Brown hair

"Brunette" redirects here. For other uses, see Brunette (disambiguation).

Actress Jennifer Connelly with dark brown hair

Brown hair is the second most common human hair color, after black hair.

Brown hair varies from light brown to almost black hair. It is characterized by higher levels of the dark pigment eumelanin and lower levels of the pale pigment pheomelanin. Its strands are thicker than those of fair hair but not as much as those of red hair. People with brown hair are often referred to as brunette, the feminine form of the diminutive form brunet from brun (brown/brown-haired), the masculine form. Brown hair is common among Indo-Europeans and West Eurasians, especially those from Central and Southern Europe, West Asia where it transitions smoothly into blackish-brown and black hair. Because of migration from Europe from the 16th to the 20th centuries, brown-haired people are also found in North America, South America, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, Siberia, and other parts of Asia and Oceania.

Etymology and grammar

Brunette literally means "little brown-haired girl" or "young brown-haired woman", but in modern English usage it has lost the diminutive meaning and refers simply to any brown-haired girl or woman, or the associated hair color. Although brunet is the masculine version of the popular diminutive form, used to describe a little boy or young man with brown hair, the use of brunet is uncommon in English. One is more likely to say, of a man or boy, "He has brown hair" or "He is brown-haired", than to say, "He is a brunette", (or brunet). The term brunette is the feminine form of the French word brunet which is a diminutive form of brun meaning "brown/brown-haired", the feminine of which is brune. All of these terms ultimately derive from the Germanic *brūnaz "brown", from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhrūn- "brown, grey". The form "brun" (pronounced broon) is still commonly used in Scotland, particularly in rural areas.

Lighter or darker shades of brown hair may be referred to as "light brunette" or "dark brunette", though in such cases one is generally referring only to the hair color, not using the term as a metaphor for the person; one would be unlikely to say, "She is a light brunette." Rather, one would say, "She has light brown hair."

Brown-haired individuals are present in all of Europe. In northern and part of central Europe medium to light brown shades are the most common, while darker shades prevail in the rest of the continent, such as the Iberian Peninsula or the British Isles, where it transitions into black hair. Brown hair, mostly medium to light brown shades, is also dominant in Australia, Canada and the United States among descendants of the Northern European (British, German, Scandinavian, Polish, and Russian) immigrants. Brown hair is also predominant in Latin America mostly dark brown hair among mestizos, mulattos, and descendants of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and other Southern European immigrants, medium and light brown hair are common in southern Brazil, Argentina and Chile among descendants of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Northern European (German, Scandinavian, British, Polish, and Russian) immigrants. In Argentina and Chile, today, medium and light brown hair are quite common but it was very rare at the time of Independence from Spain. Different shades of brown hair are also very common in Ireland.

Biochemistry

The pigment Eumelanin gives brown hair its distinctive color. Brown hair has more eumelanin than blond hair but also has much less than black. There are two different types of eumelanin, which are distinguished from each other by their pattern of polymer bonds. The two types are black eumelanin and brown eumelanin. Black eumelanin is the darkest; brown eumelanin is lighter than black. Black eumelanin is mostly present in non-Europeans and aged Europeans, while brown eumelanin is mostly present in young Europeans, and rarely, people of other ethnicities. A small amount of black eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes grey hair. A small amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes yellow (blond) color hair. Often, natural blond or red hair will darken to a brown color over time. Brown-haired people have medium-thick strands of hair.

Brown-haired people are thought to produce more skin-protecting eumelanin and are associated with having a more even skin tone. The range of skin colors associated with brown hair is vast, ranging from the palest of skin tones to an olive complexion. Brunettes can have dark or light eyes.

Varieties of brown hair

Brown hair comes in a wide variety of shades from the very darkest of brown (almost black) to light brown showing small signs of blondism. Shades of brown hair include:

• deepest brunette - the darkest brown, which can be a very dark chestnut; sometimes appears to be off black at a distance.
• dark brown
• milk chocolate brown
• chestnut brown - medium brunette to dark brown with dark auburn tones.
• light chestnut brown
• medium brown - standard brunette, comparable to russet brown
• walnut brown - a warmer variant of medium brown, comparable to a light chestnut
• medium golden brown - brown with yellowish tone.
• light golden brown
• light golden reddish brown - a warm light brown with red tones.
• medium ash brown
• light ash brown
• lightest brown
• light brown that goes mid blonde in the sun

• 
  deepest brown
  (Lymari Nadal)
• 
  Chestnut brown
  (Elena Risteska)
• 
  Medium golden brown
  (Jennifer Love Hewitt)
• 
  Medium brown
  (Hugh Grant)
• 
  Light golden brown
  (A Macedonian girl)
• 
  light ash brown
  Sicilian girl

Culture

Cultural connotations

In Western popular culture, a common stereotype is that brunettes are stable, serious and sophisticated. A British study into hair color and the intensity of attraction found that 62 percent of the men participating in the study associated brown-haired women with stability and competence. Brunettes were described as independent and self-sufficient by 67 percent of the men, and as intelligent by 81 percent. According to Allure magazine, 76 percent of American women believe that the first female president of the United States will have brown hair.

Modern fiction

Anita Loos, the author of the novel and play Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, wrote a sequel entitled But Gentlemen Marry Brunettes. A film of this was made, Gentlemen Marry Brunettes, starring Jane Russell and Jeanne Crain.

Art and fiction

The Lady of Shalott from Lord Tennyson's poem is depicted as a brunette in most paintings. Leonardo da Vinci's most famous painting the Mona Lisa is also brunette. In the French folk song Au Clair de la Lune, the likable Lubin visits his brunette neighbor at Pierrot's suggestion. In the Irish song "The Star of the County Down" the narrator falls in love with a woman with "nut-brown" hair, called Rose McCann.

List of people with brunette hair

Famous women that have or had brown hair, whether dyed or natural, include:

• Judy Garland
• Lucy Lawless
• Paula Abdul
• Dominique Dunne
• Fran Drescher
• Mila Kunis
• Tina Fey
• Anne Boleyn
• Jenny Berggren
• Angelina Jolie
• Emily Blunt
• Kate Beckinsale
• Natalie Portman
• Mary I of England
• Megan Fox
• Roseanne Barr
• Sara Gilbert
• Anni-Frid Synni Lyngstad
• Janis Joplin
• Judith Barsi
• Kate Windsor
• Queen Victoria of England
• Sandra Bullock
• Lea Michele
• Khloe Kardashian
• Selena Gomez

Famous men that have or had brown hair:

• Ashton Kutcher
• Orlando Bloom
• Jim Carrey
• John Ritter
• Tsar Nicholas II
• Jim Morrison
• Johnny Depp
• Jimmy Fallon

See also

• Hair color
• Chestnut hair
• Black hair
• Human skin color
• Melanin