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==History==
==History==
The modern Macedonian state was officially proclaimed under the name '''Democratic Federal Macedonia'''<ref>[http://www.globusmagazin.com.mk/?ItemID=AFA08064DBFFFA4DB6101665D39B6A88 Nedelen Vesnik Globus]</ref><ref name=mac45>[http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?mId=25&vId=74488315&lId=1&pmId=25 Macedonian Information Agency]</ref> ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: Демократска Федерална Македонија, Demokratska Federalna Makedonija) on August 2, 1944, at the First Plenary Session of [[ASNOM]] during the antifascist [[National Liberation War of Macedonia]] in [[World War II]]. This date is now celebrated by [[ethnic Macedonians]] as the day they were first allowed to freely state their nationality.
The modern Macedonian state was officially proclaimed under the name '''Democratic Federal Macedonia'''<ref>[http://www.globusmagazin.com.mk/?ItemID=AFA08064DBFFFA4DB6101665D39B6A88 Nedelen Vesnik Globus]</ref><ref name=mac45>[http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?mId=25&vId=74488315&lId=1&pmId=25 Macedonian Information Agency]</ref> ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: Демократска Федерална Македонија, Demokratska Federalna Makedonija) at the First Plenary Session of the [[Anti-Fascist Assembly for the People's Liberation of Macedonia]] during the [[National Liberation War of Macedonia]] in [[World War II]] on August 2, 1944. This date is now celebrated by [[ethnic Macedonians]] as the day they were first allowed to freely state their nationality. It was chosen intentionaly, as it was the date of the [[Ilinden Uprising]] against the Ottoman rule in 1903.


In June 1945, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia adopted [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] as its official language.<ref name=mac45/>
In June 1945, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia adopted [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] as its official language.<ref name=mac45/>
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In 1945, the state changed its official name to the '''[[People's Republic]] of Macedonia'''. It was formally incorporated as a [[constituent country|constituent republic]] in the [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] [[Federation]] in 1946. However, some people were against the federation and demanded [[Regionalism (politics)|greater independence]] from the federal authorities, leading to their prosecution. One of the notable victims of these purges was the first [[President of the Republic of Macedonia|president]], [[Metodija Andonov - Čento]]. In 1963, the name was changed to the '''[[Socialist Republic]] of Macedonia'''.
In 1945, the state changed its official name to the '''[[People's Republic]] of Macedonia'''. It was formally incorporated as a [[constituent country|constituent republic]] in the [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] [[Federation]] in 1946. However, some people were against the federation and demanded [[Regionalism (politics)|greater independence]] from the federal authorities, leading to their prosecution. One of the notable victims of these purges was the first [[President of the Republic of Macedonia|president]], [[Metodija Andonov - Čento]]. In 1963, the name was changed to the '''[[Socialist Republic]] of Macedonia'''.


===Status===
==Constitution==
[http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/0AF2E0456C964935B7705FB5BF6F31F9.pdf Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 1974 - Official Gazette] {{mk icon}}
⚫
During this time, Macedonia had the status of a [[Sovereign state|state]], although not a completely [[independent state|independent]] one. It had its own [[constitution]], collective [[presidency]], [[government]], [[parliament]], [[official language]], [[state symbols]], a [[Ministry of Internal Affairs]], [[Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] and other state prerogatives. Also, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia had its own armed [[Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)|Territorial Defence]] [[forces|armed forces]] ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: Територијална одбрана, ''Teritorijalna odbrana''),<ref>[http://www.morm.gov.mk:8080/morm/en/ARM/History/History4.html Ministry of Defence of Republic of Macedonia]</ref> as well as a ''Bureau for Foreign Relations'' (a [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]).<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=301 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia Official Site]</ref>


The Socialist Republic of Macedonia, which was defined as a [[nation-state]] of the [[ethnic Macedonians]] and also, a state of it's [[ethnic minorities]], had a certain degree of [[Sovereign state|souvereignity]], although it was not a completely [[independent state]]. The Constitution also recognized the right of [[self-determination]] and [[secession]]. The borders of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia could only be changed by a decision of the republic's parliament.
The rights of [[ethnic minorities]] were guaranteed by the constitution. The ruling political party was the [[League of Communists of Macedonia]] (Сојуз на комунистите на Македонија, ''Sojuz na komunistite na Makedonija'').


⚫
The Socialist Republic of Macedonia had its own [[constitution]], [[presidency]], [[government]], [[parliament]], [[official language]], [[state symbols]], [[Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], ''Secretariat of Internal Affairs'' ([[Interior ministry]]), ''Bureau for Foreign Relations'' (a [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs]])<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=301 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia Official Site]</ref> and other state prerogatives. Also, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia had its own [[Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)|Territorial Defence]] armed forces ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: Територијална одбрана, Teritorijalna odbrana).<ref>[http://www.morm.gov.mk:8080/morm/en/ARM/History/History4.html Ministry of Defence of Republic of Macedonia]</ref> It's citizens held a citizenship of both the SR Macedonia and SFR Yugoslavia.
⚫
The official language of SR Macedonia was Macedonian,<ref>[[s:mk:АСНОМ , документ 8|РЕШЕНИЕ на Антифашиското собрание на народното ослободуене на Македонија за заведуене на македонскиот јазик како службен јазик во македонската држава]] (Rješenje [[ASNOM|Antifašističkog sobranja narodnog oslobođenja Makedonije]] o uvođenju makedonskoga jezika kao službenog jezika u državi Makedoniji), dokument br. 8, 2. kolovoza 1944., Prohor Pčinjski, Metodije Andonov Čento (predsjedatelj ASNOM)</ref> but [[Albanian people|Albanian]] and [[Turkish people|Turkish]] national minorities had the right to use their own languages within the school system.<ref name="Ada">Spasov, Ljudmil; Arizankovska, Lidija. ''Hierarhizacija jezikov v Republiki Makedoniji in Republiki Sloveniji glede na jezikovno politiko Evropske unije'', [http://www.centerslo.net/files/File/simpozij/sim20/spasov.pdf (161. – 169.)] '''u:''' Vidovič-Muha, Ada. (ur.) ''Slovenski knjižni jezik – aktualna vprašanja in zgodovinske izkušnje : ob 450-letnici izida prve slovenske knjige'', Zbirka »Obdobja – metode in zvrsti« (vol. 20, {{ISSN|1408-211X}}), Center za slovenščino kot drugi/tuji jezik pri Oddelku za slovenistiko Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 2003., ISBN 961-237-057-5, [http://books.google.hr/books?lr=&cd=17&id=s5kYAQAAIAAJ&q=SR+Makedonije str. 163., 164.] {{Quote|''Prvi člen ''Ustave SR Makedonije'' (''Ustav na SRM'', 1974) je SRM definiral kot nacionalno državo makedonskega naroda ter albanske in turške narodnosti v njej. V členih 220 in 222 je bilo zapisano, da ljudje lahko prosto uporabljajo svoj jezik in pisavo za izražanje in razvijanje svoje kulture.''|Vidovič-Muha, 2003., 163.}}{{Quote|''Poleg tega so makedonske (in slovenske) javne osebe v okvirih SFRJ (zunaj SR Makedonije oziroma SR Slovenije) zelo redko upoštevale pravico do uporabe svojega jezika v javnem sporazumevanju, in to je dajalo vtis, da je edini uradni jezik na ravni države SFRJ srbohrvaščina.''|Vidovič-Muha, 2003., 164.}}</ref> The constitution of the SR Macedonia defined the state as the national state of the Macedonians, but also as the state of Albanians and Turks.<ref name="Ada"/>


===Transition===
===System===
The Socialist Republic of Macedonia was a [[single-party state|single-party]] [[communist state]], the ruling political party was the [[League of Communists of Macedonia]] (in macedonian: ''Сојуз на Комунистите на Македонија, Sojuz na Komunistite na Makedonija'', [[abbreviation]]: ''СКМ, SKM''). Being a [[constituent country]] of SFR Yugoslavia, a leading founder of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], SR Macedonia pursued a neutral foreign policy and maintained a more liberal communist system compared to the other communist states. The ruling [[ideology]] was based on [[Titoism]] and [[Workers' self-management]] (macedonian: самоуправување, samoupravuvanje).
⚫
In 1990, the [[form of government]] peacefully changed from [[socialist state]] to [[parliamentary democracy]]. The first pluralist elections were held on November 11, 1990. After the collective presidency led by Vladimir Mitkov<ref>[http://www.pf.ukim.edu.mk/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=213 Faculty of Law, University of Skopje] {{mk icon}}</ref> was dissolved, [[Kiro Gligorov]] became the first democratically elected president of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia on January 31, 1991.<ref name="gligorov">Kiro Gligorov was elected president on January 31st 1991, when SR Macedonia was still an official name of the nation. After the change of the state's name, he continued his function as a [[President of the Republic of Macedonia]] - [http://www.president.gov.mk/gligorov.asp The Official Site of The President of the Republic of Macedonia]</ref> On April 16, 1991, the parliament adopted a [[constitutional amendment]] removing "[[Socialist Republic|Socialist]]" from the official name of the country, and on June 7 of the same year, the new name, [[Republic of Macedonia]], was officially established.<ref name="namechange"/> After the process of [[dissolution of Yugoslavia]] began, the Republic of Macedonia proclaimed full [[independent state|independence]], following a referendum held on September 8, 1991.


===Minorities===
⚫
The Republic of Macedonia is the legal pre-successor to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.
⚫
While the ethnic Macedonians were the majority and were one of the [[constituent nation]]s of SFR Yugoslavia (official term: ''narod'') the rights of the [[ethnic minorities]] (official term: ''narodnosti'') were guaranteed by the Constitution. The official language of SR Macedonia was Macedonian,<ref>[[s:mk:АСНОМ , документ 8|РЕШЕНИЕ на Антифашиското собрание на народното ослободуене на Македонија за заведуене на македонскиот јазик како службен јазик во македонската држава]] (Rješenje [[ASNOM|Antifašističkog sobranja narodnog oslobođenja Makedonije]] o uvođenju makedonskoga jezika kao službenog jezika u državi Makedoniji), dokument br. 8, 2. kolovoza 1944., Prohor Pčinjski, Metodije Andonov Čento (predsjedatelj ASNOM)</ref> however [[Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia|Albanian]] and [[Turks in the Republic of Macedonia|Turkish]] national minorities had the right to use their own languages within the school system and the media.<ref name="Ada">Spasov, Ljudmil; Arizankovska, Lidija. ''Hierarhizacija jezikov v Republiki Makedoniji in Republiki Sloveniji glede na jezikovno politiko Evropske unije'', [http://www.centerslo.net/files/File/simpozij/sim20/spasov.pdf (161. – 169.)] '''u:''' Vidovič-Muha, Ada. (ur.) ''Slovenski knjižni jezik – aktualna vprašanja in zgodovinske izkušnje : ob 450-letnici izida prve slovenske knjige'', Zbirka »Obdobja – metode in zvrsti« (vol. 20, {{ISSN|1408-211X}}), Center za slovenščino kot drugi/tuji jezik pri Oddelku za slovenistiko Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 2003., ISBN 961-237-057-5, [http://books.google.hr/books?lr=&cd=17&id=s5kYAQAAIAAJ&q=SR+Makedonije str. 163., 164.] {{Quote|''Prvi člen ''Ustave SR Makedonije'' (''Ustav na SRM'', 1974) je SRM definiral kot nacionalno državo makedonskega naroda ter albanske in turške narodnosti v njej. V členih 220 in 222 je bilo zapisano, da ljudje lahko prosto uporabljajo svoj jezik in pisavo za izražanje in razvijanje svoje kulture.''|Vidovič-Muha, 2003., 163.}}{{Quote|''Poleg tega so makedonske (in slovenske) javne osebe v okvirih SFRJ (zunaj SR Makedonije oziroma SR Slovenije) zelo redko upoštevale pravico do uporabe svojega jezika v javnem sporazumevanju, in to je dajalo vtis, da je edini uradni jezik na ravni države SFRJ srbohrvaščina.''|Vidovič-Muha, 2003., 164.}}</ref> The constitution of the SR Macedonia defined the state as the national state of the Macedonians, but also as the state of Albanians and Turks.<ref name="Ada"/>

===Religion===
Although the ruling [[Communism_and_religion|communists discouraged religion]], [[religious freedom]] was allowed to a certain extent. The authorities allowed the existence of the [[Macedonian Orthodox Church]], which proclaimed [[autocephaly]] in 1967. In 1972 the construction of the largest orthodox church ''[[Church of St. Clement of Ohrid|St. Clement of Ohrid]]'' in the capital of Skopje began. [[Islam in the Republic of Macedonia|Muslims]], [[Roman Catholicism in the Republic of Macedonia |catholics]], [[Protestantism in the Republic of Macedonia|protestants]] and other religious communities also could maintain their own organisations and [[temple]]s.

===Geography===
The Socialist Republic of Macedonia was the 4th largest [[constituent country]] of SFR Yugoslavia both by area and population. Within Yugoslavia, it had an internal border with the [[Socialist Republic of Serbia]] in the north and it's subunit the [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo]] in the north-west and international borders with [[Greece]] in the south, the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] in the east and the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]] in the west.

==Transition==
⚫
In 1990, the [[form of government]] peacefully changed from [[socialist state]] to [[parliamentary democracy]]. The first pluralist elections were held on November 11, 1990. The once ruling [[communist party]] took a reformist direction and renamed itself ''League of Communists of Macedonia - Party for Democratic Change (Сојуз на Комунистите на Македонија - Партија за Демократска Преобразба, СКМ-ПДП; Sojuz na Komunistite na Makedonija - Partija za Demokratska Preobrazba, SKM-PDP)'' led by Petar Gošev. After the head of the last communist presidency Vladimir Mitkov<ref>[http://www.pf.ukim.edu.mk/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=213 Faculty of Law, University of Skopje] {{mk icon}}</ref> resigned, [[Kiro Gligorov]] became the first democratically elected president of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia on January 31, 1991.<ref name="gligorov">Kiro Gligorov was elected president on January 31st 1991, when SR Macedonia was still an official name of the nation. After the change of the state's name, he continued his function as a [[President of the Republic of Macedonia]] - [http://www.president.gov.mk/gligorov.asp The Official Site of The President of the Republic of Macedonia]</ref> On April 16, 1991, the parliament adopted a [[constitutional amendment]] removing "[[Socialist Republic|Socialist]]" from the official name of the entity, and on June 7 of the same year, the new name, [[Republic of Macedonia]], was officially established.<ref name="namechange"/> After the process of [[dissolution of Yugoslavia]] began, the Republic of Macedonia proclaimed itself [[independent state]], following a referendum held on September 8, 1991.

⚫
The Republic of Macedonia is the legal successor to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.


==Heads of Institutions==
==Heads of Institutions==

Revision as of 05:18, 23 March 2012

This article is about the predecessor of the current Republic of Macedonia. For other uses, see Macedonia (disambiguation).

Template:Infobox SFRY The Socialist Republic of Macedonia (Macedonian: Социјалистичка Република Македонија, Socijalistička Republika Makedonija) was a socialist state that was a constituent country of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[1][2] After the transition of the political system to parliamentary democracy in 1990, the Republic changed its official name to Republic of Macedonia in 1991,[3] and with the beginning of the breakup of Yugoslavia, it declared full independence on September 8, 1991.

History

The modern Macedonian state was officially proclaimed under the name Democratic Federal Macedonia[4][5] (Macedonian: Демократска Федерална Македонија, Demokratska Federalna Makedonija) at the First Plenary Session of the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the People's Liberation of Macedonia during the National Liberation War of Macedonia in World War II on August 2, 1944. This date is now celebrated by ethnic Macedonians as the day they were first allowed to freely state their nationality. It was chosen intentionaly, as it was the date of the Ilinden Uprising against the Ottoman rule in 1903.

In June 1945, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia adopted Macedonian as its official language.[5]

In 1945, the state changed its official name to the People's Republic of Macedonia. It was formally incorporated as a constituent republic in the Yugoslav Federation in 1946. However, some people were against the federation and demanded greater independence from the federal authorities, leading to their prosecution. One of the notable victims of these purges was the first president, Metodija Andonov - Čento. In 1963, the name was changed to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.

Constitution

Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 1974 - Official Gazette Template:Mk icon

The Socialist Republic of Macedonia, which was defined as a nation-state of the ethnic Macedonians and also, a state of it's ethnic minorities, had a certain degree of souvereignity, although it was not a completely independent state. The Constitution also recognized the right of self-determination and secession. The borders of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia could only be changed by a decision of the republic's parliament.

The Socialist Republic of Macedonia had its own constitution, presidency, government, parliament, official language, state symbols, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Secretariat of Internal Affairs (Interior ministry), Bureau for Foreign Relations (a Ministry of Foreign Affairs)[6] and other state prerogatives. Also, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia had its own Territorial Defence armed forces (Macedonian: Територијална одбрана, Teritorijalna odbrana).[7] It's citizens held a citizenship of both the SR Macedonia and SFR Yugoslavia.

System

The Socialist Republic of Macedonia was a single-party communist state, the ruling political party was the League of Communists of Macedonia (in macedonian: Сојуз на Комунистите на Македонија, Sojuz na Komunistite na Makedonija, abbreviation: СКМ, SKM). Being a constituent country of SFR Yugoslavia, a leading founder of the Non-Aligned Movement, SR Macedonia pursued a neutral foreign policy and maintained a more liberal communist system compared to the other communist states. The ruling ideology was based on Titoism and Workers' self-management (macedonian: самоуправување, samoupravuvanje).

Minorities

While the ethnic Macedonians were the majority and were one of the constituent nations of SFR Yugoslavia (official term: narod) the rights of the ethnic minorities (official term: narodnosti) were guaranteed by the Constitution. The official language of SR Macedonia was Macedonian,[8] however Albanian and Turkish national minorities had the right to use their own languages within the school system and the media.[9] The constitution of the SR Macedonia defined the state as the national state of the Macedonians, but also as the state of Albanians and Turks.[9]

Religion

Although the ruling communists discouraged religion, religious freedom was allowed to a certain extent. The authorities allowed the existence of the Macedonian Orthodox Church, which proclaimed autocephaly in 1967. In 1972 the construction of the largest orthodox church St. Clement of Ohrid in the capital of Skopje began. Muslims, catholics, protestants and other religious communities also could maintain their own organisations and temples.

Geography

The Socialist Republic of Macedonia was the 4th largest constituent country of SFR Yugoslavia both by area and population. Within Yugoslavia, it had an internal border with the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the north and it's subunit the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo in the north-west and international borders with Greece in the south, the People's Republic of Bulgaria in the east and the People's Socialist Republic of Albania in the west.

Transition

In 1990, the form of government peacefully changed from socialist state to parliamentary democracy. The first pluralist elections were held on November 11, 1990. The once ruling communist party took a reformist direction and renamed itself League of Communists of Macedonia - Party for Democratic Change (Сојуз на Комунистите на Македонија - Партија за Демократска Преобразба, СКМ-ПДП; Sojuz na Komunistite na Makedonija - Partija za Demokratska Preobrazba, SKM-PDP) led by Petar Gošev. After the head of the last communist presidency Vladimir Mitkov[10] resigned, Kiro Gligorov became the first democratically elected president of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia on January 31, 1991.[11] On April 16, 1991, the parliament adopted a constitutional amendment removing "Socialist" from the official name of the entity, and on June 7 of the same year, the new name, Republic of Macedonia, was officially established.[3] After the process of dissolution of Yugoslavia began, the Republic of Macedonia proclaimed itself independent state, following a referendum held on September 8, 1991.

The Republic of Macedonia is the legal successor to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.

Heads of Institutions

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This post was established in 1991 after the dissolution of the collective presidency

References

  1. ^ Устав Федеративне Народне Републике Југославије (1946), sr.wikisource.org, retrieved on October 19, 2007. Template:Sh icon
  2. ^ Устав Социјалистичке Федеративне Републике Југославије (1963), sr.wikisource.org, retrieved on October 19, 2007. Template:Sh icon
  3. ^ a b On This Day - Macedonian Information Agency - MIA, see: 1991 Template:Mk icon
  4. ^ Nedelen Vesnik Globus
  5. ^ a b Macedonian Information Agency
  6. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia Official Site
  7. ^ Ministry of Defence of Republic of Macedonia
  8. ^ РЕШЕНИЕ на Антифашиското собрание на народното ослободуене на Македонија за заведуене на македонскиот јазик како службен јазик во македонската држава (Rješenje Antifašističkog sobranja narodnog oslobođenja Makedonije o uvođenju makedonskoga jezika kao službenog jezika u državi Makedoniji), dokument br. 8, 2. kolovoza 1944., Prohor Pčinjski, Metodije Andonov Čento (predsjedatelj ASNOM)
  9. ^ a b Spasov, Ljudmil; Arizankovska, Lidija. Hierarhizacija jezikov v Republiki Makedoniji in Republiki Sloveniji glede na jezikovno politiko Evropske unije, (161. – 169.) u: Vidovič-Muha, Ada. (ur.) Slovenski knjižni jezik – aktualna vprašanja in zgodovinske izkušnje : ob 450-letnici izida prve slovenske knjige, Zbirka »Obdobja – metode in zvrsti« (vol. 20, ISSN 1408-211X), Center za slovenščino kot drugi/tuji jezik pri Oddelku za slovenistiko Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 2003., ISBN 961-237-057-5, str. 163., 164.

    Prvi člen Ustave SR Makedonije (Ustav na SRM, 1974) je SRM definiral kot nacionalno državo makedonskega naroda ter albanske in turške narodnosti v njej. V členih 220 in 222 je bilo zapisano, da ljudje lahko prosto uporabljajo svoj jezik in pisavo za izražanje in razvijanje svoje kulture.

    — Vidovič-Muha, 2003., 163.

    Poleg tega so makedonske (in slovenske) javne osebe v okvirih SFRJ (zunaj SR Makedonije oziroma SR Slovenije) zelo redko upoštevale pravico do uporabe svojega jezika v javnem sporazumevanju, in to je dajalo vtis, da je edini uradni jezik na ravni države SFRJ srbohrvaščina.

    — Vidovič-Muha, 2003., 164.
  10. ^ Faculty of Law, University of Skopje Template:Mk icon
  11. ^ a b Kiro Gligorov was elected president on January 31st 1991, when SR Macedonia was still an official name of the nation. After the change of the state's name, he continued his function as a President of the Republic of Macedonia - The Official Site of The President of the Republic of Macedonia Cite error: The named reference "gligorov" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

42°00′N 21°26′E / 42.000°N 21.433°E / 42.000; 21.433

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