most northern states. Early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan "free labor, free land, free men."<ref name=Gienapp1989>{{cite book|last=Gienapp|first=W|title=The Origins of the Republican Party|page=168|publisher=|location=|year=1989|url=}}</ref> "Free labor" referred to the Republican opposition to slave labor and belief in independent artisans and businessmen. "Free land" referred to Republican opposition to plantation system whereby the rich could buy up all the good farm land and work it with slaves, leaving the [[yeoman]] independent farmers the leftovers. The Party had the goal of containing the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the [[Slave Power]] and the expansion of freedom.<ref name=Foner>{{cite web|author=|title=Free soil, free labor, free men|work=|publisher=|location=|year=1970|url=|accessdate=2011-09-05}}</ref> Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of saving the Union and destroying slavery during the American Civil War and over [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]]. In the [[United States presidential election, 1864|election of 1864]], it united with pro-war Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]] ticket. |
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matthew 6 5-8 |
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The party's success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s. Those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] ran [[Horace Greeley]] for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the [[spoils system]]; the [[Half-Breed (politics)|Half-Breed]]s pushed for reform of the [[civil service]]. The GOP supported business generally, hard money (i.e., the [[gold standard]]), [[Tariffs in American history|high tariffs to promote economic growth, high wages and high profits]], generous pensions for Union veterans, and (after 1893) the annexation of [[Hawaii]]. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded [[Prohibition]]. As the Northern post-bellum economy boomed with heavy and light industry, railroads, mines, fast-growing cities and prosperous agriculture, the Republicans took credit and promoted policies to sustain the fast growth. Nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] and the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers. The high [[McKinley Tariff]] of 1890 hurt the party and the Democrats swept to a landslide in the off-year elections, even defeating McKinley himself. |
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After the two terms of Democrat [[Grover Cleveland]], the election of [[William McKinley]] in [[United States presidential election, 1896|1896]] is widely seen as a resurgence of Republican dominance and is sometimes cited as a [[realigning election]]. McKinley promised that high tariffs would end the severe hardship caused by the [[Panic of 1893]], and that the GOP would guarantee a sort of pluralism in which all groups would benefit. The Republicans were cemented as the party of business, though mitigated by the succession of [[Theodore Roosevelt]] who embraced [[trust busting]]. He later ran on a third party ticket of the [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party]] and challenged his previous successor [[William Howard Taft]]. The party controlled the presidency throughout the 1920s, running on a platform of opposition to the [[League of Nations]], high tariffs, and promotion of business interests. [[Warren G. Harding]], [[Calvin Coolidge]] and [[Herbert Hoover]] were resoundingly elected in [[United States presidential election, 1920|1920]], [[United States presidential election, 1924|1924]], and [[United States presidential election, 1928|1928]] respectively. The [[Teapot Dome scandal]] threatened to hurt the party but Harding died and Coolidge blamed everything on him, as the opposition splintered in 1924. The pro-business policies of the decade seemed to produce an unprecedented prosperity until the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] heralded the [[Great Depression]]. |
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The [[New Deal coalition]] of Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, excepting the two-term presidency of Republican [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. [[African American]]s moved into the Democratic Party during Roosevelt's time. After Roosevelt took office in 1933, New Deal legislation sailed through Congress at lightning speed. In the 1934 midterm elections, 10 Republican senators went down to defeat, leaving them with only 25 against 71 Democrats. The House of Representatives was split in a similar ratio. Republicans in Congress heavily criticized the "Second New Deal" and likened it to [[class conflict|class warfare]] and [[socialism]]. The volume of legislation, and the inability of the Republicans to block it, soon elevated the level of opposition to Roosevelt. Conservative Democrats, mostly from the South, joined with Republicans led by Senator [[Robert Taft]] to create the [[conservative coalition]], which dominated domestic issues in Congress until 1964. The Republicans recaptured Congress in 1946 after gaining 13 seats in the Senate and 55 seats in the House. |
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The second half of the 20th century saw election or succession of Republican presidents [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Richard Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[Ronald Reagan]], [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[George W. Bush]]. The Republican Party, led by House Republican Minority Whip [[Newt Gingrich]] campaigning on the ''[[Contract with America]]'', was elected to majorities to both houses of Congress in the [[Republican Revolution]] of 1994. The Senate majority lasted until 2001, when the Senate became split evenly but was regained in the 2002 elections. Both Republican majorities in the House and Senate were held until the Democrats regained control in the [[United States elections, 2006|mid-term elections of 2006]]. In the 21st century, the Republican Party has been defined by [[social conservatism]], a [[preemptive war]] foreign policy intended to defeat terrorism and promote global democracy, a more powerful [[Executive (government)|executive branch]], [[supply-side economics]], support for gun ownership, and deregulation. |
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In the [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election of 2008]], the party's nominees were Senator [[John McCain]], of Arizona, for President and Alaska Governor [[Sarah Palin]] for Vice President. They were defeated by Senator [[Barack Obama]] of Illinois and Senator [[Joe Biden]] of Delaware. In 2009, Republicans [[Chris Christie]] and [[Bob McDonnell]] were elected to the governorships of New Jersey and Virginia. |
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2010 was a year of political success for the GOP, starting with the stunning upset win of [[Scott Brown]] in the Massachusetts special Senate election for the seat held for many decades by the Kennedy brothers. [[United States elections, 2010|November 2010 saw a GOP]], retaking control of the House, increasing their number of seats in the Senate, and gaining a majority of governorships.<ref>Donald T. Critchlow, ''The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America'' (2011) pp 280-312</ref> In state legislatures Republicans gained 680 seats, the biggest gain by either party since 1966, which surpassed Democratic gains in the election of 1974. Republicans now hold approximately 3,890 of the total state legislative seats in the U.S., about 53 percent. That is the most seats in the GOP column since 1928. The Republicans will now control at least 54 of the 99 state legislative chambers, the highest number since 1952.<ref name=Smith2010>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=E|title=Republicans Exceed Expectations in 2010 State Legislative Elections|work=|publisher=Ncsl.org|location=|date=2010-11-03|url=http://www.ncsl.org/?tabid=21634|accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> |
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==Name and symbols== |
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[[File:NastRepublicanElephant.jpg|thumb|1874 [[Thomas Nast|Nast]] cartoon featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant<ref name=harpweek>{{cite web|author=|title=The Third-Term Panic|work=Cartoon of the Day|publisher=|location=|date=2003-11-07|url=http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7|accessdate=2011-09-05}}</ref>]] |
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[[File:GOP Logo1.svg|thumb|The red "GOP" logo used by the party for its website]] |
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The party's founding members chose the name "Republican Party" in the mid-1850s as homage to the values of [[Republicanism in the United States|republicanism]] promoted by [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s Republican party.<ref name=Rutland>{{cite book|last=Rutland|first=RA|title=The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush| publisher=|location=|year=1996|page=2|isbn=0826210902}}</ref> The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist Horace Greeley, who called for, "some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery."<ref name=ushistory>[http://www.ushistory.org/gop/origins.htm The Origins of the Republican Party]"</ref> The name reflects the 1776 [[Republicanism in the United States|republican]] values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption.<ref name=Gould2003p14>Gould, pp. 14–15</ref> |
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The term "Grand Old Party" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party, and the abbreviation "G.O.P." (or "GOP") is a commonly used designation.<ref name=GOP1876>The first reference to the Republican Party as the "grand old party" is dated to 1876; the first use of the abbreviation "GOP" is dated 1884. See "Grand Old Party," ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''</ref> |
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The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon by [[Thomas Nast]], published in ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's Weekly]]'' on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol.<ref name=harpweek20031107>[http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7 Cartoon of the Day: "The Third-Term Panic"]. Retrieved on 2007-02-21.</ref> In the early 20th century, the usual symbol of the Republican Party in Midwestern states such as [[Indiana]] and [[Ohio]] was the [[eagle]], as opposed to the Democratic [[rooster]]. This symbol still appears on Indiana, New York,<ref name=schenectadycounty>{{cite web|author=|title=Schenectady County|publisher=schenectadycounty.com|location=Schenectady County, New York|year=|url=http://www.schenectadycounty.com/FullStory.aspx?m=320&amid=930 accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=May 2010}} and West Virginia<ref name=wvsos>{{cite web|author=|title=Home|publisher=Wvsos.com|year=|url=http://www.wvsos.com/elections/ballots/barbourgen.pdf|accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=May 2010}} ballots. |
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After the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 election]], the color red became associated with the GOP, although the party has not officially adopted it. That election night, for the first time, all of the major broadcast networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: states won by Republican nominee George W. Bush were colored red, and states won by Democratic nominee [[Al Gore]] were colored blue. Although the assignment of colors to political parties is unofficial and informal, they have come to be widely recognized by the media to represent the respective political parties ''(see [[Political color]] and [[Red states and blue states]] for more details)''. |
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==Structure and composition== |
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{{further|[[Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties]]}} |
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The [[Republican National Committee]] (RNC) is responsible for promoting Republican campaign activities. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and election strategy. Its current chairman is [[Reince Priebus]]. The chairman of the RNC is chosen by the President when the Republicans have the White House or otherwise by the Party's state committees. The RNC, under the direction of the party's presidential candidate, supervises the [[Republican National Convention]], raises funds, and coordinates campaign strategy. On the local level, there are similar state committees in every state and most large cities, counties and legislative districts, but they have far less money and influence than the national body. |
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The Republican House and Senate caucuses have separate [[fundraising]] and strategy committees. The [[National Republican Congressional Committee]] (NRCC) assists in House races, and the [[National Republican Senatorial Committee]] (NRSC) in Senate races. They each raise over $100 million per election cycle, and play important roles in recruiting strong state candidates, while the [[Republican Governors Association]] (RGA) assists in state gubernatorial races; it is currently chaired by Governor [[Bob McDonnell]] of Virginia. |
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==Ideology and political positions== |
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{{Conservatism US}} |
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{{Further|[[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)]]}} |
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The Republican Party includes [[Fiscal conservatism|fiscal conservatives]], [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]], [[Neoconservatism|neoconservatives]], [[moderate]]s, and [[Libertarianism|libertarians]]. Prior to the formation of the conservative coalition, which helped realign the Democratic and Republican party ideologies in the mid-1960s, the party historically advocated [[classical liberalism]], [[paleoconservatism]], and [[American progressivism|progressivism]]. |
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===Economic policies=== |
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Republicans emphasize the role of [[free market]]s and individual achievement as the primary factors behind economic prosperity. To this end, they favor [[laissez-faire|laissez-faire economics]], fiscal conservatism, and the promotion of [[Responsibility assumption|personal responsibility over welfare programs]]. |
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A leading economic theory advocated by modern Republicans is [[supply-side economics]]. Some fiscal policies influenced by this theory were popularly known as [[Reaganomics]], a term popularized during the Presidential administrations of [[Ronald Reagan]]. This theory holds that reduced income tax rates increase [[GDP]] growth and thereby generate the same or more revenue for the government from the smaller tax on the extra growth. This belief is reflected, in part, by the party's long-term advocacy of tax cuts. Many Republicans consider the income tax system to be inherently inefficient and oppose graduated tax rates, which they believe are unfairly targeted at those who create jobs and wealth. They believe private spending is usually more efficient than government spending. Republicans oppose the [[estate tax]]. |
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Most Republicans agree there should be a "safety net" to assist the less fortunate; however, they tend to believe the private sector is more effective in helping the poor than government is; as a result, Republicans support giving government grants to faith-based and other private charitable organizations to supplant welfare spending. Members of the GOP also believe that limits on eligibility and benefits must be in place to ensure the safety net is not abused. Republicans introduced and strongly supported the [[Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act|welfare reform of 1996]], which was signed into law by Democratic President Clinton, and which limited eligibility for welfare, successfully leading to many former welfare recipients finding jobs.<ref name=Poverty>{{wayback|title=Welfare Reforms Reduce Poverty|publisher=House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Human Resources|date=2006-04-28|url=http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/welfare/042806welfarereport.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5oAXfUewC|archivedate=2010-03-12|accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref><ref name=Welfare>{{wayback|title=Welfare Reforms Reduce Welfare Dependence|publisher=House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Human Resources|date=2006-02-26|url=http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/welfare/022706welfare.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5oAXfUcct|archivedate=2010-03-12|accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref> |
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The party opposes a government-run [[single-payer health care]] system, believing such a system constitutes [[socialized medicine]] and is in favor of a personal or employer-based system of insurance, supplemented by [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] for the elderly and [[Medicaid]], which covers approximately 40% of the poor.<ref name=2007UnsettlingScores>[http://www2.citizen.org/hrg/medicaid/assets/reports/2007UnsettlingScores.pdf Unsettling Scores: A Ranking of State Medicaid Programs, P. 15]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> The GOP has a mixed record of supporting the historically popular [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]], Medicare and Medicaid programs. Congressional Republicans and the Bush administration supported a reduction in Medicaid's growth rate;<ref name=Wachino>{{cite web|last=Wachino|first=V|title=The House Budget Committee's Proposed Medicaid and SCHIP Cuts Are Larger Than Those The Administration Proposed|work=|publisher=[[Center on Budget and Policy Priorities]]|location=|url=http://www.cbpp.org/3-10-05health.htm|date=2005-03-10|accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref> however, congressional Republicans expanded Medicare, supporting a new drug plan for seniors starting in 2006. In 2011, House Republicans overwhelmingly voted for a proposal named [[The Path to Prosperity]] and for major changes to Medicare, Medicaid, and the [[Health care reform in the United States#Key reform drivers for the 2010 reforms|2010 Health Care Legislation]]. Many Republicans support increased health insurance portability, laws promoting coverage of pre-existing medical conditions, a cap on malpractice lawsuits, the implementation of a streamlined [[electronic medical records]] system, an emphasis on preventative care rather than emergency room care, and tax benefits aimed at making health insurance more affordable for the uninsured and targeted to promote universal access. They generally oppose government funding for elective abortions.<ref name=ontheissues>{{cite web|author=|title=Bobby Jindal on the Issues|work=|publisher=Ontheissues.org|location=|year=|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/House/Bobby_Jindal.htm|accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref> |
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Republicans are generally opposed by [[trade union|labor union]] management and members, and have supported various legislation on the state and federal levels, including [[right to work]] legislation and the [[Taft-Hartley Act]], which gives workers the right not to participate in unions, as opposed to a [[closed shop]], which prohibits workers from choosing not to join unions in workplaces. Some Republicans are opposed to increases in the [[minimum wage]], believing that such increases hurt many businesses by forcing them to cut jobs and services, export jobs overseas, and raise the prices of goods to compensate for the decrease in profit. |
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===Separation of powers and balance of powers=== |
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[[File:Bill of Rights Pg1of1 AC.jpg|thumb|[[United States Bill of Rights]]]] |
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Many contemporary Republicans voice support of [[strict constructionism]], the judicial philosophy that the Constitution should be interpreted narrowly and as close to the original intent as is practicable rather than a more flexible "living Constitution" model.<ref name=nytimes2008>{{cite news|author=|title=Supreme Court|work=On the Issues|publisher=|location=|year=|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/president/issues/judges.html|accessdate=2011-09-05}}</ref><!--It's only McCain's position, so a better ref would be good, but any comparison of the 2008 Republican candidates should show them all agreeing.--> Most Republicans point to [[Roe v. Wade]] as a case of [[judicial activism]], where the court overturned most laws restricting abortion on the basis of a [[privacy law|right to privacy]] inferred from the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] and the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. Some Republicans have actively sought to block judges whom they see as being [[judicial activism|activist judges]] and have sought the appointment of judges who claim to practice [[judicial restraint]]. Other Republicans, though, argue that it is the right of judges to extend the interpretation of the Constitution and judge actions by the legislative or executive branches as legal or [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] on previously unarticulated grounds. The issue of [[judicial deference]] to the legislature is a matter of some debate — like the Democrats, most Republicans criticize court decisions that overturn their own (conservative) legislation as overstepping bounds and support decisions that overturn opposing legislation. Some commentators have advocated that the Republicans take a more aggressive approach and support legislative supremacy more firmly.<ref name=McCarthy>{{cite web|last=McCarthy|first=AC|title=Judicial Restraint|publisher=Nationalreview.com|year=|url=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ZTZmYzY4YzkzYzYxMjY4MzAxZjI4NDdjMmVlYTNmMDQ|accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref> |
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The Republican Party has supported various bills within the last decade to strip some or all federal courts of the ability to hear certain types of cases, in an attempt to limit judicial review. These [[jurisdiction stripping]] laws have included removing federal review of the recognition of same-sex marriage with the [[Marriage Protection Act of 2007|Marriage Protection Act]],<ref name=washingtontimes20040722>{{cite news|author=|title=House to debate court stripping|publisher=Washington Times|location=Washington, D.C.|date=2004-07-22|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20040722-121146-3494r.htm|accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref> the constitutionality of the Pledge of Allegiance with the [[Pledge Protection Act]], and the rights of detainees in Guantanamo Bay in the [[Detainee Treatment Act]]. The Supreme Court overruled the last of these limitations in ''[[Hamdan v. Rumsfeld]]''. |
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Compared with Democrats, many Republicans believe in a more robust version of [[federalism]] with greater limitations placed upon [[Federal government of the United States|federal]] power and a larger role reserved for the States. Following this view on federalism, Republicans often take a less expansive reading of congressional power under the [[Commerce Clause]], such as in the opinion of [[William Rehnquist]] in ''[[United States v. Lopez]]''. Many Republicans on the more libertarian wing wish for a more dramatic narrowing of Commerce Clause power by revisiting, among other cases, ''[[Wickard v. Filburn]]'', a case that held that growing wheat on a farm for consumption on the same farm fell under congressional power to [[Commerce Clause|"regulate commerce ... among the several States"]]. |
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President George W. Bush was a proponent of the [[unitary executive theory]] and cited it within his [[Signing statement (United States)|Signing statement]]s about legislation passed by Congress.<ref name=boston20060430>{{cite news |title=Bush challenges hundreds of laws |work=The Boston Globe |publisher= |location= |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/04/30/bush_challenges_hundreds_of_laws/ |accessdate=2011-09-05 |first=Charlie |last=Savage |authorlink=Charlie Savage |date=2006-04-30}}</ref> The administration's interpretation of the unitary executive theory was called seriously into question by ''Hamdan v. Rumsfeld'', where the Supreme Court ruled 5-3 that the President does not have sweeping powers to override or ignore laws through his power as commander in chief,<ref name=Cole2010>{{cite web|last=Cole|first=D|title=Why The Court Said No|work=New York Review of Books|publisher=Nybooks.com|year=|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19212|accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref> stating "the Executive is bound to comply with the Rule of Law that prevails".<ref name=SCOTUS>[{{SCOTUS URL Slip|05|05-184}} Opinion of the court, ''Hamdan v. Rumsfeld'', p. 72]</ref> Following the ruling, the Bush administration has sought Congressional authorization for programs started only on executive mandate, as was the case with the [[Military Commissions Act of 2006|Military Commissions Act]], or abandoned programs it had previously asserted executive authority to enact, in the case of the [[National Security Agency]] [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy|domestic wiretapping program]]. |
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===Environmental policies=== |
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The Republican Party has long supported the protection of the environment. For example, Republican President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was a prominent conservationist whose policies eventually led to the creation of the modern [[National Park Service]].<ref name=Filler>{{cite web|author=Filler, Daniel|title=Theodore Roosevelt: Conservation as the Guardian of Democracy|url=http://pantheon.cis.yale.edu/~thomast/essays/filler/filler.html|accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref> Republican President [[Richard Nixon]] was responsible for establishing the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] in 1970.<ref name=Nixon>{{cite web|author=Nixon, Richard|title=Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970|date=1970-07-09|url=http://www.epa.gov/history/org/origins/reorg.htm|accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref> More recently, [[California]] Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], with the support of 16 other states, [[filing (legal)|sued]] the [[Federal government of the United States|Federal Government]] and the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] for the right to set vehicle emission standards higher than the [[United States emission standards|Federal Standard]],<ref name=Schwarzenegger>{{cite news|author=Schwarzenegger, Arnold|title=California will Sue Federal Government|date=2007-12-07|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/12/20/california.emissions/|accessdate=2008-01-08|publisher=CNN}}</ref> a right to which California is entitled under the [[Clean Air Act]]. |
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This association however has shifted as the Democratic Party came to also support environmentalism. For example, Democratic President [[Bill Clinton]] did not send the [[Kyoto Protocol]] to the U.S. Senate for ratification, as he thought it unfair to the United States.<ref name=BushGW>{{cite web|author=Bush, George W.|title=Text of a Letter from the President|date=2001-03-13|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010314.html|accessdate=2007-11-09}}{{Dead link|date=February 2009}}</ref> President [[George W. Bush]] also publicly opposed ratification of the Kyoto Protocols on the grounds that they unfairly targeted Western industrialized nations such as the United States while favoring developing [[North-South divide|Global South]] polluters such as China and India. |
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In 2000, the Republican Party adopted as part of its platform support for the development of market-based solutions to environmental problems. According to the platform, "economic prosperity and environmental protection must advance together, environmental regulations should be based on science, the government’s role should be to provide market-based incentives to develop the technologies to meet environmental standards, we should ensure that environmental policy meets the needs of localities, and environmental policy should focus on achieving results processes."<ref name=Encourage>{{cite journal|title=Encourage Market-Based Solutions to Environmental Problems|journal=OnTheIssues|date=2000-08-12}}</ref> |
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The [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]],<ref name=FactSheet>{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet: Harnessing the Power of Technology for a Secure Energy Future|date=2007-02-22|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/02/20070222-2.html|accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref> along with several of the [[Republican Party (United States) presidential candidates, 2008|candidates that sought the Republican Presidential nomination in 2008]],<ref name=Kudlow>{{cite web|author=Kudlow & Company|title=Interview with Rudy Giuliani|date=2007-03-26|url=http://www1.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/03/interview_with_rudy_giuliani_1.html|accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref><ref name=IssueWatch>{{cite web|title=Issue Watch: Achieving Energy Independence|url=http://www.mittromney.com/Issue-Watch/Energy|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071107193334/http://www.mittromney.com/Issue-Watch/Energy|archivedate=2007-11-07|accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref><ref name=Candidates>{{cite news|title=The Candidates: Rep. Duncan Hunter|work=Washington Post.com|date=2007-10-12|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2007/10/01/DI2007100101460.html|accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref> supported increased Federal investment into the development of clean alternative fuels, increased [[nuclear power]], and well as fuels such as [[ethanol]], as a way of helping the U.S. achieve [[North American energy independence|energy independence]], as opposed to supporting less use of carbon dioxide-producing methods of generating energy. McCain supports the [[Emissions trading|cap-and-trade]] policy, a policy that is quite popular among Democrats but much less so among other Republicans. Some Republicans support increased [[oil well|oil drilling]] in currently protected areas such as the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]], a position that has drawn sharp criticism from some activists. |
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===Social policies=== |
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====Social services==== |
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Some Republicans favor [[White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives|faith-based initiatives]]. There are some exceptions, especially in the Northeast and Pacific Coast states. |
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====Race==== |
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They are generally against [[affirmative action]] for women and some minorities, often describing it as a [[racial quota|quota system]], believing that it is not [[meritocratic]] and that is counter-productive socially by only further promoting [[discrimination]]. Many Republicans support race-neutral admissions policies in universities but support taking into account the socioeconomic status of the student.<ref name=affirmativeaction>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/01/15/bush.affirmativeaction/|work=CNN|title=Bush criticizes university 'quota system'|date=2003-01-15|accessdate=2010-05-22}}</ref><ref name= Eilperin >{{cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|title=Watts Walks a Tightrope on Affirmative Action|publisher=The Washington Post|date=1998-05-12|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aa051298.htm|accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> |
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====Capital punishment==== |
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Most of the GOP's membership favors [[capital punishment]] and stricter punishments as a means to prevent crime. |
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====Gun rights==== |
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Republicans generally support [[Gun politics in the United States|gun ownership rights]] and oppose laws regulating guns, although some Republicans in urban areas sometimes favor limited restrictions on the grounds that they are necessary to protect safety in large cities. |
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====Education==== |
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Most Republicans support [[school choice]] through [[charter school]]s and [[school voucher]]s for private schools; many have denounced the performance of the public school system and the teachers' unions. The party has insisted on a system of greater accountability for public schools, most prominently in recent years with the [[No Child Left Behind Act]] of 2001. Many Republicans, however, opposed the creation of the [[United States Department of Education]] when it was initially created in 1979. |
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Some in the religious wing of the party support voluntary [[School prayer|organized prayer in public schools]] and the teaching of [[intelligent design]] in science classes. |
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====Abortion and related issues==== |
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A majority of the GOP's national and state candidates are [[pro-life]] and oppose elective [[abortion]] on religious or moral grounds. |
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Although the GOP has voted for increases in government funding of scientific research, some members actively oppose the federal funding of [[embryonic stem cell]] research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human [[embryo]]s (which many consider ethically equivalent to abortion), while arguing for applying research money into [[adult stem cell]] or amniotic stem cell research. The stem cell issue has garnered two once-rare vetoes on research funding bills from President Bush, who said the research "crossed a moral boundary". |
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====Marriage==== |
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The 2004 Republican platform expressed support for the [[Federal Marriage Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution]] to define marriage as exclusively between one man and one woman. |
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Generally speaking, most Republicans have opposed government recognition of same-sex unions such as with [[Same-sex marriage in the U.S.|same-sex marriage]]. This opposition formed a key method of energizing conservative voters, the Republican base, in the 2004 election. A ''New York Times'' and [[CBS News]] collaborative poll released in April 2009 reported that 18% of Republicans favored recognition of same-sex marriage.<ref name=nytimes20090429>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/us/politics/28web-nagourney.html|title=Signs G.O.P. Is Rethinking Stance on Gay Marriage|date=April 28, 2009|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref> An August 2010 Fox poll found 19% support.<ref name=foxnews20100813>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/081310_RoundupPoll.pdf|title=Fox News Poll|August 13, 2010|work=Fox News}}</ref> Historically, most Republicans have opposed LGBT people serving openly in the military and supported the '[[Don't Ask, Don't Tell]]' policy. However, majorities of 52% and 58% among Republicans in both 2004 and 2009 opposed the policy and supported open enlistment, according to Gallup polling.<ref name=gallup2009>{{cite news|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/120764/conservatives-shift-favor-openly-gay-service-members.aspx|title=Conservatives Shift in Favor of Openly Gay Service Members|publisher=[[The Gallup Organization|Gallup.com]]|date=June 5, 2009|first=Lymari|last=Morales}}</ref> |
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Groups pushing for LGBT issues inside the party include [[Log Cabin Republicans]] and [[GOProud]]. Fox News national [[exit polls]] of self-described LGBT voters found that 24% voted Republican in 2004 and in 2006. That value was 19% and 31% in 2008 and 2010, respectively.<ref name=foxnews20101106>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/11/06/gop-gains-traction-gay-voters-focusing-economy-analyst-says/|title=GOP Gains Traction Among Gay Voters By Focusing on Economy, Analyst Says|publisher=FoxNews.com|date=November 6, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, 28 % of Republicans supported gay marriage.<ref name=foxnews20110522>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/05/22/time-majority-americans-support-gay-marriage/|work=Fox News|title=For First Time, Majority of Americans Support Gay Marriage|date=2011-05-22}}</ref> |
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==National defense and military spending== |
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Although the Republican Party has always advocated a strong national defense, historically they disapproved of interventionist foreign policy actions. Republicans opposed [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s intervention in [[World War I]] and his subsequent attempt to create the [[League of Nations]]. They were also staunchly opposed to intervention in [[World War II]] until the Japanese attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. |
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===Dwight Eisenhower=== |
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In 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower was drafted by the Republican party to counter the candidacy of [[Non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] Senator [[Robert Taft]]. Eisenhower's campaign was a crusade against the [[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] administration's policies regarding "[[Korea]], [[Communism]] and Corruption."<ref name="time 2008">{{Cite news |
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| url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1857862,00.html |
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| publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|]]'' |
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| date=November 10, 2008 |
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| title=When New President Meets Old, It's Not Always Pretty|first=Nancy|last=Gibbs}}</ref> |
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===Ronald Reagan=== |
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====Grenada==== |
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On October 25, 1983, at the request of the regional governments, Reagan ordered ''[[Operation Urgent Fury]]'', a military invasion of the small, Caribbean island of [[Grenada]], where over a thousand American students and their families were in residence. A Marxist coup d'état had overthrown the established government and shot its leader [[Maurice Bishop]]. This was the first actual [[rollback]] that destroyed a Communist regime and marked the continued escalation of tensions with the Soviet Union known as the [[Cold War (1979–1985)|Second Cold War]]. Democrats had been highly critical of Reagan's anti-Communism in Latin America, but this time Reagan had strong support from the voters and leading Democrats said the invasion was justified.<ref name=Hayward>Steven F. Hayward, '' The age of Reagan: The conservative counterrevolution, 1980-1989'', p. 323</ref> It built the President's image of decisive strong action a year before the 1984 election, when Mondale said he too would have ordered the invasion. Indeed Mondale attacked Senator [[Gary Hart]], his chief opponent for the Democratic nomination, as isolationist and weak on fighting dictatorships.<ref name=Kagan1996>Robert Kagan, ''A twilight struggle: American power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990'' (1996) p. 346</ref> |
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====Cold War==== |
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Reagan escalated the [[Cold War]], accelerating a reversal from the policy of [[détente]], which began in 1979 under President [[Jimmy Carter]] following the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]].<ref name=wilsoncenter >{{cite web|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=12594|title=Towards an International History of the War in Afghanistan, 1979–89|accessdate=May 16, 2007|year=2002|publisher=The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars}}</ref> Reagan then ordered a massive buildup of the [[United States Armed Forces]]<ref name=fasorg>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/icbm/lgm-118.htm|title=LGM-118A Peacekeeper|accessdate=April 10, 2007|date=August 15, 2000|publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> |
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====Covert operations==== |
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Under a policy that came to be known as the [[Reagan Doctrine]], Reagan and his administration also [[Covert U.S. regime change actions|provided overt and covert aid]] to [[anti-communist]] [[Guerrilla warfare|resistance movements]] in an effort to "[[rollback]]" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The policy was politically controversial, with liberal Democrats especially angry with Reagan's operations in Latin America.<ref name=Kagan1996>Robert Kagan, ''A twilight struggle: American power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990'' (1996) p 29</ref> Covert operations elsewhere, especially in Afghanistan against the Soviets, however, usually won bipartisan support.<ref Name=Meher2004>Jagmohan Meher, ''America's Afghanistan war'' (2004) [http://books.google.com/books?id=JR4xbUD0Lv8C&pg=PA133&dq=afghanistan+cambodia+%22moral+boost%22+inauthor:Meher&hl=en&ei=LqdkToniHInbiAK-x8SgCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=afghanistan%20cambodia%20%22moral%20boost%22%20inauthor%3AMeher&f=false p 133 online]</ref> |
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===George H. W. Bush=== |
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====Gulf War 1990–91==== |
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{{Main|Gulf War}} |
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On August 1, 1990, [[Iraq]], led by [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Invasion of Kuwait|invaded]] [[Kuwait]]. President Bush formed an international coalition and secured UN approval to expel Iraq. On January 12, 1991, Congress voted approval for a military attack, [[Operation Desert Storm]], by a narrow margin, with Republicans in favor and Democrats opposed. The vote in the House was 250–183, and in the Senate 52–47. In the Senate 42 Republicans and 10 Democrats voted yes to war, while 45 Democrats and two Republicans voted no. In the House 164 Republicans and 86 Democrats voted yes, and 179 Democrats, three Republicans and one Independent voted no.<ref name=Hiro>Dilip Hiro, ''Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War'' (2003) p. 300</ref> The war was short and successful, but Hussein was allowed to remain in power. Arab countries repaid all the American military costs.<ref name=Hess>Gary R. Hess, ''Presidential Decisions for War: Korea, Vietnam, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq'' (2009) pp 153-219</ref> |
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In the 1990s, Republicans opposed the intervention of the United States in the [[Balkans]] under President Bill Clinton<ref name=spectator >www.spectator.org, March 21, 2011, "Republicans on Kosovo" by W. James Antile,III</ref> and in 2000, George W. Bush ran on a platform that opposed these types of involvement in foreign conflicts. |
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===George W. Bush=== |
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====Invasion of Afghanistan==== |
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After the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001 in New York, Bush launched the [[War on Terrorism]], in which the United States led an international coalition [[Invasions of Afghanistan#U.S.-led invasion|invaded Afghanistan]], the base of terrorist [[Osama bin Laden]]. This invasion led to the toppling of the [[Taliban]] regime. The U.S killed bin Laden in 2011. There was bipartisan support. Indeed Obama had criticized Bush in the 2008 campaign for not being aggressive enough in Afghanistan. |
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====Invasion of Iraq==== |
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In 2003, George W. Bush launched the [[Iraq War|invasion of Iraq]], in conjunction with coalition partners, most notably Great Britain. The invasion was described by Bush as being part of the War on Terrorism. Saddam Hussein was captured and executed, but his supporters staged an insurgency that dragged on for years. It was a major election issue in 2004 (when Bush was reelected) and in 2006 and 2008 (when the Democrats won).<ref name=Hess2009>Hess, ''Presidential Decisions for War: Korea, Vietnam, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq'' (2009) pp 221-76</ref> |
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===Policies=== |
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As a result, some in the Republican Party support [[unilateralism]] on issues of national security, believing in the ability and right of the United States to act without external support in matters of its national defense. In general, Republican thinking on defense and [[international relations]] is heavily influenced by the theories of [[neorealism (international relations)|neorealism]] and [[Political realism|realism]], characterizing conflicts between nations as struggles between faceless forces of international structure, as opposed to being the result of the ideas and actions of individual leaders. The realist school's influence shows in Reagan's [[Evil empire|Evil Empire]] stance on the [[Soviet Union]] and George W. Bush's [[Axis of evil]]. |
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Republicans secured gains in the [[United States congressional elections, 2002|2002]] and [[United States congressional elections, 2004|2004 elections]], with the [[War on Terror]] being one of the top issues favoring them. Since the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], some in the party support [[neoconservatism|neoconservative]] policies with regard to the War on Terror, including the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 war in Afghanistan]] and the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. |
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The doctrine of [[preemptive war]], wars to disarm and destroy potential military foes based on speculation of future attacks rather than in defense against actual attack, has been advocated by prominent members of the Bush administration, but the war within Iraq has undercut the influence of this doctrine within the Republican Party. [[Rudy Giuliani]], mayor of New York at the time of the September 11 terrorist attacks, and a candidate for the Republican [[United States presidential election, 2008|presidential nomination in 2008]], has stated his support for that policy, saying America must keep itself "on the offensive" against terrorists.<!--I'm pretty sure we can come up with an equivalent McCain quote. Anyone want to try?--> |
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The George W. Bush administration took the position that the [[Geneva Conventions]] do not apply to [[unlawful combatant]]s, saying they apply to soldiers serving in the armies of [[nation state]]s and not [[List of designated terrorist organizations|terrorist organizations]] such as [[Al-Qaeda]]. The Supreme Court overruled this position in ''[[Hamdan v. Rumsfeld]]'', which held that the Geneva Conventions were legally binding and must be followed in regards to all enemy combatants. Prominent Republicans such as [[John McCain]], [[Mike Huckabee]], and [[Ron Paul]] strongly oppose the use of enhanced interrogation techniques, which they view as torture. |
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==Other international policies== |
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===Israel=== |
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The Republican leadership supports a strong [[Israel]], but supports efforts to secure peace in the |
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Middle East between Israel and its [[Arab]] neighbors.<ref name=canadiancoalition >{{cite web|url=http://canadiancoalition.com/adbusters01/|title=Authorization Required|publisher=canadiancoalition.com}}</ref> |
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===Trade=== |
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The party, through former U.N. Ambassador [[John R. Bolton|John Bolton]], has advocated reforms in the [[United Nations]] to halt corruption such as that which afflicted the [[Oil-for-Food Program]]. Most Republicans oppose the [[Kyoto Protocol]]. The party promotes [[free trade]] agreements, most notably [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], [[Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement]] and now an effort to go further south to Brazil, Peru and Colombia, although some have a protectionist view of trade. |
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===Immigration=== |
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Republicans are divided on how to confront [[illegal immigration]] between a platform that allows for migrant workers and easing citizenship guidelines, and border enforcement-first approach. In general, pro-growth advocates within the Republican Party support more immigration, and traditional or populist conservatives oppose it. In 2006, the White House supported and Republican-led Senate passed [[Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006|comprehensive immigration reform]] that would eventually allow millions of illegal immigrants to become citizens, but the House, also led by Republicans, took an enforcement-first approach, and the bill failed to pass the [[conference committee]].<ref name=Blanton>{{cite news|last=Blanton|first=Dana|title=National Exit Poll: Midterms Come Down to Iraq, Bush|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=2006-11-08|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,228104,00.html|accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref> |
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===Political status of Puerto Rico=== |
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The Republican Party has expressed its support for the [[United States nationality law|U.S. citizens]] of [[Puerto Rico]] to exercise their right to determine a future permanent non-territorial political status with government by consent, full enfranchisement and to be admitted to the union as a fully sovereign [[U.S. state]]. Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917; but the island’s ultimate status still has not been determined and its 3.9 million residents still do not have voting representation in their national government. The following is the appropriate section from the 2008 party platform (unchanged from the 2004 and 2000 platforms).<ref name=Republican2004>{{cite web|url=http://www.gop.com/media/2004platform.pdf|title=2004 Republican Platform|publisher=Gop.com|date=|accessdate=2010-08-01}}{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref><ref name=letpuertoricodecide >{{cite web|url=http://www.letpuertoricodecide.com/status.php|title=An Introduction to Puerto Rico's Status Debate|publisher=Let Puerto Rico Decide|date=1998-03-04|accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref><ref name=Republican2008>[http://platform.gop.com/2008Platform.pdf 2008 Republican Platform]</ref> |
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<blockquote>We support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state after they freely so determine. We recognize that Congress has the final authority to define the constitutionally valid options for Puerto Rico to achieve a permanent non-territorial status with government by consent and full enfranchisement. As long as Puerto Rico is not a state, however, the will of its people regarding their political status should be ascertained by means of a general right of referendum or specific referenda sponsored by the U.S. government.</blockquote> |
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==Voter base== |
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{{Asof|2010}}, [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] polling found that 31% of Americans identified as Democrats, 29% as Republicans, and 38% as independents.<ref name=Gallup2010>[http://www.gallup.com/poll/145463/Democratic-Party-Drops-2010-Tying-Year-Low.aspx Democratic Party ID Drops in 2010, Tying 22-Year Low]</ref> |
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'''''Business community'''''. The GOP is usually seen as the traditionally pro-business party and it garners major support from a wide variety of industries from the financial sector to small businesses. Republicans are about 50 percent more likely to be self-employed, and are more likely to work in management.<ref name=Fried2008p104>Fried, pp. 104–5, 125.</ref> |
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'''''Gender'''''. Since 1980, a "gender gap" has seen slightly stronger support for the GOP among men than among women. In the 2006 House races, 43% of women voted for GOP, while 47% of men did so.<ref name=2006cnnexitpolls>{{cite news|title=Exit Polls|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/states/US/H/00/epolls.0.html|date=2006-11-07|accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref> In the 2010 midterms, the "gender gap" was reduced with women supporting GOP and Democratic candidates equally 49% to 49%.<ref name=abcnews3775>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/vote-2010-elections-results-midterm-exit-poll-analysis/story?id=12003775|title=Exit Poll Analysis: Vote 2010 Elections Results|publisher=ABC News|date=2010-11-02|accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref><ref name=Weeks2010>{{cite web|last=Weeks|first=Linton|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131039717|title=10 Takeaways From The 2010 Midterms|publisher=NPR|date=2010-11-03|accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> |
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'''''Race'''''. While historically the party had been supporters of rights for blacks since the 1860s, it lost its leadership position; the GOP has been winning under 15% of the black vote in recent national elections (1980 to 2008). The party has recently nominated African American candidates for senator or governor in Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland, though none were successful. In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref name=Holmes2010>{{cite news|author=L.A. Holmes|url=http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/11/03/black-republicans-win-first-congress-seats-2003|title=Black Republicans Win First Congress Seats Since 2003|publisher=FoxNews.com|date=2010-04-07|accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> The Republican Party abolished slavery under [[Abraham Lincoln]], defeated the [[Slave Power]], and gave blacks the vote during [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction in the late 1860s]]. Until the [[New Deal]] of the 1930s, blacks supported the GOP by large margins.<ref name=South>In the South, they were often not allowed to vote, but still received some Federal patronage appointments from the Republicans</ref> Most black voters switched to the Democratic Party in the 1930s when the New Deal offered them employment opportunities, and major figures, such as Eleanor Roosevelt, began to support civil rights. They became one of the core components of the [[New Deal Coalition]]. In the South, blacks were able to vote in large numbers after 1965, when a bipartisan coalition passed the [[Voting Rights Act]], and ever since have formed a significant portion (20-50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.<ref name=Sitkoff>Harvard Sitkoff, ''A New Deal for Blacks'' (1978).</ref> |
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In recent decades, the party has been moderately successful in gaining support from [[Hispanic]] and [[Asian American]] voters. George W. Bush, who campaigned energetically for Hispanic votes, received 35% of their vote in 2000 and 44% in 2004.<ref name=2004cnnexitpolls>{{cite news|title=Exit Polls|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.4.html|date=2004-11-02|accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref> The party's strong anti-communist stance has made it popular among some minority groups from current and former Communist states, in particular [[Cuban American]]s, [[Korean American]]s, [[Chinese American]]s, and [[Vietnamese American]]s. The election of [[Bobby Jindal]] as Governor of Louisiana has been hailed as pathbreaking.<ref name=BBC7412>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7907412.stm|title=Americas | Profile: Bobby Jindal|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-02-25|accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref> He is the first elected minority governor in [[Louisiana]] and the first state governor of [[Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|Indian]] descent.<ref name=deccanherald >{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31998/bobby-jindal-may-become-first.html|title='Bobby Jindal may become first Indian-American to be US prez'|publisher=Deccanherald.com|date=2009-10-23|accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref> In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain won 55% of white votes, and 31% of Hispanic votes, compared to just 4% of African American votes.<ref name=pewresearch>"[http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?src=prc-latest&proj=peoplepress Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History]". Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009</ref> In the 2010 House election, the GOP won 60% of the white votes, 38% of Hispanic votes, while winning only 9% of the African American vote.<ref name=pewresearch1790>{{cite web|author=|title=The Latino Vote in the 2010 Elections|work=|publisher=Pew Research Center|location=|date=2010-11-03|url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1790/2010-midterm-elections-exit-poll-hispanic-vote|accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> |
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For decades, a greater percentage of white voters identified themselves as Democrats, rather than Republicans. However, since the mid-1990s whites have been more likely to self-identify as Republicans than Democrats.<ref name=Fried2008p321>Fried, p. 321.</ref> |
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'''''Family status'''''. In recent elections, Republicans have found their greatest support among whites from married couples with children living at home.<ref name=vdare>[http://blog.vdare.com/archives/2005/05/08/affordable-family-formation-the-neglected-key-to-gops-future/ Affordable Family Formation–The Neglected Key To GOP’s Future] by Steve Sailer</ref> Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for Kerry in 2004.<ref name=wvwv2004>[http://www.wvwv.org/docs/WVWV_2004_post-election_memo.pdf Unmarried Women in the 2004 Presidential Election]{{dead link|date=January 2011}} ([[PDF]]). Report by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, January, 2005. Page 3: "The marriage gap is one of the most important cleavages in electoral politics. Unmarried women voted for Kerry by a 25-point margin (62 to 37 percent), while married women voted for President Bush by an 11-point margin (55 percent to 44 percent). Indeed, the 25-point margin Kerry posted among unmarried women represented one of the high water marks for the Senator among all demographic groups."</ref> |
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'''''Income'''''. Low-income voters tend to favor the Democratic Party while high-income voters tend to support the Republican Party. President George W. Bush won 41% of the poorest 20% of voters in 2004, 55% of the richest twenty percent, and 53% of those in between. In the 2006 House races, the voters with incomes over $50,000 were 49% Republican, while those under were 38%.<ref name=2006cnnexitpolls/> |
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'''''Military'''''. Republicans hold a large majority in the armed services, with 57% of active military personnel and 66% of officers identified as Republican in 2003.<ref name=Lobe>{{cite web|url=http://google.com/search?q=cache:GDeFkKSDCpoJ:www.lewrockwell.com/ips/lobe43.html+army+percent+Republican&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us|title=Lobe, J. (January 1, 2004). Military More Republican, Conservative Than Public — Poll. ''LewRockwell.com''.|accessdate=2007-07-11}}</ref> |
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'''''Education'''''. Self-identified Republicans are significantly more likely than Democrats to have 4-year college degrees. The trends for the years 1955 through 2004 are shown by gender in the graphs below, reproduced from a book published by Joseph Fried.<ref name=Fried2008p74>Fried, pp. 74–5.</ref> These graphs depict results obtained by Fried from the National Election Studies (NES) database. |
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[[File:Fig 57 - men 4-yr college degrees.JPG|thumb|375px]] |
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[[File:Fig 58 women with 4-yr college degs.JPG|thumb|375px]] |
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Regarding graduate-level degrees (masters or doctorate), there is a rough parity between Democrats and Republicans. According to the Gallup Organization: "[B]oth Democrats and Republicans have equal numbers of Americans at the upper end of the educational spectrum — that is, with post graduate degrees..."<ref name=Fried2008p74/> Fried provides a slightly more detailed analysis, noting that Republican men are more likely than Democratic men to have advanced degrees, but Democratic women are now more likely than Republican women to have advanced degrees.<ref name=Fried2008p76>Fried, pp. 76–7.</ref> |
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Republicans remain a small minority of college professors, with 11% of full-time faculty identifying as Republican.<ref name=Kurtz2005>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8427-2005Mar28.html|title=Kurtz, H. (March 29, 2005). College Faculties A Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds. ''The Washington Post''.|accessdate=2007-07-02|date=2005-03-29}}</ref> |
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'''''Age'''''. The Democrats do better among younger Americans and Republicans among older Americans. In 2006, the GOP won 38% of the voters aged 18–29.<ref name=2006cnnexitpolls/> |
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'''''Sexual Orientation'''''. Exit polls conducted in 2000, 2004 and 2006 indicate that about one quarter of gay and lesbian Americans voted for the GOP. In recent years, many in the party have opposed [[same-sex marriage]], adoption by same-sex couples, inclusion of sexual orientation in federal hate crimes laws, the [[Employment Non-Discrimination Act]], while supporting the use of the [[don't ask, don't tell]] policy within the military. Some members of the party, particularly in the Northeast and Pacific coast, support [[civil union]]s and adoption rights for same-sex couples.<ref name=ontheissues2007>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/Republican_Party.htm#Civil_Rights Republican Party on the Issues|title=Civil_Rights Republican Party on the Issues|accessdate=2007-02-21}}</ref> The opposition to gay rights largely comes from the socially conservative wing of the party.<ref name=Slate>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2091413/|title=A Common Missed Conception: Why religious people are against gay marriage.}}</ref> |
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'''''Religion'''''. Religion has always played a major role for both parties but, in the course of a century, the parties' religious compositions have changed. Religion was a major dividing line between the parties before [[United States presidential election, 1960|1960]], with Catholics, Jews, and Southern Protestants heavily Democratic, and Northeastern Protestants heavily Republican. Most of the old differences faded away after the realignment of the 1970s and 80s that undercut the New Deal coalition. Voters who attend church weekly gave 61% of their votes to Bush in [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]]; those who attend occasionally gave him only 47%, while those who never attend gave him 36%. Fifty-nine percent of Protestants voted for Bush, along with 52% of Catholics (even though [[John Kerry]] was Catholic). Since 1980, large majorities of [[evangelism|evangelicals]] have voted Republican; 70–80% voted for Bush in 2000 and 2004, and 70% for GOP House candidates in [[United States general elections, 2006|2006]]. Jews continue to vote 70–80% Democratic. Democrats have close links with the African American churches, especially the [[National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.|National Baptists]], while their historic dominance among Catholic voters has eroded to 54-46 in the 2010 midterms.<ref name=pewresearch>{{cite web|author=|url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1791/2010-midterm-elections-exit-poll-religion-vote|title=Religion in the 2010 Elections|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=2010-11-03|accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> The main line traditional Protestants (Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Episcopalians) have dropped to about 55% Republican (in contrast to 75% before 1968). Their church memberships have declined in that time as well as the conservative evangelical churches have grown. Members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], commonly known as [[Mormon]]s, are overwhelmingly Republican and vote in line with the [[Christian right]] - George W. Bush received 89% of the Mormon vote.<ref name=Fowler>Robert Booth Fowler et al., ''Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture, and Strategic Choices'' (2004)</ref> Bush also received almost 80% of the [[Muslim]] vote in the 2000 Presidential election. However, his support among Muslims declined sharply and, by the 2004 election, at least half of those voters supported [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate John Kerry or a third party candidate.<ref name=Beutler>{{cite web|author=Brian Beutler|url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/08/republican-muslims-to-gop-youre-on-thin-ice.php|title=GOP Muslims Fear Failure Of Bush Outreach Efforts After Anti-Mosque Furor | TPMDC|publisher=Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com|date=2010-08-18|accessdate=2010-08-29}}</ref> |
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[[File:2004prescountymap2.PNG|thumb|This map shows the vote in the 2004 presidential election by county. All major Republican geographic constituencies are visible: red dominates the map, showing Republican strength in the rural areas, while the denser areas (i.e., cities) are blue. Notable exceptions include the Pacific coast, New England, the [[Black Belt (U.S. region)|Black Belt]], and the [[:File:New 2000 hispanic percent.gif|heavily Hispanic]] parts of the Southwest.]] |
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'''''Location'''''. Since 1980, geographically the Republican "base" ("[[Red states and blue states|red states]]") is strongest in the [[Southern United States|South]], the Midwest, and [[Mountain States|Mountain West]]. While it is currently weakest on the Pacific Coast and northeast, this has not always been the case; historically the northeast was a bastion of the Republican Party with [[Vermont]] and [[Maine]] being the only two states to vote against [[Franklin Roosevelt]] all four times. The [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] has been roughly balanced since 1854, with [[Illinois]] becoming more Democratic and liberal because of the city of Chicago (see below) and [[Minnesota]] and [[Wisconsin]] more Republican since 1990. [[Ohio]] and [[Indiana]] both trend Republican. Since the 1930s, the Democrats have dominated most central cities, while the Republicans now dominate rural areas and the majority of suburbs.<ref name="CNN.com Election 2004">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html|title=Election 2004|accessdate=2007-06-01|work=CNN}}</ref> |
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The South has become solidly Republican in national elections since 1980, and has been trending Republican at the state level since then at a slower pace.<ref name=Black2005>Earl Black and Merle Black. ''Politics and Society in the South'' (2005)</ref> In 2004, Bush led Kerry by 70%-30% among Southern whites, who made up 71% of the Southern electorate. Kerry had a 70-30 lead among the 29% of the voters who were black or Hispanic. One-third of these Southern voters said they were white evangelicals; they voted for Bush by 80-20; but were only 72% Republican in 2006.<ref name=2006cnnexitpolls/><ref name=2004cnnexitpolls/> |
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The Republican Party's strongest focus of political influence lies in the [[Great Plains]] states, particularly [[Oklahoma]], [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], [[South Dakota]], and [[North Dakota]], and in the [[Mountain states]] of [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], and [[Utah]] (Utah gave George W. Bush more than 70% of the popular vote in 2004). These states are sparsely populated with few major urban centers, and have majority white populations, making it extremely difficult for Democrats to create a sustainable voter base there. Unlike the South, these areas have been strongly Republican since before the party realignments of the 1960s. The Great Plains states were one of the few areas of the country where Republicans had any significant support during the [[Great Depression]]. |
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'''''Conservatives and Moderates'''''. Republican "conservatives" are strongest in the South, Mountain West and Midwest, where they draw support from social conservatives. The moderates tend to dominate the party in New England, and used to be well represented in all states. From the 1940s to the 1970s under such leaders as [[Thomas E. Dewey]], Dwight D. Eisenhower, [[Nelson Rockefeller]], and Richard Nixon, they usually dominated the presidential wing of the party. Since the 1970s, they have been less powerful, though they are always represented in the cabinets of Republican presidents. In [[Vermont]], [[Jim Jeffords]], a Republican Senator became an [[independent (politician)|independent]] in 2001 due to growing disagreement with President Bush and the party leadership. In addition, moderate Republicans have recently held the governorships in several [[New England]] States, while [[Lincoln Chafee]], a former moderate Republican senator is currently the independent governor of Rhode Island. Senators [[Olympia Snowe]] and [[Susan Collins]], both of Maine, and Senator [[Scott Brown]] of [[Massachusetts]] are notable moderate Republicans from New England. From 1991 to 2007, moderate Republicans served as Governor of Massachusetts. |
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Some well-known conservative radio hosts, including national figures such as [[Rush Limbaugh]], [[Sean Hannity]], [[Glenn Beck]], [[Neal Boortz]], [[Laura Ingraham]], [[Michael Reagan]], [[Howie Carr]], and [[Michael Savage (commentator)|Michael Savage]], as well as many local commentators, support Republican causes, while vocally opposing those of the Democrats.<ref name=Dagnes>Alison Dagnes, ''Politics on demand: the effects of 24-hour news on American politics'' (2010) p 53</ref> |
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==Trends== |
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{{As of|2004}}, the Republican Party had remained fairly cohesive, as both strong [[Economic liberalism|economic libertarians]] and [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]] opposed the Democrats, whom they saw as the party of bloated and more secular, liberal government.<ref name=Wooldridge>Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. ''The Right Nation'' (2004).</ref> Yet, some libertarians have argued that the GOP's policies have grown increasingly restrictive of personal liberties, and has contributed to increasing [[corporate welfare]] and [[national debt]].<ref name=ABC273>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=2730251|title=Evans, B. (December 15, 2005). Ex-Rep. Barr Quits GOP for Libertarians. ''The Associated Press''|accessdate=2007-07-11}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Some social conservatives have expressed dissatisfaction with the party's support for economic policies that they see as sometimes in conflict with their moral values.<ref name="scare">[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/12/huckabees_rebellion.html How Huckabee Scares the GOP]. By [[E. J. Dionne]]. [[Real Clear Politics]]. Published December 21, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2008.</ref> |
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==2012 election== |
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As the presidential campaign season headed toward the Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary in January 2012, one candidate after another surged, then fell back,<ref>The current poll results are at [http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2012/president/us/republican_presidential_nomination-1452.html Real Clear Politics]</ref> with [[Mitt Romney]] holding steady in the mid-20s as the favorite of the moderates. In the ''USA Today''/Gallup Poll, six hopefuls at one time or another were the top choice of GOP voters in 2011: former Arkansas governor [[Mike Huckabee]], real-estate tycoon [[Donald Trump]], former Massachusetts governor [[Mitt Romney]], Texas governor [[Rick Perry]], businessman [[Herman Cain]] and former House Speaker [[Newt Gingrich]].<ref>Page, Susan (November 21, 2011). [http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2011/11/newt-gingrich-poll-mitt-romney-/1?loc=interstitialskip "Gingrich rises, Cain drops in new poll"]. ''USA Today''.</ref> |
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==State and territorial parties== |
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{{Col-begin}} |
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{{Col-2}} |
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* [[Alabama Republican Party]] [http://www.algop.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of Alaska]] [http://alaskarepublicans.com/] |
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* [[Arizona Republican Party]] [http://www.azgop.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of Arkansas]] [http://www.arkansasgop.org/] |
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* [[California Republican Party]] [http://www.cagop.org/] |
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* [[Colorado Republican Party]] [http://www.cologop.org/] |
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* [[Connecticut Republican Party]] [http://www.ctgop.org/] |
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* [[Republican State Committee of Delaware]] [http://www.delawaregop.com/] |
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* [[Republican Party of Florida]] [http://www.rpof.org/] |
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* [[Georgia Republican Party]] [http://www.gagop.org/] |
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* [[Hawaii Republican Party]] [http://www.gophawaii.com/] |
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* [[Idaho Republican Party]] [http://www.idgop.org/] |
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* [[Illinois Republican Party]] [http://www.ilgop.org/] |
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* [[Indiana Republican Party]] [http://www.indgop.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of Iowa]] [http://www.iowagop.org/] |
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* [[Kansas Republican Party]] [http://www.ksgop.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of Kentucky]] [http://www.rpk.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of Louisiana]] [http://www.lagop.com/] |
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* [[Maine Republican Party]] [http://www.mainegop.com/] |
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* [[Maryland Republican Party]] [http://www.mdgop.org/] |
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* [[Massachusetts Republican Party]] [http://www.massgop.com/] |
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* [[Michigan Republican Party]] [http://www.migop.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of Minnesota]] [http://www.mngop.com/] |
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* [[Mississippi Republican Party]] [http://www.msgop.org/] |
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* [[Missouri Republican Party]] [http://www.mogop.org/] |
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* [[Montana Republican Party]] [http://www.mtgop.org/] |
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* [[Nebraska Republican Party]] [http://www.negop.org/] |
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* [[Nevada Republican Party]] [http://www.nevadagop.org/] |
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{{Col-2}} |
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* [[New Hampshire Republican State Committee]] [http://www.nhgop.org/] |
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* [[New Jersey Republican State Committee]] [http://www.njgop.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of New Mexico]] [http://www.gopnm.org/] |
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* [[New York Republican State Committee]] [http://www.nygop.org/] |
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* [[North Carolina Republican Party]] [http://www.ncgop.org/] |
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* [[North Dakota Republican Party]] [http://www.ndgop.com/] |
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* [[Ohio Republican Party]] [http://www.ohiogop.org/] |
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* [[Oklahoma Republican Party]] [http://www.okgop.com/] |
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* [[Oregon Republican Party]] [http://www.orgop.org/] |
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* [[Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania]] [http://www.pagop.org/] |
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* [[Rhode Island Republican Party]] [http://www.rigop.org/] |
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* [[South Carolina Republican Party]] [http://www.scgop.com/] |
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* [[South Dakota Republican Party]] [http://www.southdakotagop.com/] |
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* [[Tennessee Republican Party]] [http://www.tngop.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of Texas]] [http://www.texasgop.org/] |
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* [[Utah Republican Party]] [http://www.utgop.org/] |
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* [[Vermont Republican Party]] [http://www.vtgop.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of Virginia]] [http://www.vagop.com/] |
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* [[Washington State Republican Party]] [http://www.wsrp.org/] |
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* [[West Virginia Republican Party]] [http://www.wvgop.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of Wisconsin]] [http://www.wisgop.org/] |
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* [[Wyoming Republican Party]] [http://www.wygop.org/] |
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* [[Republican Party of American Samoa]] [http://as.gop.com/StatesMapPage.aspx?] |
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* [[District of Columbia Republican Committee]] [http://www.dcgop.com/] |
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* [[Republican Party (Guam)|Guam Republican Party]] [http://gu.gop.com/StatesMapPage.aspx?] |
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* [[Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)|Northern Mariana Islands Republican Party]] [http://mp.gop.com/StatesMapPage.aspx?] |
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* [[Republican Party of Puerto Rico]] [http://www.goppr.org/index.php.en] |
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* [[Republican Party of the Virgin Islands]] [http://www.virepublicanwomen.com/id2.html] |
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{{Col-end}} |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Politics|Conservatism}} |
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{{div col|2}} |
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* [[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)]] |
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* [[List of African American Republicans]] |
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* [[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets]] |
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* [[Political party strength in U.S. states]] |
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* [[Republican in Name Only]] |
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* [[South Park Republican]] |
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* [[Libertarian Republican]] |
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* [[International Democrat Union]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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==References== |
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{{Main|References regarding the United States Republican Party}} |
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<!-- alphabetical order please --> |
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{{Refbegin|2}} |
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* ''American National Biography'' (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries. |
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* Aistrup, Joseph A. ''The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South'' (1996) |
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* [[Michael Barone (pundit)|Barone, Michael]]. ''The Almanac of American Politics 2010: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts'' (2009). |
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* Black, Earl and Merle Black. ''The Rise of Southern Republicans'' (2002) |
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* Brennan, Mary C. ''Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP'' (1995) |
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* Conger, Kimberly H. ''The Christian Right in Republican State Politics'' (2010) 202 pages; focuses on Arizona, Indiana, and Missouri |
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* Crane, Michael. ''The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Books on Politics'' (2004) covers all the major issues explaining the parties' positions |
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* Critchlow, Donald T. ''The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America'' (2nd ed. 2011) |
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* Donald, David. ''Lincoln'' (1999) |
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* Ehrman, John, ''The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan'' (2005) |
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* {{cite book|last=Fried|first=J|title=Democrats and Republicans—Rhetoric and Reality|publisher=Algora Publishing|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=|url=}} |
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* Frank, Thomas. ''What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America'' (2005) |
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* [[David Frum|Frum, David.]] ''What's Right: The New Conservative Majority and the Remaking of America'' (1996) |
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* {{cite book|last=Gould|first=Lewis|title=Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans|publisher=|location=|year=2003|isbn=0375507418|url=}} |
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* Jensen, Richard. ''Grass Roots Politics: Parties, Issues, and Voters, 1854–1983'' (1983) |
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* [[John Judis|Judis, John B.]] and [[Ruy Teixeira]]. ''The Emerging Democratic Majority'' (2004) two Democrats project social trends |
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* Kleppner, Paul, et al. ''The Evolution of American Electoral Systems'' (1983), applies party systems model |
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* Lamis, Alexander P. ed. ''Southern Politics in the 1990s'' (1999) |
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* Levendusky, Matthew. ''The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans'' (Chicago Studies in American Politics) (2009) |
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* Mayer, George H. ''The Republican Party, 1854–1966.'' 2d ed. (1967) |
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* Perlstein, Rick. ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus'' (2002) broad account of 1964 |
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* Perlstein, Rick. ''Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America'' (2009) |
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* Reinhard, David W. ''The Republican Right since 1945'' (1983) |
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* Rutland, Robert Allen. ''The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush'' (1996) |
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* [[Larry Sabato|Sabato, Larry J.]] ''Divided States of America: The Slash and Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election'' (2005) |
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* [[Larry Sabato|Sabato, Larry J.]] and Bruce Larson. ''The Party's Just Begun: Shaping Political Parties for America's Future'' (2001) textbook. |
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* [[Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.|Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr.]] ed. ''History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000'' (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). Essays on the most important election are reprinted in Schlesinger, ''The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history'' (1972) |
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* Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000'' (2001), long essays by specialists on each time period: |
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** includes: "'To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs;": 1820–1865 by Joel H. Silbey; "Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835–1885" by Michael F. Holt; "The Transformation of American Politics: 1865–1910" by Peter H. Argersinger; "Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885–1930" by Richard Jensen; "The Limits of Federal Power and Social Policy: 1910–1955" by Anthony J. Badger; "The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness: 1930–1980" by James T. Patterson; and "Economic Growth, Issue Evolution, and Divided Government: 1955–2000" by Byron E. Shafer |
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* Shafer, Byron and Richard Johnston. ''The End of Southern Exceptionalism'' (2006), uses statistical election data & polls to argue GOP growth was primarily a response to economic change |
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* Steely, Mel. ''The Gentleman from Georgia: The Biography of Newt Gingrich'' Mercer University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-86554-671-1. |
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* Sundquist, James L. ''Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States'' (1983) |
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* Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. ''[[The Right Nation]]: Conservative Power in America'' (2004). |
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{{Refend}} |
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==External links== |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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{{Commons and category|Republican Party|Republican Party (United States)}} |
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* [http://www.gop.com/ Republican National Committee] — Official website |
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* [http://src.senate.gov/ Senate Republican Conference] |
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* [http://www.gop.gov/ House Republican Conference] |
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* [http://www.nrsc.org/ National Republican Senatorial Committee] |
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* [http://www.nrcc.org/ National Republican Congressional Committee] |
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* [http://www.rga.org/ Republican Governors Association] |
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* [http://www.rslc.com/ Republican State Leadership Committee] |
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* [http://www.nationalblackrepublicans.com/ National Black Republican Association] |
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* [http://www.republicansabroad.com/ Republicans Abroad International] |
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* [http://www.yrnf.com/ Young Republican National Federation] |
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* [http://www.crnc.org/ College Republican National Committee] |
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* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/papers_pdf/78545.pdf 2008 National Platform] ([[PDF]]), *[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=78545 HTML version] |
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* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25850 2004 National Platform] |
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* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Parties/Republican/|Republican Party}} |
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{{Republican Party}} |
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{{USParty}} |
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{{International Democrat Union}} |
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{{United States topics}} |
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[[Category:Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] |
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[[Category:International Democrat Union member parties]] |
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[[Category:Political parties established in 1854]] |
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[[Category:Political parties in the United States]] |
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{{Link GA|zh}} |
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[[am:ሪፐብሊካን ፓርቲ (አሜሪካ)]] |
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[[ar:الحزب الجمهوري (أمريكا)]] |
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[[ast:Partíu Republicanu de los Estaos Xuníos]] |
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[[az:ABŞ Respublikaçılar Partiyası]] |
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[[zh-min-nan:Kiōng-hô Tóng (Bí-kok)]] |
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[[bcl:Partido Republikano kan Estados Unidos]] |
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[[bs:Republikanska stranka (SAD)]] |
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[[bg:Републиканска партия]] |
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[[ca:Partit Republicà dels Estats Units]] |
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[[cs:Republikánská strana (USA)]] |
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[[cy:Plaid Weriniaethol (Unol Daleithiau)]] |
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[[da:Republikanske parti (USA)]] |
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[[de:Republikanische Partei]] |
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[[et:Vabariiklik Partei (USA)]] |
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[[el:Ρεπουμπλικανικό Κόμμα (ΗΠΑ)]] |
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[[es:Partido Republicano de los Estados Unidos]] |
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[[eo:Respublikana Partio (Usono)]] |
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[[eu:Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Alderdi Errepublikanoa]] |
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[[fa:حزب جمهوریخواه ایالات متحده آمریکا]] |
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[[fo:Republikanski Flokkurin]] |
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[[fr:Parti républicain (États-Unis)]] |
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[[fy:Republikeinske Partij (Feriene Steaten)]] |
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[[ga:Páirtí Poblachtach (Stáit Aontaithe)]] |
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[[gv:Partee Pobblaghtagh (Ny Steatyn Unnaneysit)]] |
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[[gl:Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos)]] |
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[[ko:공화당 (미국)]] |
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[[hi:रिपब्लिकन पार्टी]] |
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[[hr:Republikanska stranka (SAD)]] |
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[[id:Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)]] |
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[[is:Repúblikanaflokkurinn]] |
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[[it:Partito Repubblicano (Stati Uniti d'America)]] |
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[[he:המפלגה הרפובליקנית]] |
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[[ka:რესპუბლიკური პარტია (აშშ)]] |
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[[la:Factio Republicana (CFA)]] |
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[[lv:ASV Republikāņu partija]] |
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[[lt:JAV respublikonų partija]] |
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[[hu:Republikánus Párt (USA)]] |
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[[mk:Републиканска партија (САД)]] |
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[[mr:रिपब्लिकन पक्ष (अमेरिका)]] |
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[[arz:الحزب الجمهورى فى امريكا]] |
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[[ms:Parti Republikan (Amerika Syarikat)]] |
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[[nl:Republikeinse Partij (Verenigde Staten)]] |
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[[ja:共和党 (アメリカ)]] |
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[[no:Det republikanske parti (USA)]] |
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[[nn:Det republikanske partiet i USA]] |
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[[oc:Partit Republican (Estats Units)]] |
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[[pl:Partia Republikańska (USA)]] |
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[[pt:Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos)]] |
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[[ro:Partidul Republican (Statele Unite)]] |
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[[ru:Республиканская партия (США)]] |
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[[sq:Partia Republikane (ShBA)]] |
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[[simple:Republican Party (United States)]] |
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[[sk:Republikánska strana (USA)]] |
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[[sl:Republikanska stranka (ZDA)]] |
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[[sr:Републиканска странка (САД)]] |
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[[sh:Republikanska stranka SAD]] |
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[[fi:Yhdysvaltain republikaaninen puolue]] |
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[[sv:Republikanska partiet]] |
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[[ta:குடியரசுக் கட்சி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)]] |
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[[th:พรรคริพับลิกัน (สหรัฐอเมริกา)]] |
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[[tr:Cumhuriyetçi Parti (ABD)]] |
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[[uk:Республіканська партія США]] |
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[[vec:Partito Republicàn (Stati Unii)]] |
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[[vi:Đảng Cộng hòa (Hoa Kỳ)]] |
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[[yi:רעפובליקאנער פארטיי]] |
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[[yo:Ẹgbẹ́ Rẹ̀públíkánì (USA)]] |
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[[zh-yue:共和黨 (美國)]] |
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[[zh:共和黨 (美國)]] |
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Revision as of 20:19, 15 December 2011
5 'And when you pray, do not imitate the hypocrites: they love to say their prayers standing up in the synagogues and at the street corners for people to see them. In truth I tell you, they have had their reward.
6 But when you pray, go to your private room, shut yourself in, and so pray to your Father who is in that secret place, and your Father who sees all that is done in secret will reward you.
7 'In your prayers do not babble as the gentiles do, for they think that by using many words they will make themselves heard.
8 Do not be like them; your Father knows what you need before you ask him.
matthew 6 5-8