Android version history: Difference between revisions
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* Updated the Chromium based WebView to version 33 (screencasting to DevTools, HTML5 Canvas hardware acceleration performance improvements, vibration API, HTML5 form validation, HTML5 datalist)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://plus.google.com/+AndroidDevelopers/posts/EfKRBGm19dT |title=Android 4.4.3 aka KitKat MR2 is rolling out - Google+|date=June 3, 2014 |accessdate=June 4, 2014 |author=Android Developers |publisher=Android Developers (Google+)}}</ref> |
* Updated the Chromium based WebView to version 33 (screencasting to DevTools, HTML5 Canvas hardware acceleration performance improvements, vibration API, HTML5 form validation, HTML5 datalist)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://plus.google.com/+AndroidDevelopers/posts/EfKRBGm19dT |title=Android 4.4.3 aka KitKat MR2 is rolling out - Google+|date=June 3, 2014 |accessdate=June 4, 2014 |author=Android Developers |publisher=Android Developers (Google+)}}</ref> |
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* Miscellaneous improvements and bug fixes |
* Miscellaneous improvements and bug fixes |
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* New issues introduced.<ref>[http://www.gottabemobile.com/2014/06/10/android-4-4-3-kitkat-problems/ Android 4.4.3 KitKat Problems Plague Nexus Users]</ref> |
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Revision as of 14:17, 31 July 2014
The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the release of the Android beta in November 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. Android is under ongoing development by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), and has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since its initial release.
Since April 2009, Android versions have been developed under a confectionery-themed code name and released in alphabetical order; the exceptions are versions 1.0 and 1.1:
- Android alpha (1.0)
- Android beta (1.1)
- Cupcake (1.5)
- Doughnut (1.6)
- Eclair (2.0–2.1)
- Froyo (2.2–2.2.3)
- Gingerbread (2.3–2.3.7)
- Honeycomb (3.0–3.2.6)
- Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0–4.0.4)
- Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3.1)
- KitKat (4.4–4.4.4)
- "L" release (developer preview)
On September 3, 2013, Google announced that 1 billion activated devices now use the Android OS worldwide.[1] The most recent major Android update was KitKat 4.4, which was released on October 31, 2013,[2] along with the Nexus 5 smartphone.
Pre-commercial release versions (2007–2008)
Android alpha
There were at least two internal releases inside Google and the OHA before the Android beta was released in November 2007. For the milestones in internal releases, names of fictional robots were chosen, with various releases code-named "Astro Boy", "Bender" and "R2-D2".[3][4][5] Dan Morrill created some of the first mascot logos, but the current green Android logo was designed by Irina Blok.[6] The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived of the confections naming scheme that has been used for the majority of the public releases, starting with Android 1.5.
Android beta
The Android beta was released on November 5, 2007,[7][8] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.[9] The November 5 date is popularly celebrated as Android's "birthday".[10] Public beta versions of the SDK were released in the following order:
- November 16, 2007: m3-rc22a[11]
- December 14, 2007: m3-rc37a[12]
- February 13, 2008: m5-rc14[13]
- March 3, 2008: m5-rc15[14]
- August 18, 2008: 0.9[15]
- September 23, 2008: 1.0-r1[16]
Version history by API level
The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android OS updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels.
Android 1.0 (API level 1) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software, was released on September 23, 2008.[17] The first commercially available Android device was the HTC Dream.[18] Android 1.0 incorporated the following features: | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
1.0 | September 23, 2008 |
|
Android 1.1 (API level 2) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On February 9, 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the HTC Dream only. Android 1.1 was known as "Petit Four" internally, though this name was not used officially.[25] The update resolved bugs, changed the Android API and added a number of features:[26] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
1.1 | February 9, 2009 |
|
Android 1.5 Cupcake (API level 3) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On April 27, 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27.[27][28] This was the first release to officially use a codename based on a dessert item ("Cupcake"), a theme which would be used for all releases henceforth. The update included several new features and UI amendments:[29] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
1.5 | April 30, 2009 |
|
Android 1.6 Donut (API level 4) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On September 15, 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.[31][32][33] Included in the update were numerous new features:[31] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
1.6 | September 15, 2009 |
|
Android 2.0 Eclair (API level 5) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On October 26, 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK – codenamed Eclair – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.[34] Changes included:[35] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.0 | October 26, 2009 |
|
Android 2.0.1 Eclair (API level 6) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.0.1 | December 3, 2009[37] |
|
Android 2.1 Eclair (API level 7) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.1 | January 12, 2010[38] |
|
Android 2.2–2.2.3 Froyo (API level 8) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On May 20, 2010, the SDK for Android 2.2 (Froyo, short for frozen yogurt) was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.[39] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.2 | May 20, 2010 |
|
|
2.2.1 | January 18, 2011 |
| |
2.2.2 | January 22, 2011 | ||
2.2.3 | November 21, 2011[47] |
|
Android 2.3–2.3.2 Gingerbread (API level 9) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On December 6, 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.[48][49] Changes included:[48] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.3 | December 6, 2010[49] |
|
Android 2.3 on the Android SDK Emulator |
2.3.1 | December 2010 |
| |
2.3.2 | January 2011 |
Android 2.3.3–2.3.7 Gingerbread (API level 10) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
2.3.3 | February 9, 2011 |
|
|
2.3.4 | April 28, 2011[53] |
| |
2.3.5 | July 25, 2011[58] |
| |
2.3.6 | September 2, 2011 | ||
2.3.7 | September 21, 2011 |
|
Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API level 11) | |||
---|---|---|---|
On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.[61][62][63][64] The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011.[65] The update's features included:[61] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
3.0 | February 22, 2011 |
|
Android 3.0 on the Motorola Xoom tablet |
Android 3.1 Honeycomb (API level 12) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
3.1 | May 10, 2011[68] |
|
Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API level 13) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Most first- and second-generation Google TV-enabled devices utilize Honeycomb 3.2.[71] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
3.2 | July 15, 2011[72] |
|
|
3.2.1 | September 20, 2011 |
| |
3.2.2 | August 30, 2011 |
| |
3.2.3 |
| ||
3.2.4 | December 2011 |
| |
3.2.5 | January 2012 |
| |
3.2.6 | February 2012 |
|
Android 4.0–4.0.2 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 14) | |||
---|---|---|---|
The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1,[74] was publicly released on October 19, 2011.[75] Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0 was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time.[76] The source code for Android 4.0 became available on November 14, 2011.[77] Ice Cream Sandwich was the last version to officially support Adobe Systems' Flash player.[78] The update introduced numerous new features:[79][80][81] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.0 | October 19, 2011 |
|
Android 4.0 on the Samsung Galaxy Nexus |
4.0.1 | October 21, 2011 |
| |
4.0.2 | November 28, 2011 |
(For Canadian consumers, 4.0.2 reportedly created a bug on the Galaxy Nexus that crashed the application market when users attempted to view details of any Android application. It also inadvertently reduced the NFC capabilities of the Nexus phone.)[84][85] |
Android 4.0.3–4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 15) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.0.3 | December 16, 2011[86] |
|
|
4.0.4 | March 29, 2012[88] |
|
Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API level 16) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the Google I/O conference on June 27, 2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface. The performance improvement involved "Project Butter", which uses touch anticipation, triple buffering, extended vsync timing and a fixed frame rate of 60 fps to create a fluid and "buttery-smooth" UI.[90] Android 4.1 Jelly Bean was released to the Android Open Source Project on July 9, 2012,[91] and the Nexus 7 tablet, the first device to run Jelly Bean, was released on July 13, 2012.[92] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.1 | July 9, 2012 |
|
|
4.1.1 | July 23, 2012 |
| |
4.1.2 | October 9, 2012[96] |
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API level 17) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Google was expected to announce Jelly Bean 4.2 at an event in New York City on October 29, 2012, but the event was cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy.[99] Instead of rescheduling the live event, Google announced the new version with a press release, under the slogan "A new flavor of Jelly Bean". Jelly Bean 4.2 was based on Linux kernel 3.4.0, and debuted on Google's Nexus 4 and Nexus 10, which were released on November 13, 2012.[100][101] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.2 | November 13, 2012[102] |
|
Android 4.2 on the Nexus 4 |
4.2.1 | November 27, 2012[105] | ||
4.2.2 | February 11, 2013[107] |
|
Android 4.3 Jelly Bean (API level 18) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Google released Jelly Bean 4.3 under the slogan "An even sweeter Jelly Bean" on July 24, 2013 during an event in San Francisco called "Breakfast with Sundar Pichai". Most Nexus devices received the update within a week, although the 2nd generation Nexus 7 tablet was the first device to officially ship with it.[109] A minor bugfixing update was released on August 22, 2013.[110] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.3 | July 24, 2013[111] |
|
File:Android 4.3 on Nexus 7 (2013).jpg Android 4.3 on the Nexus 7 (2013 version). |
4.3.1 | October 3, 2013[119] |
|
Android 4.4 KitKat (API level 19) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Google announced Android 4.4 KitKat on September 3, 2013. Although initially under the "Key Lime Pie" ("KLP") codename, the name was changed because "very few people actually know the taste of a key lime pie."[121] Some technology bloggers also expected the "Key Lime Pie" release to be Android 5.[122] KitKat debuted on Google's Nexus 5 on October 31, 2013, and has been optimised to run on a greater range of devices than earlier Android versions, having 512 MB of RAM as a recommended minimum; those improvements were known as "Project Svelte" internally at Google.[123] The required minimum amount of RAM available to Android is 340 MB, and all devices with less than 512 MB of RAM must report themselves as "low RAM" devices.[124] | |||
Version | Release date | Features | Image(s) |
4.4 | October 31, 2013[125][126] |
|
Android 4.4.2 (OmniROM, AOSP-based) |
4.4.1 | December 5, 2013[138] |
| |
4.4.2 | December 9, 2013[141] | ||
4.4.3 | June 2, 2014[143] | ||
4.4.4 | June 19, 2014[146] |
|
Hardware requirements
The main hardware platform for Android is the 32-bit ARMv7 architecture. The unofficial Android-x86 project provides support for the x86 architecture,[148] and Google TV uses a special x86 version of Android. Since 2012, Intel processors began to appear on more mainstream Android platforms, such as phones.[149]
Minimum hardware requirements have been upgraded in steps over time, with the new Android versions releases. Original minimums were 32 MB of RAM, 32 MB of Flash memory, and a 200 MHz ARM architecture (ARMv5) processor.[150][151] As of October 2011[update] and version 4.0, a graphics processing unit (GPU) that supports OpenGL ES 2.0 (and ES 1.0) hardware acceleration is mandatory,[152] regardless of whether applications directly use the OpenGL ES or not.
As of November 2013[update] and Android version 4.4, an ARMv7 processor is required, while recommended minimum amount of RAM is 512 MB.[123] The required minimum amount of RAM available to Android 4.4 is 340 MB, and all devices with less than 512 MB of RAM must report themselves as "low RAM" devices.[124] MIPS and x86 architectures are also supported through unofficial ports.[148][153] Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then ARM64. Android 4.3 added support for OpenGL ES 3.0; if used, support for both older versions (ES 2.0 and 1.0) is still mandatory.[152]
In addition to running directly on x86-based hardware, Android can also be run on x86 architecture by using an Android emulator which is part of the Android SDK, or by using BlueStacks or Andy.[154][155]
See also
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{{cite web}}
:|author=
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External links
- Official Android website
- Android API Levels via Android Developer
- Android: A visual history by Chris Ziegler at The Verge
- The history of Android by Ron Amadeo at Ars Technica