Orthomode transducer: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:OMT Polarisation Circuleur Feed-Horn.jpg|thumb|200px|Antenna side of OMT]] |
[[Image:OMT Polarisation Circuleur Feed-Horn.jpg|thumb|200px|Antenna side of OMT]] |
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An '''orthomode transducer''' is a microwave duct component of the class of microwave circulators. It is commonly referred to as an ''OMT'', and commonly referred as a ''polarisation duplexer''. Such a device may be part of a [[VSAT]] [[antenna feed]]. Orthomode transducers serve either to combine or to separate two microwave signal paths. One of the paths forms the [[uplink]], which is transmitted over the same [[waveguide (electromagnetism)|waveguide]] as the received signal path, or [[downlink]] path. For [[VSAT]] modems the transmission and reception paths are at 90° to each other, or in other words, the signals are orthogonally [[polarised]] with respect to each other. This orthogonal shift between the two signal paths provides approximately an isolation of 40dB in the [[Ku band|K<sub>u</sub> band]] and [[Ka band|K<sub>a</sub> band]] radio frequency bands. |
An '''orthomode transducer''' is a microwave duct component of the class of microwave circulators. It is commonly referred to as an ''OMT'', and commonly referred as a ''polarisation duplexer''. Such a device may be part of a [[VSAT]] [[antenna feed]] or a terrestrial [[microwave radio]] feed. Orthomode transducers serve either to combine or to separate two microwave signal paths. One of the paths forms the [[uplink]], which is transmitted over the same [[waveguide (electromagnetism)|waveguide]] as the received signal path, or [[downlink]] path. |
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==VSAT and Satellite Earth Station Applications== |
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For [[VSAT]] modems the transmission and reception paths are at 90° to each other, or in other words, the signals are orthogonally [[polarised]] with respect to each other. This orthogonal shift between the two signal paths provides approximately an isolation of 40dB in the [[Ku band|K<sub>u</sub> band]] and [[Ka band|K<sub>a</sub> band]] radio frequency bands. |
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Hence this device serves in an essential role as the junction element of the outdoor, unit (ODU) of a [[VSAT]] modem. It protects the receiver front-end element (the [[low-noise block converter]], LNB) from burn-out by the power of the output signal generated by the [[block upconverter|block up converter]] (BUC). The BUC is also connected to the [[feed horn]] through a wave guide port of the OMT junction device. |
Hence this device serves in an essential role as the junction element of the outdoor, unit (ODU) of a [[VSAT]] modem. It protects the receiver front-end element (the [[low-noise block converter]], LNB) from burn-out by the power of the output signal generated by the [[block upconverter|block up converter]] (BUC). The BUC is also connected to the [[feed horn]] through a wave guide port of the OMT junction device. |
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The following images show a '''Portenseigne & Hirschmann''' K<sub>u</sub> band configuration, that highlights the horizontal the vertical, and circular polarized wave-guide ports that join to the Feed-horn, the LNB or BUC elements of an outdoor unit. |
The following images show a '''Portenseigne & Hirschmann''' K<sub>u</sub> band configuration, that highlights the horizontal the vertical, and circular polarized wave-guide ports that join to the Feed-horn, the LNB or BUC elements of an outdoor unit. |
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==Terrestrial Microwave== |
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An ortho-mode transducer is also a component commonly found on high capacity terrestrial microwave radio links. In this arrangement, two parabolic reflector dishes operate in a point to point microwave radio path (4 GHz to 85 GHz) with four radios, two mounted on each end. On each dish a T-shaped ortho-mode transducer is mounted at the rear of the feed, separating the signal from the feed into two separate radios, one operating in the horizontal polarity, and the other in the vertical polarity. This arrangement is used to increase the aggregate data throughput between two dishes on a point to point microwave path, or for fault-tolerance redundancy. Certain types of outdoor microwave radios have integrated orthomode transducers and operate in both polarities from a single radio unit, performing [[XPIC]] within the radio unit itself. |
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==Training== |
==Training== |
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Revision as of 20:53, 11 August 2012
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An orthomode transducer is a microwave duct component of the class of microwave circulators. It is commonly referred to as an OMT, and commonly referred as a polarisation duplexer. Such a device may be part of a VSAT antenna feed or a terrestrial microwave radio feed. Orthomode transducers serve either to combine or to separate two microwave signal paths. One of the paths forms the uplink, which is transmitted over the same waveguide as the received signal path, or downlink path.
VSAT and Satellite Earth Station Applications
For VSAT modems the transmission and reception paths are at 90° to each other, or in other words, the signals are orthogonally polarised with respect to each other. This orthogonal shift between the two signal paths provides approximately an isolation of 40dB in the Ku band and Ka band radio frequency bands.
Hence this device serves in an essential role as the junction element of the outdoor, unit (ODU) of a VSAT modem. It protects the receiver front-end element (the low-noise block converter, LNB) from burn-out by the power of the output signal generated by the block up converter (BUC). The BUC is also connected to the feed horn through a wave guide port of the OMT junction device.
Orthomode transducers are used in dual-polarised Very small aperture terminals (VSATs), in sparsely populated areas, radar antennas, radiometers, and communications links. They are usually connected to the antenna's down converter or LNB and to the High Power Amplifier (HPA) attached to a transmitting antenna.
Wherever there are two polarisations of radio signals (Horizontal and Vertical), the transmitted and received radio signal to and from the antenna are said to be “orthogonal”. This means that the modulation planes of the two radio signal waves are at 90 degrees angles to each other. The OMT device is used to separate two equal frequency signals, of high and low signal power. Protective separation is essential as the transmitter unit would seriously damage the very sensitive low (µV) micro-voltage, front-end receiver amplifier unit at the antenna.
The transmission signal of the up-link, of relatively high power (1, 2,or 5 watts for common VSAT equipment) originating from BUC,(block up converter) and the very low power received signal power (µ-volts) coming from the antenna (aerial) to the LNB receiver unit, in this case are at an angle of 90° relative to each other, are both coupled together at the feed-horn focal-point of the Parabolic antenna. The device that unites both up-link and down-link paths, which are at 90° to each other, is known as an Orthogonal Mode Transducer OMT.
In the VSAT Ku band of operation case, a typical OMT Orthomode Transducer provides a 40dB isolation between each of the connected radio ports to the feed horn that faces the parabolic dish reflector (40dB means that only 0.01% of the transmitter's output power is cross-fed into the receiver's wave guide port). The port facing the parabolic reflector of the antenna is a circular polarizing port so that horizontal and vertical polarity coupling of inbound and outbound radio signal is easily achieved.
The 40dB isolation provides essential protection to the very sensitive receiver amplifier against burn out from the relatively high-power signal of the transmitter unit. Further isolation may be obtained by means of selective radio frequency filtering to achieve an isolation of 100dB (100dB means that only a 10−10 fraction of the transmitter's output power is cross-fed into the wave guide port of the receiver).
The second image demonstrates two types of outdoor units, a 1-watt Hughes unit and a composite configuration of a 2-watt BUC/OMT/LNB Andrew, Swedish Microwave units.
The following images show a Portenseigne & Hirschmann Ku band configuration, that highlights the horizontal the vertical, and circular polarized wave-guide ports that join to the Feed-horn, the LNB or BUC elements of an outdoor unit.
Terrestrial Microwave
An ortho-mode transducer is also a component commonly found on high capacity terrestrial microwave radio links. In this arrangement, two parabolic reflector dishes operate in a point to point microwave radio path (4 GHz to 85 GHz) with four radios, two mounted on each end. On each dish a T-shaped ortho-mode transducer is mounted at the rear of the feed, separating the signal from the feed into two separate radios, one operating in the horizontal polarity, and the other in the vertical polarity. This arrangement is used to increase the aggregate data throughput between two dishes on a point to point microwave path, or for fault-tolerance redundancy. Certain types of outdoor microwave radios have integrated orthomode transducers and operate in both polarities from a single radio unit, performing XPIC within the radio unit itself.
Training
VSAT specific training that demonstrates the use of the Orthomode Transducer (OMT):