Salvia divinorum

Diviner's sage
A healthy Salvia divinorum.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Lamiaceae
Genus:	Salvia
Species:	S. divinorum
Binomial name
Salvia divinorum

Salvia divinorum (also known as Diviner's sage, Magic Mint, María Pastora, or simply Salvia, although the genus name is shared among many plants) is a psychoactive plant, a member of the sage genus and the Lamiaceae (mint) family. The plant is grown by the Mazatec indigenous people of the Oaxaca mountains of southern Mexico in isolated, moist, and secret plots. It has been used as an entheogen by their shamans for centuries for healing during spirit journeys. It is thought to be a cultigen. No definitively wild populations have been found.

The Latin name Salvia divinorum literally translates to "sage of the seers". The genus name Salvia is derived from the Latin salvare, meaning "to heal" or "to save". The words salvation and saviour also come from this root.

The primary psychoactive constituent is a diterpenoid known as salvinorin A.

History

In 1939 Salvia was first recorded in print by Jean Basset Johnston. He was studying the psilocybin mushroom use of the Mazatecs in Mexico when he encountered this entheogen. R. Gordon Wasson documented its use a decade later and reported its effects through his own testimonials. Historical data at this point is largely unresearched, but it is likely to date back into the early history of Central America. It was not until the 1990s that it became more widely known through the experiments of Daniel Siebert.

As is often the case with cultigens, it is likely that the history of this plant dates back a number of generations. Cultigens require a long historical relationship with human cultures, and Salvia is no exception. Perhaps the decline of its widespread use began with the Spanish Conquest, or this phenomenon may have been already underway, either due to religious or political reasons.

Gordon Wasson theorized that this plant was the mythological pipilzintzintli, the "Noble Prince" of the Aztec codices. This theory would explain why a cultigen of such extraordinary power was not otherwise known to the Aztecs, but this theory is not without dispute. The Aztecs were extremely knowledgeable in plant identification, and in their records report that pipilzintzintli has both male and female varieties. Salvia divinorum is lacking sexes, meaning there are no male or female flowers, as its flowers contain both sexes. The skeptics of this theory report that the Aztecs would have known the difference between male flowers and female flowers. Wasson, still, may have been correct in his hypothesis, in that there are a number of historical accounts of gendered properties being assigned to plants in a metaphorical manner, not in a botanically anatomical one.

Botany

Unlike other sages, Salvia divinorum produces very few seeds, and the seeds it does produce seldom germinate. It appears to have very little histocompatibility variation, so the pollen from a plant genetically identical to the style fails to reach the ovule. It is propagated by cuttings and by falling over and growing new roots. Although reportedly (Valdes, et al) isolated stands of S. divinorum exist in its native range, these are thought to be purposely created and tended by the people of the region. Therefore it is considered a true cultivar and thus does not occur naturally in the wild anywhere.

For the most part, the fate of the species lies with a very small number of clone plants. Of these few clones, there are only two that are in any kind of public circulation; the Wasson/Hofmann strain, and the Blosser ("Palatable") strain. The former is a strain discovered by those whose name the plant bears, when on a visit to the Mazatecs. The latter is the same case, in regards to name, and was discovered in Oaxaca; it is called "Palatable" as well, as it is said to have more palatable leaves when ingested orally than those of the Wasson/Hofmann strain, though other reports state that there is little difference between the taste of the plants. Other varieties are also grown, including the Luna strain which is a strange offshoot of the Hofmann/Wasson line. A few other strains exist such as the Owens, Paradox, and La Fuerza strains, but they are mostly quite similar, in potency, effect, and growth.

List of commercially available strains:

• Wasson/Hofmann
• Blosser
• Luna
• Cerro Quemado
• Julieta
• La Fuerza
• Owens
• Paradox
• Resilience
• Green Witch Queen
• Delicious
• Echo
• Oracle
• Enigma
• Mystique
• Catalina
• Sacred Spring
• Appaloosa
• Hanau
• Maka

Chemistry

File:Salvinorin-A-structure.png

Salvinorin A

The primary active constituent is a trans-neoclerodane diterpenoid known as Salvinorin A, sum formula C₂₃H₂₈O₈. Unlike most other known psychoactive compounds, Salvinorin A is not an amine—meaning it contains no nitrogen functional group. The Salvinorin group of compounds (including Salvinorin A, Salvinorin B and Salvinorin C) are called neoclerodane diterpenoids.

Salvinorin A is the most potent naturally-occurring hallucinogen known. It is active at doses as low as 100 µg [1]. Recent research has shown that salvinorin A is a remarkably potent and selective kappa opioid receptor agonist. It has been demonstrated that the effects of salvinorin A are blocked by kappa opioid receptor antagonists. This indicates that the effects of S. divinorum can be largely, if not entirely, attributed to kappa agonism. Salvinorin A is unique in that it is the only naturally occurring substance known to induce a visionary state via this mechanism of action.

Extraction and purification of Salvinorin A has been documented but should only be attempted by qualified researchers with experience in chemistry and the proper laboratory equipment. Measurement of safe dosages is difficult and requires a sophisticated analytical balance, due to the extreme quantitative potency of Salvinorin A.

Salvia also contains the following related psychoactive compounds:

• salvinorin-A
• salvinorin-F (unknown if active)
• salvinorin-B
• salvinorin-G
• divinatorin-A
• divinatorin-D
• divinatorin-E
• salvinicins-A
• salvinicins-B
• hardwickiic acid (antibiotic properties)

Ingestion

Traditional methods

Mazatec shamans use two methods of ingestion. Often, they simply eat the fresh leaves by chewing and swallowing them. Sometimes, they crush the leaves to extract the leaf juices, which they then drink (usually mixed with water). Reportedly, dosages vary from as few as 6 leaves to as many as 120, when using these methods.

Modern methods

Dry leaves can be smoked in a pipe but most users prefer the use of a water pipe to cool the smoke. The temperature required to release salvinorin-A from the plant material is quite high (about 240°C). A regular flame will work, but the direct application of something more intense, such as the flame produced from a butane torch lighter, is often preferred.

Many people find that smoking the unprocessed dried Salvia leaf produces only light or unnoticeable effects, perhaps due to the large volume of plant material that must be smoked to produce psychoactive effects. However, responses vary widely. A concentrated preparation of Salvia leaf called Salvia extract, with relative strength suggested by terms such as 5x, 10x, 15x and 20x, may be smoked in place of natural strength leaves; this reduces the total amount of smoke inhaled for a given dosage of salvinorin overall, and facilitates more powerful experiences. One cone (a small bong bowl, not a large joint) of 5X strength extract should be enough to produce the desired effect. More potent extracts require as little as one small hit for very powerful effects.

Sublingually ingested tinctures constitute another form of prepared Salvia. A tincture is made from Salvia leaf to extract the psychoactive components, often using acetone or high-proof ethanol. Once produced, the liquid can either be used sublingually or infused into Salvia leaf, creating smokable Salvia extract.

The traditional Mazatec method may also be employed. However, Salvinorin-A is generally considered to be inactive when simply ingested, as the chemical is inefficiently absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract unless thoroughly emulsified. Therefore, the 'quid' of leaves is held in the mouth as long as possible in order to facilitate absorption of the active constituants through the oral mucosa. Chewing consumes more of the plant than smoking, and also produces a longer-lasting experience.

Attainment of effect

People often fail to achieve significant effects with initial attempts. Anecdotal reports suggest for some the possibility of increasingly stronger effects with repeated use of similar amounts of Salvia. This could be attributable to the practice and learning of more efficient ingestion techniques. Some suggest however that 'reverse tolerance' or increased sensitisation may otherwise be a phenomenon of the active principle. Some people (sometimes called Salvia 'hard-heads') seem to be anyway quite resistant. For others the results can be variable.

Onset of the effects may be subtle and not immediately noticeable. There is often a few seconds of preceding 'latency'. In any case, caution is advised if considering further ingestion before time has been allowed for prior amounts to clear the system.

Duration of effect

If Salvia is smoked the main effects are experienced quickly. The most intense 'peak' is reached within a minute or so and lasts for about 5 minutes, followed by a gradual tapering back. At 10 minutes, less intense yet still appreciable effects typically persist, but giving way to a returning sense of the more everyday and familiar, until back to recognisable baseline after about 20 minutes.

Chewing the leaf makes the effects come on more slowly, the experience then lasting for about 40-50 minutes.

Experience

Psychedelic experiences, in relating by definition to realms of mind, are necessarily somewhat subjective. Individual variations in reported effects are to be expected. However, from the many experience accounts posted to the Internet (one website alone has ~700 Salvia related entries) some general trends can be vouched.

Most people find that the effects of salvinorin are not conducive to socializing. Many with experience of the plant emphasize that Salvia is not a ‘party drug’. External stimuli can be distracting. The experience can be disorientating and dissociative. Getting up and moving around with motor-control affected thus could be troublesome. It is advisable to have a sober trip sitter present, particularly for initial experiences, prior to possible assessment of individual sensitivity.

The effects of Salvia are regarded by many to be highly spiritual. Many find Salvia useful for meditation. Consciousness is retained until the highest doses, but body control, awareness of externalities, and individual personality may be affected with even modest amounts. Even those experienced with the use of other psychoactive substances may feel confused and out of control.

At lower doses spontaneous laughter, mild closed-eye visuals, stuttering or strobing visual effects, changes in depth perception, and a heightened sense of color and texture may be experienced.

Moderate doses appear trance-like. Time distortion and open-eye visuals become increasingly apparent. Fractal patterns and geometric shapes may be noticeable with eyes open, and can be confusing. Many people experience sensations of falling, similar to what is occasionally felt at the onset of sleep. The user may experience fully formed visions of other places, people, and events, especially with eyes closed.

At high doses the effects become more powerful and may additionally include out-of-body experiences, perceptions of dimensional distortion, vertigo, sensations of wind or physical pressure, hearing voices, flanging of sound, significant open and closed-eye visuals, experiencing alternate realities, contact with beings or entities, dissolution of one's ego, dissociation and loss of speech. A few users report twisting or splitting feelings. It is also not unusual that, while experiencing the effects, a person will not remember that they have taken Salvia, which can cause the user to panic. A strong feeling of Déjà vu is commonly reported as an effect of large doses of Salvia.

The experience is quite different from that of most other psychoactives and may be overwhelming, even with a conducive, reassuring and comfortable set and setting. Most Salvia practitioners recommend darkness and silence as the best environment, however, minimal, ambient or relaxing music can be helpful.

According to experience reports at Erowid and elsewhere, Salvia seems to produce visions which have a somewhat higher level of consistency than other substances. Reports of contact with an entity supposedly associated with the plant, ("the Shepherdess/Salvia Goddess") again with fairly consistent characteristics, are also common.

Many Salvia users, during high-dose out-of-body experiences, may suddenly "merge" with objects. With the significant time distortion typical of Salvia, participants may live a lifetime as another person, or as an inanimate object, such as a wall or a piece of furniture.

The experiences can be pleasant, or frightening and confusing. [2]

Interestingly, the effects of Salvia divinorum are often mistakenly described as 'LSD-like' by people who have not tried it, most notably politicians and reporters. Actual users on the other hand more often describe its effects as unique (38.4%), and more like meditation, yoga or a trance (23.2%). This compares to only 17.7% of users who liken it to any of the other serotonergic psychoactives (mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, etc.).

Expression

Salvia can shift consciousness into extraordinary realms. Such powerful experiences may be interpreted as enlightening, frightening, or just plain strange. Many take time to integrate and try to make sense of their experience in the hours, days or weeks following the experience. Some find it useful to be alone for an hour or so to gather thoughts and absorb the experience. Others find it is useful to talk through their experience sharing the imagery and insights with another person. For some the experience is so far removed from everyday reality they find it difficult to describe. Recall may be likened to that of an elusive dream, with memory quickly fading on wakening.

Many feel compelled to communicate details of their experiences to a wider audience, as evidenced by the numerous reports posted on the Internet on various websites and forums. As well as such firsthand phenomenological accounts some may go on to write more extensive prose and/or poetry [3]. A remarkable example of such inspired writing is Dale Pendell’s Salvia divinorum chapter from his book Pharmako/poeia which won the 1996 Firecracker Alternative Book Award [4]

Although Salvia experiences can be quite conceptual and abstract for some, many people describe their visions more pictorially. Rather than using words, for some temperaments the strong visual motifs are best rendered in the form of drawing or painting. Again, examples of such Salvia inspired artwork can readily be found on the Internet. Views as to relative artistic merit will be a matter of opinion of course, but renowned psychedelically inspired artists include the likes of Luke Brown and Alex Grey.

Some musicians also claim creative inspiration from the plant [5] [6]

After effects

Short term

After the main intoxication, normal awareness of self and the immediate surroundings returns but lingering effects may be felt. These short-term lingering effects have a completely different character than the experience of the main intoxication. About half of users report a pleasing "afterglow," or pleasant state of mind following the main intoxication. Researchers (Baggot, et al) from the University of San Francisco conducted a survey of 500 Salvia users which identified that they 'sometimes or often' experience the following common (>20% occurrence) effects that linger following the main intoxication:

• Increased Insight - 47%
• Improved Mood - 44.8%
• Calmness - 42.2%
• Increased Connection with Universe or Nature - 39.8%
• Weird thoughts - 36.4%
• Things Seem Unreal - 32.4%
• Floating Feeling - 32%
• Increased Sweating - 28.2%
• Body Felt Warm or Hot - 25.2%
• Mind Racing - 23.2%
• Lightheaded - 22.2%
• Increased Self-confidence - 21.6%

According to some notable sources (principally Daniel Seibert’s sagewisdom website) a few people report mild headache, insomnia, irritability or bronchial irritation after taking Salvia. These symptoms seem to be reported more often by smokers than by quid chewers.

Longer term

While 'improved mood' is one of the most commonly noted short-term effects following the primary intoxication, Baggot's Salvia user survey results also found that 25.8% of respondents reported antidepressant-like mood improvements lasting 24 hours or longer. These findings are in-line with known properties of k-Opioid agonists as well as anecdotal reports and findings of clinicians.

Both scientific and anecdotal user evidence indicates that chemical constituents of Salvia may have potential as therapy for drug addictions to dangerous stimulants (i.e. amphetamines) and opiates. Research has shown that the plant contains neoclerodane diterpenes that have therapeutic potential for helping people who have drug abuse problems. The neoclerodane diterpenes in Salvia are k-Opioid agonists. k-Opiod agonists, according to Tidgewell et al, (AAPS Journal), "possess utility in the treatment of opioid dependence and have been shown to have anti-depressant activity as well as block stress-induced behavior responses."

Most users report no hangover or negative after-effects the next day. This is consistent with the apparent low toxicity of Salvia indicated by research conducted at the University of Nebraska.

Some media reports have raised concerns about Salvia divinorum flashbacks. These are not usually well substantiated. However, at least one user reported experiencing ongoing negative psychological effects, having three flashback experiences in four months after taking a concentrated form of Salvia (10x extract). - Though the linked account does mention other drug usage in a couple of cases: "During one of them I had smoked absurd amounts of marijuana, and during another I was on shrooms". Salvia flashbacks may be true enough but also ordinarily quite rare phenomena.

Salvia has not been found to be either physically or psychologically addictive. The results of the Baggot survey, which used the standard psychiatric drug dependence diagnostic framework, indicate that Salvia has little if any potential as a drug of dependence. While there are no proven health risks associated with the use of Salvia as a psychoactive drug, medical professionals generally caution against the ingestion of smoke from any substance into the lungs. Salvia's long-term effects on the human body are not well known at this time. Further study of its indigenous use in Mexico and its effect on the health of the Mazatec people who have been using it for centuries would be useful in this regard.

Scientific studies

Results from a study by William A. Carlezon et al using ‘Forced-Swim tests’ (where rats are forced to swim in a narrow cylinder from which they cannot escape) have been used to suggest that Salvia divinorum may have “Depressive-Like Effects”. However, extrapolation from the observation of temporary physiological effects in rodents to suggest more serious psychological consequences is questionable, particularly given that Salvia’s short-term effects on motor-control have already been observed and well documented in human subjects.

A report on several Salvia species has looked at the efficacy of some ‘folk’ uses of the genus. Salvia divinorum, as one of the species included in the study, was found to work as a diuretic.

Controversy

The relatively recent emergence of Salvia divinorum in modern Western culture in comparison to its long traditions of indigenous use elsewhere contrasts widely differing attitudes on the subject.

The opinion that Salvia divinorum is a highly dangerous hallucinogenic drug appropriate for ‘Schedule-1’ or equivalent classification has been sufficiently prevalent amongst politicians to result in the enactment of various laws against its cultivation, sale or use in a number of countries and US States.

Opponents of such prohibitive legislation argue that this maybe more reflects our own prejudice and cultural bias rather than a balance of actual evidence, pointing out inconsistencies in attitudes to other more toxic and/or addictive drugs such as alcohol and nicotine.

Those advocating consideration of Salvia divinorum’s potential for beneficial use in a modern context argue that we could perhaps learn further from Mazatec culture where Salvia is not really associated with notions of drug taking at all, it is rather considered as a spiritual sacrament. In light of this it is argued that Salvia divinorum could be better understood more positively as an entheogen rather than pejoratively as a hallucinogen.

Other enthogenic plants with traditions of spiritual use include peyote (and other psychoactive cacti), iboga, virola, ayahuasca (an admixture of plants containing DMT + MAOI), and various types of psychoactive fungi.

In fact, US legislation specifically allows two of these to be used in a spiritual context. The Native American Church is allowed to use peyote and Uniao do Vegetal (or UDV) is permitted ayahuasca. Although not consistently granted (varying from state to state), the principle grounds for such concessions are constitutional.

Other and related controversies will be covered more generally in Wikipedia articles such as War on Drugs, Arguments for and against drug prohibition and Prohibition (drugs).

Legal status

Press accounts of efforts to ban Salvia often quote law enforcement and government officials who exhibit an inaccurate knowledge of the plant's effects, and frequently characterize the "high" as "chewable marijuana", or as identical to LSD and PCP (two drugs with quite dissimilar effects to each other, as well as to Salvia).

Unlike marijuana, Salvia has a nondescript appearance (being in the same genus as cooking sage), can be grown in a small space, has no odor and requires no elaborate lighting set-up. For these reasons, criminalization is likely to affect only the commercial sale of the plant, and not its private cultivation, which would be very difficult to police.

Before the late 1980s not many people knew about Salvia. The fact that the plant was not prohibited along with the rise of the Internet since the mid-1990s saw the growth of many businesses selling dried Salvia leaves, extracts and other preparations.

International legislation

In 2001, a minister for the UK Home Office stated that there were "no current plans to review Salvia divinorum's legal status" [7].

Following a local newspaper story [8] in October 2005 Bassetlaw MP John Mann raised an Early Day Motion calling for Salvia divinorum to be banned in the UK (EDM796) [9]. The motion only received 11 signatures. It has not been debated or further escalated.

As of 1st June 2002 Australia became the first country to ban Salvia and salvinorin [10]. According to the Australian Drugs and Poisons Committee Salvia had not yet shown evidence of damage or threat to public health/safety but had potential to be abused. The committee also stated: "There was no evidence of traditional therapeutic use other than in shamanistic healing rituals."

In August 2004, the Italian government decreed salvinorin A "a substance with hallucinogenic properties that may cause conditions of abuse and can manifest latent psychiatric pathologies like acute psychosis and depressive psychosis even in an irreversible way" and put it and the plant Salvia divinorum on their ‘table I’ of outlawed psychotropic substances [11]. The authorities did not produce or refer to any research or evidence supporting their claims.

In January 2006, the Swedish government declared their intention to make salvinorin A and all plants containing the chemical illegal. This law has been in effect since 1st March 2006.

There are legislative controls of Salvia in one form or another in other countries including Belgium and North Korea.

U.S. legislation

National legislation

The DEA has indicated on its website that it is aware of Salvia divinorum and is evaluating the plant for possible scheduling.

In late 2002, Rep. Joe Baca (D- California) introduced a bill (Congress bill HR 5607) to schedule Salvia as a controlled substance at national level. Those opposed to Joe Baca’s bill include Daniel Siebert, who sent a letter to Congress arguing against the proposed legislation, and the Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics (CCLE), who sent key members of the US Congress a report on Salvia divinorum and its active principle, along with letters from an array of scientists who expressed concern that scheduling Salvia divinorum would negatively impact important research on the plant.

Baca’s bill did not pass into law.

State legislation

Effective from 8th August 2005 (signed into law on 28th June 2005) Louisiana Act No 159 made 40 plants, including Salvia divinorum, illegal if sold for human consumption. It is still legal to own the plants. Simple possesion of an illegal form of Salvia is a felony for which the maximum sentence is 5 years, production (even for personal use) or distribution (even for free) has a maximum sentence of 10 years and a minimum sentence of 2 years; in addition the defendant can even be sentenced to hard labor for either offense.

On 5th January 2005 Representative Rachel L. Bringer introduced House Bill 165 to the Missouri State legislature. This bill sought to add Salvia divinorum to that state’s list of Schedule I controlled substances. Despite the CCLE sending a letter to Representative Bringer advising of its earlier report to Congress the following month saw the introduction of House Bill 633, which sought to place Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A in Schedule I and also proposed to add 12 other substances to Missouri’s list of controlled substances. This second bill was introduced on 23rd February 2005 by Representative Scott A. Lipke (R) and Representative Bringer. On 28th August 2005, the bill was incorporated into section 195.017 of the state’s drug regulation statutes. Thus, Salvia divinorum became a Schedule I substance in the state of Missouri. Possesion is a Class C felony under MRS 195.202 (and thus is considered by the law as serious as first degree child molestation, see MRS 566.067), which allows a maximum sentence of 7 years.

On 19th January 2006, Senator John J. Millner (R) introduced Senate Bill 2589 to the Illinois State Legislature. This bill seeks to add Salvia divinorum to that state’s list of Schedule I controlled substances.

New York is considering a bill (S04987)[12] that would place heavy civil penalties on the sale of the plant.

"Brett's Law": On 23rd January 2006 Delaware teenager Brett Chidester took his own life by climbing into a tent with a charcoal grill - he died of carbon monoxide poisoning [13]. In an essay found after his death, he wrote "Salvia allows us to give up our senses and wander in the interdimensional time and space,... Also, and this is probably hard for most to accept, our existence in general is pointless. Final point: Us earthly humans are nothing." Although being written earlier, notes from Brett’s journals have subsequently been presented in media reports as if they were part of his suicide note. There are arguably more relevant factors than Salvia, notably it being reported that Brett was using a prescription medication for acne, minocycline, which has not been linked to depression (some acne medications have a risk of severe depression and even suicide) Brett told his parents that he had ceased his experimentation with the plant. And it is not claimed that he was immediately under Salvia divinorum’s influence at the time of his death, although Salvia was found in his possession at his death. In any case, Senator Karen Peterson introduced legislation to outlaw the possession and sale of Salvia Divinorum in Delaware. Senate Bill 259 (aka "Brett’s Law"), state legislation classifying Salvia divinorum as a Schedule I controlled substance.

Senator Karen Peterson and Brett’s parents have subsequently continued to bring awareness to the subject. Schedule I legislation beyond their home state of Delaware [14] Tennessee has passed a law, (HB2909/SB3247/TCA 39-17-452) that makes knowingly possessing, producing, manufacturing, distributing, or possessing with intent to produce, manufacture, or distribute the active chemical ingredient in the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum a Class A misdemeanor. The law was to originally make it a felony, but it was amended.

Other US states, including Oklahoma (HB2485), Alaska (SB 313), and New Jersey (S1867)[15] are following suit with proposals for their own individual legislations. The result is likely to be an increasing 'patchwork' of different state laws restricting Salvia.

More information on laws regarding Salvia divinorum can be found at Erowid's Salvia Law vault and at The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center

References

Further references

• Roth BL, Baner K, Westkaemper R, Siebert D, Rice KC, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, Rothman RB. Salvinorin A: a potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa opioid selective agonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002 Sep 3, 99 (18): 11934-11939.

External links

• The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center - Daniel Siebert's site
• Erowid Salvia Divinorum Vault - Salvia section from Erowid's vast reference site
• Lycaeum page on Salvia divinorum - another large reference site for psychoactives
• Salvia Divinorum on LegalHighsWiki - Salvia page from the LegalHighsWiki
• The Salvia Center - a hub for Salvia information on the web
• Salvia Divinorum Scotland - information and advice on cultivation etc.
• The Australian Salvia Crusaders - issues regarding Australian law and Salvia divinorum
• International section of the "Salvia Community" - discussions with Salvia experts from all over the world
• SpiritPlants Salvia Forum
• SalviaD Alliance Forum
• The Entheogen Forum
• LoveLeaf Garden Forum
• ¡BeSaged! Salvia Only Forum
• Salvia Divinorum Extraction Guide