Jump to content

Men's rights movement: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Belchfire (talk | contribs)
4,207 edits
m Reverted 1 edit by 68.37.81.53 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by 94.101.11.3. (TW)
Memotype (talk | contribs)
441 edits
Line 105: Line 105:
===Allegations of rape===
===Allegations of rape===
Men's rights activists have stated that there is an epidemic of false rape accusations which are devastating to those falsely accused,<ref name=telher>{{cite news |url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5TdFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gbsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6761,149065&dq=men%27s+rights+rape&hl=en |title= - Google News Archive Search |first= |last={{err|{{AUTHOR MISSING}}}} |work=The Telegraph-Herald|date= November 1, 1992 |accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=Lee>{{cite book | last = Lee | first = CN |editor= Carroll, Brett | title = American Masculinities : A Historical Encyclopedia | publisher = [[SAGE Publications]] | chapter= Fathers' rights| year=2003|pages= 166–68 | isbn = 978-0-7619-2540-8 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=E0R9lLtv8i8C&pg=PA166}}</ref> and have campaigned to increase the level of evidence required to support rape and domestic violence cases.<ref name=Lee/><ref name="Kimmel">{{citation |title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia |author=Michael Kimmel |year=1992 |contribution=Anti-Feminism |pages=35–37 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-774-0 |editor= Michael S. Kimmel and Amy Aronson |publication-date=2003 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA37 |accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref> They protest the naming of accused rapists while providing the accuser with anonymity.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,158869,00.html |title=Privacy Rights Eroding Down Slippery Slope &#124; Fox News |first= McElroy |last=Wendy |work=foxnews.com |year=2011 [last update] |accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref>
Men's rights activists have stated that there is an epidemic of false rape accusations which are devastating to those falsely accused,<ref name=telher>{{cite news |url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5TdFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gbsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6761,149065&dq=men%27s+rights+rape&hl=en |title= - Google News Archive Search |first= |last={{err|{{AUTHOR MISSING}}}} |work=The Telegraph-Herald|date= November 1, 1992 |accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=Lee>{{cite book | last = Lee | first = CN |editor= Carroll, Brett | title = American Masculinities : A Historical Encyclopedia | publisher = [[SAGE Publications]] | chapter= Fathers' rights| year=2003|pages= 166–68 | isbn = 978-0-7619-2540-8 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=E0R9lLtv8i8C&pg=PA166}}</ref> and have campaigned to increase the level of evidence required to support rape and domestic violence cases.<ref name=Lee/><ref name="Kimmel">{{citation |title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia |author=Michael Kimmel |year=1992 |contribution=Anti-Feminism |pages=35–37 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-774-0 |editor= Michael S. Kimmel and Amy Aronson |publication-date=2003 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA37 |accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref> They protest the naming of accused rapists while providing the accuser with anonymity.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,158869,00.html |title=Privacy Rights Eroding Down Slippery Slope &#124; Fox News |first= McElroy |last=Wendy |work=foxnews.com |year=2011 [last update] |accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref>
Some men's rights activists question the criminal status of [[marital rape]], arguing that sex within marriage forms part of the marriage covenant.<ref name="LosekeGelles2005">{{cite book|author1=Donileen R. Loseke|author2=Richard J. Gelles|author3=Mary M. Cavanaugh|title=Current controversies on family violence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YBVGswoPYqMC&pg=PA92|accessdate=6 February 2012|year=2005|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-2106-6|pages=92–}}</ref><ref name=Lee/><ref>{{cite news |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n31_v10/ai_15674644/pg_4/?tag=content;col1 |title=Complexities cloud marital rape case; William Hetherington has spent nine years in a Michigan prison, but proclaims his innocence |first=Cathy |last=Young |work=Insight on the News |date=August 4, 1994 |accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Segal1994">{{cite book|author=Lynne Segal|title=Straight sex: rethinking the politics of pleasure|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-m2pGUgX-RAC&pg=PA276|accessdate=6 February 2012|date=1 December 1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20001-2|pages=276–}}</ref> In extramarital contexts, they have suggested the signing of a "consensual sex contract" by partners before sexual intercourse in order to protect men from accusations of rape, and from child support payments if a child is conceived as a result.<ref name=telher/>
Some men's rights activists question the criminal status of [[marital rape]], arguing that sex within marriage forms part of the marriage covenant.<ref name="LosekeGelles2005">{{cite book|author1=Donileen R. Loseke|author2=Richard J. Gelles|author3=Mary M. Cavanaugh|title=Current controversies on family violence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YBVGswoPYqMC&pg=PA92|accessdate=6 February 2012|year=2005|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-2106-6|pages=92–}}</ref><ref name=Lee/><ref name="Segal1994">{{cite book|author=Lynne Segal|title=Straight sex: rethinking the politics of pleasure|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-m2pGUgX-RAC&pg=PA276|accessdate=6 February 2012|date=1 December 1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20001-2|pages=276–}}</ref> In extramarital contexts, they have suggested the signing of a "consensual sex contract" by partners before sexual intercourse in order to protect men from accusations of rape, and from child support payments if a child is conceived as a result.<ref name=telher/>


===Social security and insurance===
===Social security and insurance===

Revision as of 04:23, 14 September 2012

Rights
Theoretical distinctions
Human rights
Rights by beneficiary
Other groups of rights

The men's rights movement (MRM), a subset of the larger men's movement, is focused on addressing discrimination against men in areas such as reproductive rights, divorce settlements, domestic violence laws, and sexual harassment laws.[1] It branched off from the men's liberation movement in the early 1970's, differing from that movement in its focus and rejection of pro-feminist principles.[1][2]

Issues commonly associated with the men's rights movement include marriage, cohabitation, parentage, job discrimination, divorce, support agreements, and child support.[3]

History

The men's rights movement emerged in the early 1970's from the earlier men's liberation movement, a divergence that was marked by the MRM's much stronger focus on men's problems than previous movements, much stronger anti-feminist sentiments than previous movements, and abandonment of the gender symmetrical language favored by previous men's movements.[1][2] The MRM quickly moved away from the pro-feminist viewpoints of the earlier men's liberation movement, and by the early 1980's had almost completely abandoned them.[1]

The men's rights movement comprises a wide variety of individuals and organizations, both united and divided in various ways on specific issues.[4] Some groups are formally organized or incorporated, while others are casual alliances or the work of a few individuals.[5]

One of the first major men's rights organizations was the Coalition of American Divorce Reform Elements, founded in 1971, which the Men's Rights Association spun-off from in 1973.[1] The National Coalition for Men was founded in 1977 as Free Men Inc., and is the oldest men's rights organization still active today.[6][better source needed]Men's Rights, Inc. was also formed in 1977.[7][8]

File:SIF-Picture.jpg
Protest in New Delhi for men's rights organised by Save Indian Family

The American Coalition for Fathers and Children was founded in 1995 by Stuart A. Miller and Dianna Thompson in an effort to provide a forum for discussion of male rights. The American Coalition for Father and children founded the shared parenting movement and organized the largest protests in the history of men's rights movements, held in over 225 cities around the world on Father's Day, 2001 in the "Bridges for Children" campaign. [citation needed]

Prominent women who support men's rights have included Naomi Penner, a women's rights activist who supported the creation of the National Coalition of Free Men and Christina Hoff Sommers who wrote about some of the ways the feminist movement negatively affected boys and men.

In the fragmented fathers' rights field in Israel, the Man's Rights in the Family Party was founded in 1966 by Yaakov Schlusser with the aim of increasing primary custody given to fathers.[9][10]

Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF)[11] was founded in 2005, and is the first major Indian men's rights organization. It is a registered non-profit headquartered in Bangalore that claims more than 3,000 members.[11]

Issues

The men's rights movement is concerned with a wide variety of issues, some of which have spawned their own groups or movements, such as the fathers' rights movement, concerned specifically with divorce and child custody issues.[2]

Divorce

Men's rights groups in the United States began organizing in opposition of divorce reform and custody issues around the 1960s. The men involved in the early organization claimed that family and divorce law discriminated against them and favored their wives.[12] Rich Doyle wrote of the view of the men's rights movement concerning the court handling of divorces and child custody processes.

Divorce courts are frequently like slaughter-houses, with about as much compassion and talent. They function as collection agencies for lawyer fees, however outrageous, stealing children and extorting money from men in ways blatantly unconstitutional... Men are regarded as mere guests in their own homes, evictable any time at the whims of wives and judges. Men are driven from home and children against their wills; then when unable to stretch paychecks far enough to support two households are termed "runaway fathers." Contrary to all principles of justice, men are thrown into prison for inability to pay alimony and support, however unreasonable or unfair the "obligation."[2]

Laws and practices regarding spousal support, maintenance or alimony vary considerably by country and culture. On one end of the spectrum are Nordic countries, like Sweden, that by 1978 assumed that divorced spouses were not responsible for one another. Support might be provided for a transitionary period for the lower-wage earner or primarily care-givers, but only in about 6-8% of the cases and only for a limited time. In most western countries alimony is provided on an ever decreasing basis due to shorter marriages and women more likely to be wage-earners.[13] Italy and many countries in Latin America, are on the other end. Women may be supported during legal separation, which is a state in which they wish to remain because of low chance of remarriage, religious reasons or to retain inheritance rights to their husband's property. Such women may be wives to husbands of privileged class. However, the rate of support is declining in Italy, as well.[14]

Although the rate of payments of spousal support is declining, both due to the reduced rates at which alimony is granted and low rates at which alimony is generally paid, there are concerns regarding men's rights when women continue to receive support after they enter into new relationships and women are supported by men who are "financially strapped".[15] In the United States, the current alimony laws are challenged for constitutionality, assignment of temporary vs. permanent financial support paid to a spouse, and fair and equitable treatment under family law; There are several men's rights crusades to reform alimony at a state and federal level, including Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee.[16]

Now that women make up a large percentage of the workforce, existing laws regarding alimony in the United States have come into question.[16] A legal precedent for gender-blind spousal support, granting men's rights to alimony, in the United States was made in Orr v. Orr,[17] where the Supreme Court invalidated Alabama's statutes by which husbands, but not wives, were required to pay alimony upon divorce. This statute was considered a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The percentage of alimony recipients in the US who were male rose from 2.4% in (1996–2001) to 3.6% in (2002–2006) and is expected to increase as more marriages feature a female primary earner.[18]

Anti-dowry laws

Men's rights organizations such as Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) state that men are subject to dowry harassment when women misuse legislation meant to protect them from dowry death and bride burnings.[11] In India, all women who die within 7 years of marriage are presumed by the Indian homicide law to have been victims of dowry death. In some cases, while the victim's husband or his relatives were implicated and jailed, some women were determined to be alive.[citation needed] Men's rights activists in India argue that though 18,000 men committed suicide in 2009 due to family issues, 7,000 more than women for the same reason, there are no governmental services for male victims of domestic violence or at-risk for suicide.[19]

SIFF is one of the many men's rights organizations in India that focus on the perceived abuse of anti-dowry laws against men.[20] SIFF has stated that they feel that anti-dowry laws have regularly been used in efforts to settle petty disputes in marriage,[21] and that their helplines receive calls from many men who say that their wives have used false dowry claims to get them jailed.[22]

Reproductive rights

In 2003, a British woman lost her challenge against the 1990 Human Fertilization and Embryology Act which specifically states that both partners must consent to the use of their genetic material. She was attempting to gain access to fertilized embryos, frozen prior to her divorce from her ex-husband who had since withdrawn his consent.[23] However, another British man was forced to pay child support for children conceived artificially after his ex-wife used sperm frozen during their marriage. In this case, the woman had falsely claimed his consent when undergoing the procedure.[24]

In all but 15 countries, husbands are not required to authorize or be notified of an induced abortion.[25][26] Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Malawi, Morocco, Nicaragua, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates all legally require that an abortion must be authorized by the woman's husband. However, in some countries, this authorization law can be overridden if there is genuine concern for maternal health.[25] In China the law states that a woman has no overriding priority over her spouse in deciding whether to have a child,[26] but this conflicts with the existing women's right to abortion which has been upheld in court.[27]

In the US in 2006, the court case Dubay v. Wells concerned whether men should have an opportunity to decline all paternity rights and responsibilities in the event of an unplanned pregnancy. Supporters said that this would allow the woman time to make an informed decision and give men the same reproductive rights as women.[28][29] In its dismissal of the case, the U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) stated that "the Fourteenth Amendment does not deny to [the] State the power to treat different classes of persons in different ways."[30]

Adoption

Fathers' rights activists seek a gender-neutral approach in which unwed men and women would have equal rights in adoption issues.[31]

In Oregon, a U.S. state, an adoption may be granted without the consent of a married woman's husband if it has been determined that her husband at such time was not the father of the child; in this case, consent of the husband (or father) is not required.[32]

Child custody

Two protestors from UK-based father's rights group Fathers 4 Justice protesting in Peterborough in 2010.

Family law is an area of deep concern among men's rights groups. These issues vary from state to state and country to country. In India, father's rights have been a concern since 2000.[11] Many men feel that they are discriminated against and that they do not have the same contact rights or equitable shared parenting rights as their ex-spouse.[2][33] The United Kingdom and United States were cited, with several other unnamed countries, as affected regions where child custody issues have become complicated by higher divorce rates, less father-child time, while there has been greater expectations for fatherly involvement in their children's lives. Authors of Unfamiliar territory write, "The current struggles of the fathers' rights movement can be understood as part of this complex and painful renegotiation of intimate relations against a backdrop of changing lifestyles and expectations."[33] Father's rights activists seek to change the legal climate for men through changes in family law.[2] See Fathers' rights movement by country for more information about custody concerns.

Men's rights activists state that the divorce rate in India has sharply risen from less that 5% in 2000, which has over-burdened the Indian court system's abilities to keep pace with the number of child custody cases. They argue that men have been parted from their children, with some only allowed to visit their children at the court once a month for 30 minutes during the to several years that it can take to resolve the custody case. To provide support services to men for shared parenting rights and father's rights, SIFF created several non-governmental organizations (NGOs).[11]

In the United States, fathers were awarded custody in 17.4 percent of cases in 2007, a percentage that has statistically not changed since 1994.[34]

Parental abduction

Men's rights activists state that children of men of Indian descent have been abducted from their homes in Canada, the United States and Europe, and moved to India where the national courts do not recognize foreign child custody orders. The country is not subject to the Hague Convention and men accused of dowry harassment may be arrested at Indian airports.[11]

Parental leave

There is wide variance in parental leave provisions across 24 western countries, which are primarily European countries, Australia, Canada and the United States. The most liberal allows the couple to choose how to split the family leave time between mother and father. In the countries where parental leave is available and defined, it is generally for 2 to 12 days. Where maternal leave is available and defined, all but the United States and Australia, the period of time is generally 14–20 weeks, but four countries have extended leave periods.[35]

Paternity fraud

Paternity fraud occurs when a mother intentionally identifies as the biological father a man whom she knows is not the father.[36]

According to estimates in the United States there might be as many as 800,000 incorrect paternity judgements in California alone (because of defaults).[clarification needed] Once so judged, it is extremely difficult or even impossible to get liability for child support removed.[37] In some cases, a husband is legally responsible for his wife's children even if the child is not his own.[38]

Health

Men's rights activists view the health issues faced by men and their shorter life spans as compared to women as evidence of discrimination and oppression.[2][39] They state that feminism has led to women's health issues being privileged at the expense of men's.[40] They point to higher suicide rates in men compared to women,[39][40] and complain about the funding of men's health issues as compared to women's, including noting that prostate cancer research receives less funding than breast-cancer research.[39][41] Some doctors and academics have argued circumcision is a violation of men's right to health and bodily integrity,[42][43][44][45] while others have disagreed.[46][47][48][49]

Academics critique the claims,[39][50][51] stating, as Michael Messner puts it, that the poorer health outcomes are the heavy costs paid by men "for conformity with the narrow definitions of masculinity that promise to bring them status and privilege"[51] and that these costs fall disproportionately on men who are marginalized socially and economically.[51] In this view, and according to Michael Flood, men's health would best be improved by "tackling destructive notions of manhood, an economic system which values profit and productivity over workers’ health, and the ignorance of service providers" instead of blaming a feminist health movement.[50]

The World Health Organisation also state that the main reason for the gender health gap is mainly due to different behaviours regarding the use of tobacco and alcohol.[52] The opinion of doctors such as Thomas Perls,[53] Myles Spar,[54] and organizations such as the European Commission[55] are that part of men's shorter lifespans than women can be attributed to genetic and biological reasons, while social factors including a lower tendency to seek medical help and routine checkups are indicated as well. It is proposed that over 50% of premature deaths of men could be avoided.[55]

Education

Men's rights activists describe the education of boys as being in crisis, with boys having reduced educational achievement and motivation as compared to girls.[56] Advocates blame the influence of feminism on education for discrimination against and systematic oppression of boys in the education system.[57] They critique what they describe as the "feminization" of education, stating that the predominance of female teachers, a focus on girls' needs as well as a curricula and assessment methods that favour girls have proved repressive and restrictive to men and boys.[56][58] Men's rights approaches call for increased recognition of masculinity, greater numbers of male role models, more competitive sports, and the increased responsibilities for boys in the school setting. They have also urged for clearer school routines, more traditional school structures, including single sex classes, and stricter discipline.[58]

Critics suggest that men's rights groups tend to view boys as a homogeneous group sharing common experiences of schooling and that they do not take sufficient account in their analysis of how responses to educational approaches may differ by age, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, and class.[58]

In Australia, men's rights discourse has influenced government policy documents; less impact has been noted in the United Kingdom, where feminists have historically had less influence on educational policy.[57]

Military conscription

Men's rights activists have argued that military conscription of men is an example of oppression of men.[2][59]

In 1971 in the United States, draft resisters initiated a class-action suit alleging that male only conscription violated men's rights to equal protection under the US constitution.[60][61] When the case, Rostker v. Goldberg, reached the Supreme Court in 1981, they were supported by a men's rights group and multiple women's groups, including the National Organization for Women.[60] However, the Supreme Court upheld the Military Selective Service Act, stating that "the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than equity.[61][62]

Governmental structures

Men's rights groups have called for male-focused governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education, health, work and marriage.[63][64][65] Men's rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men's Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men, as well as the abolition of the National Commission for Women.[63][66][67] In the United Kingdom, the creation of a Minister for Men analogous to the existing Minister for Women, have been proposed by David Amess, MP and Lord Northbourne, but were rejected by the government of Tony Blair.[64][68][69] In the United States, Warren Farrell heads a commission focused on the creation of a "White House Council on Boys and Men" as a counterpart to the "White House Council on Women and Girls" which was formed in March 2009.[56][65]

Domestic violence

Since the late 1970s and 1980s men's rights activists have asserted, based on academic studies, that the incidence of domestic violence and murders committed by women is under-reported, partly due to men's reluctance to admit being victims.[70][71][72] Some state that women are as violent as men and that domestic violence is sex-symmetrical[73][74] and argue that the judicial system too easily accepts false allegations of domestic violence made by women against their male partner.[40] Men's rights writer Christina Hoff Sommers has commented that "false claims about male domestic violence are ubiquitous and immune to refutation."[75] Some men's rights advocates have been critics of legal and policy protection for abused women.[19][73][74] They have campaigned for domestic violence shelters for battered men,[71][72] and for the legal system to be educated about women's violence.[71]

Academics criticize the research cited by activists, and while acknowledging that men are victims of domestic violence, dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical[50][76][77][70][78], arguing that the focus on women's violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the issue of men's violence against women,[50] and to undermine services to abused women.[70][78]

Allegations of rape

Men's rights activists have stated that there is an epidemic of false rape accusations which are devastating to those falsely accused,[79][80] and have campaigned to increase the level of evidence required to support rape and domestic violence cases.[80][81] They protest the naming of accused rapists while providing the accuser with anonymity.[82] Some men's rights activists question the criminal status of marital rape, arguing that sex within marriage forms part of the marriage covenant.[74][80][83] In extramarital contexts, they have suggested the signing of a "consensual sex contract" by partners before sexual intercourse in order to protect men from accusations of rape, and from child support payments if a child is conceived as a result.[79]

Social security and insurance

Men's rights groups have argued since the 1970s that men are given inferior social security and tax benefits to women.[84][85] Warren Farrell states that men in the United States pay more into social security, but in total women receive more in benefits, and that discrimination against men in insurance and pensions have gone unrecognized.[86]

For example, "Widow Allowance" in Australia is awarded to a woman born before 1 June 1955, with no recent workforce experience and with low income if she becomes widowed, divorced, or separated from a spouse or de facto partner (of either sex[87]). The provision is available to women only; not to men in identical circumstances.[88]

Female privilege

One argument of the men's rights movement is that male privilege no longer exists. Those who espouse this view are divided into two camps: those who argue that sexism now affects men and women equally, and those who argue that we now live in an era of female privilege.[89]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Newton, Judith (2004). From Panthers to Promise Keepers : rethinking the men's movement. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780847691302.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Messner, Michael A. (2000) Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements Lanham: AltaMira Press. pp. 41-48. ISBN 0-8039-5577-4.
  3. ^ William R. Wishard, Laurie Wishard (1980) ISBN 978-0-89666-012-0 Cragmont Pubns Men's rights: a handbook for the 80's
  4. ^ Farrell, W. & Sterba, J. (2008) Does feminism discriminate against men? A Debate. New York: Oxford University Press.
  5. ^ Farrell, W. (2001) Father and Child Reunion, New York: Finch.
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ Chafetz, Janet Saltzman (2006). Handbook of the sociology of gender. New York: Springer Science. p. 168. ISBN 0-387-32460-7.
  8. ^ Ashe, Fidelma (2007). The new politics of masculinity: men, power and resistance. London: Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 0-415-30275-7.
  9. ^ "Men's Rights Party vies for votes" Ynet. December 11, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
  10. ^ "Smaller parties reckon with the political wilderness" The Jerusalem Post. February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Kumar, Anil. Men's Movement in India. Foundation of Male Studies. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  12. ^ Christopher P. Mason. The New Politics of Masculinity: Men, Power and Resistance. p. 57.
  13. ^ Goode, William Joshiah. (1993). World Changes in Divorce Patterns. Yale University. pp. 40, 44, 64, 90-92. ISBN 0-300-05537-4.
  14. ^ Goode, William Joshiah. (1993). World Changes in Divorce Patterns. Yale University. pp. 62-64. ISBN 0-300-05537-4.
  15. ^ Goode, William Joshiah. (1993). World Changes in Divorce Patterns. Yale University. pp. 164-165. ISBN 0-300-05537-4.
  16. ^ a b Levitz, Jennifer. (October 31, 2009). "The New Art of Alimony." Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  17. ^ ORR V. ORR, 440 U. S. 268 (1979). Justia, US Supreme Court Center. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  18. ^ Raghavan, Anita (2008-04-01). "Men Receiving Alimony Want A Little Respect". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  19. ^ a b Kumar, Anil. Men's Movement in India. Foundation of Male Studies. p. 3. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  20. ^ "Men demand fair play". Times of India. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  21. ^ Gilani, Iftikhar (6 April 2010). "Shoaib Malik controversy to hit Pakistan-India relations". Daily Times. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  22. ^ Dhillon, Amrit (24 December 2007). "Men say wives use India's pro-women laws to torment them". The Age. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  23. ^ Embryo row woman admits defeat. BBC News. October 24, 2003. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  24. ^ "'Father' ordered to pay £100k for children he never knew he had after ex-wife tricked IVF clinic into using his frozen sperm." Daily Mail. May 30, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  25. ^ a b Rahman, Anika; Katzive, Laura; Henshaw, Stanley K. (1998). "A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997". International Family Planning Perspectives. 24 (2).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ a b Maximova, Vickie. "Chinese man sues wife over abortion." (March 20, 2002). BBC News. Retrieved May 26, 2006.
  27. ^ Man sues wife over abortion China Daily. October 19, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  28. ^ Traister, Rebecca. (March 13, 2006). "Roe for men?." Salon.com. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
  29. ^ Roe vs. Wade… for men. The National Center for Men. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  30. ^ "U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, case No. 06-11016" (PDF).
  31. ^ Shanley, Mary Lyndon (2002). Making babies, making families: what matters most in an age of reproductive technologies, surrogacy, adoption, and same-sex and unwed parents. Beacon Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0-8070-4409-1.
  32. ^ Oregon Adoption Laws, Page 3. Adoption Media, LLC. November 24, 2011.
  33. ^ a b Collier, R.; Sheldon S. (2006-11-01) Unfamiliar territory: The issue of a father's rights and responsibilities covers more than just the media-highlighted subject of access to his children. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
  34. ^ Custodial Mothers and Fathers and their Child Support: 2007. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  35. ^ "Employment Relations Research Series No. 80, pp. 12-13" (PDF). Department of Business Enterprise & Regulation (2007) (ed.): Internal Review of Leave Policies and Related Research 2007. berr.gov.uk.
  36. ^ Draper, H. (2007). "Paternity fraud and compensation for misattributed paternity". Journal of Medical Ethics. 33 (8): 475–480. doi:10.1136/jme.2005.013268. PMC 2598159. PMID 17664309. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
  37. ^ Henry, Ronald K. (2006). "The Innocent Third Party: Victims of Paternity Fraud". Family Law Quarterly. 40 (1).
  38. ^ Holstein, Ned; Sacks, Glenn (1 June 2011). "Bill would give 'duped dads' some fairness under the law". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 29 October 2011. Currently the only person who can be held legally responsible to support the child is the mother's then-husband, who is presumed to be the father because the child was born into the marriage. Judges routinely (and at times apologetically) saddle such "duped dads" with stiff child support orders.
  39. ^ a b c d Christian Haywood; Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (1 January 2003). Men and masculinities: theory, research, and social practice. Open University. pp. 134–5. ISBN 978-0-335-20892-0. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  40. ^ a b c Menzies, Robert (30 November 2007). "Virtual Backlash: Representations of men's "rights" and feminist "wrongs" in cyberspace". In Susan B. Boyd (ed.). Reaction and resistance: feminism, law, and social change. UBC Press. pp. 65–97. ISBN 978-0-7748-1411-9. Retrieved 30 December 2011. Cite error: The named reference "Boyd2007" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  41. ^ Zernike, Kate (June 21, 1998). "Feminism Has Created Progress, But Man, Oh, Man, Look What Else". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  42. ^ Denniston, George C. (1999). Male and female circumcision medical, legal, and ethical considerations in pediatric practice. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 348. ISBN 0-306-46131-5.
  43. ^ El-Salam, Seham Abd (2002/2003). "The Importance of Genital Mutilations to Gender Power Politics". Al-Raida. 20 (99). Institute for Women’s Studies in the Arab World: 42. Women's defense of men's right to bodily integrity and their work against MGM will not have a negative impact on their struggle against FGM. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  44. ^ Margaret Somerville. Altering baby boys' bodies: the ethics of infant male circumcision. In: Margaret A. Somerville. The Ethical Canary: Science, Society and the Human Spirit. Toronto: Viking, 2000. (ISBN 0-670-89302-1)
  45. ^ Green, James (2007). The Male Herbal: The Definitive Health Care Book for Men & Boys (2nd ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Crossing Press. ISBN 1-58091-175-7. Circumcision: A Common Form of Disregard for Men's Rights… Glick emphasizes that infants are persons with full civil rights, and therefore no one has the right to impose circumcision on them—not even parents.
  46. ^ Benatar M, Benatar D (2003). "Between prophylaxis and child abuse: the ethics of neonatal male circumcision". Am J Bioeth. 3 (2): 35–48. doi:10.1162/152651603766436216. PMID 12859815.
  47. ^ Clark PA, Eisenman J, Szapor S (2007). "Mandatory neonatal male circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa: medical and ethical analysis". Med. Sci. Monit. 13 (12): RA205–13. PMID 18049444. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ Patrick K (2007). "Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child? No". BMJ. 335 (7631): 1181. doi:10.1136/bmj.39406.523762.AD. PMC 2128676. PMID 18063641. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  49. ^ Brusa M, Barilan YM (2009). "Cultural circumcision in EU public hospitals--an ethical discussion". Bioethics. 23 (8): 470–82. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00683.x. PMID 19076127. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  50. ^ a b c d Flood, Michael (7 July 2004). "Backlash: Angry men's movements". In Stacey Elin Rossi (ed.). The Battle and Backlash Rage on (PDF). Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4134-5934-0. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  51. ^ a b c Messner, Michael A. (2000) Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements Lanham: AltaMira Press. pp. 6-7. ISBN 0-8039-5577-4.
  52. ^ Smoking linked to earlier male deaths BBC News. 18 January 2011 Retrieved February 7, 2012.
  53. ^ Laura Blue (August 6, 2008). "Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men?". Time.
  54. ^ Myles Spar, M.D. (February 11, 2010). "Why Do Men Die Younger Than Women?". Huffington Post. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  55. ^ a b "High level of premature illness and death amongst men is preventable, concludes report". August 25, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
  56. ^ a b c Rahim Kanani (May 9, 2011). "The Need to Create a White House Council on Boys to Men". Forbes. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  57. ^ a b Mills, Martin; Francis, Becky; Skelton, Christine (8 June 2009). "Gender policies in Australia and the United Kingdom". In Wayne Martino, Michael Kehler, and Marcus B. Weaver-Hightower (ed.). The problem with boys' education: beyond the backlash. Taylor & Francis. pp. 38–55. ISBN 978-1-56023-683-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  58. ^ a b c Becky Francis; Christine Skelton (27 September 2005). Reassessing gender and achievement: questioning contemporary key debates. Psychology Press. pp. 18–19, 141. ISBN 978-0-415-33324-5. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  59. ^ Stephen Blake Boyd; W. Merle Longwood; Mark William Muesse (November 6, 1996). Redeeming men: religion and masculinities. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-664-25544-2.
  60. ^ a b Carelli, Richard (March 23, 1981). "Supreme Court to begin hearing male-only military draft case". Toledo Blade. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  61. ^ a b Martin Binkin (1993). Who will fight the next war?: the changing face of the American military. Brookings Institution Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8157-0955-8. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  62. ^ Cornell University Law School: Rostker v. Goldberg
  63. ^ a b "What about tax, and father's custody rights?". The Times of India. May 17, 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  64. ^ a b "FHM: For Him Minister?". BBC News. 2004-03-03. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  65. ^ a b Cheryl, Wetzstein. "Guys got it made? Think again, say advocates". Washington Times. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  66. ^ "Indian husbands want protection from nagging wives |". Reuters. November 20, 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  67. ^ Manigandan KR (Aug 9, 2009). "Boys fight for freedom!". Times Of India. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  68. ^ Kallenbach, Michael (2000-06-16). "Yesterday in Parliament". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  69. ^ Minister for Men. Hansard, UK Parliament. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  70. ^ a b c Susan L. Miller; Terry G. Lilley (2008). "Female perpetrators of intimate partner violence". In Claire M. Renzetti and Jeffrey L. Edleson (ed.). Encyclopedia of interpersonal violence. SAGE. pp. 257–58. ISBN 978-1-4129-1800-8.
  71. ^ a b c Susan L. Miller (October 2005). Victims as offenders: the paradox of women's violence in relationships. Rutgers University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8135-3671-2. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
  72. ^ a b Doward, Jamie (21 December 2003). "Battered men get their own refuge | Society | The Observer". The Observer. London: GMG. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
  73. ^ a b Molly Dragiewicz (12 April 2011). Equality with a Vengeance: Men's Rights Groups, Battered Women, and Antifeminist Backlash. UPNE. pp. 84–5. ISBN 978-1-55553-739-5. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
  74. ^ a b c Donileen R. Loseke; Richard J. Gelles; Mary M. Cavanaugh (2005). Current controversies on family violence. SAGE. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7619-2106-6. Retrieved October 22, 2011. Cite error: The named reference "LosekeGelles2005" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  75. ^ Sommers, Christina Hoff (February 4, 2011). "Domestic violence myths help no one". USA Today. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  76. ^ Dobash, Russell P. (February 1992). "The Myth of Sexual Symmetry in Marital Violence". Social Problems. 39 (1). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  77. ^ Messner, M. A. (1998). "The Limits of "The Male Sex Role": An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movements' Discourse". Gender & Society. 12 (3): 255–276. doi:10.1177/0891243298012003002. ISSN 0891-2432.
  78. ^ a b Kimmel, M. S. (2002). ""Gender Symmetry" in Domestic Violence: A Substantive and Methodological Research Review". Violence Against Women. 8 (11): 1332–1363. doi:10.1177/107780102237407. ISSN 1077-8012.
  79. ^ a b [author missing] (November 1, 1992). "- Google News Archive Search". The Telegraph-Herald. Retrieved 23 December 2011. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  80. ^ a b c Lee, CN (2003). "Fathers' rights". In Carroll, Brett (ed.). American Masculinities : A Historical Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. pp. 166–68. ISBN 978-0-7619-2540-8.
  81. ^ Michael Kimmel (1992), "Anti-Feminism", in Michael S. Kimmel and Amy Aronson (ed.), Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO (published 2003), pp. 35–37, ISBN 978-1-57607-774-0, retrieved 23 December 2011
  82. ^ Wendy, McElroy (2011 [last update]). "Privacy Rights Eroding Down Slippery Slope | Fox News". foxnews.com. Retrieved 23 December 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  83. ^ Lynne Segal (1 December 1994). Straight sex: rethinking the politics of pleasure. University of California Press. pp. 276–. ISBN 978-0-520-20001-2. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  84. ^ Clatterbaugh, Kenneth (2007), "Men's Rights", in Michael Flood, Judith Kegan Gardiner, Bob Pease and Keith Pringle (ed.), International encyclopedia of men and masculinities, Psychology Press, pp. 430–433, ISBN 978-0-415-33343-6, retrieved 10 December 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  85. ^ Ferrell Christensen (26 May 2005). "Masculism". In Ted Honderich (ed.). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford University Press. pp. 562–63. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  86. ^ Warren Farrell (31 October 2001). The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable Sex. Finch Publishing. p. 350. ISBN 978-1-876451-30-1. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  87. ^ Are you a member of a couple? "You will be regarded as a member of a couple if you usually live with your partner and are: married[,] in a registered relationship (opposite-sex or same-sex), or in a de facto relationship (opposite-sex or same-sex)." Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  88. ^ Eligibility (for Widow Allowance) "You may be eligible for Widow Allowance if you are a woman and you [...] have become widowed, divorced or separated (including separated de facto) since turning 40 years of age". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  89. ^ Clatterbaugh, Kenneth (1997). Contemporary Perspectives on Masculinity (PDF). WestviewPress. p. 11. ISBN 0-8133-2700-8.

Bibliographic

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Men%27s_rights_movement&oldid=512319625"